超声场下刚性界面附近溃灭空化气泡的速度分析

为了揭示刚性界面附近气泡空化参数与微射流的相互关系, 从两气泡控制方程出发, 利用镜像原理, 建立了考虑刚性壁面作用的空化泡动力学模型. 数值对比了刚性界面与自由界面下气泡的运动特性, 并分析了气泡初始半径、气泡到固壁面的距离、声压幅值和超声频率对气泡溃灭的影响. 在此基础上, 建立了气泡溃灭速度和微射流的相互关系. 结果表明: 刚性界面对气泡振动主要起到抑制作用; 气泡溃灭的剧烈程度随气泡初始半径和超声频率的增加而降低, 随着气泡到固壁面距离的增加而增加; 声压幅值存在最优值, 固壁面附近的气泡在该最优值下气泡溃灭最为剧烈; 通过研究气泡溃灭速度和微射流的关系发现, 调节气泡溃灭速度可以达到间接控制微射流的目的.     

微尺度空泡溃灭驱使微球运动的机理研究

受限空泡的溃灭是气泡动力学的核心问题,研究表明毫米尺度的空泡溃灭可以拉动附近同尺度的悬浮颗粒运动.本文针对受限空泡溃灭在微尺度下的行为开展研究,通过气泡驱动的球形微马达实验,给出了微气泡溃灭形成射流从而显著推动马达前进的现象,但由于溃灭时间很短,Micro PIV系统不能给出足够的流动细节.进而采用基于流体体积的数值手段模拟了这一过程,获得了流场的时空分布,并通过积分估算了微球获得的冲量,给出了微球所能达到的速度.结果表明这一问题与尺度密切相关,微尺度下空泡溃灭足以推动微球显著运动,在气泡尺寸固定的情况下,微球半径越小,微球与气泡间距离越近,推动的效果越明显.冲量定理则定性地解释了宏观尺度与微尺度下存在差异的原因.这一特殊的微流动问题不但扩展了空化研究的尺度范围,揭示了微尺度下空泡与颗粒作用的特性,而且对提高微马达的驱动效率也具有重要意义.     

双泡耦合声空化动力学过程模拟

为了对双泡耦合的声空化过程进行模拟,本文从流体动力学控制方程和流体体积分数模型出发,在Fluent软件中构建双泡耦合超声空化三维有限元仿真模型,对超声波驱动下流体中双泡耦合声空化动力学过程进行数值模拟,并通过对空化气泡周围声场的变化进行分析研究双泡耦合声空化的非线性动力学特性.结果显示:在超声波驱动下,球形气泡先缓慢扩张,扩张到最大半径后迅速收缩直至溃灭;耦合双气泡间存在相互作用力,使得空化气泡的扩张受到抑制、气泡收缩时间增长;空化气泡在收缩阶段的能量转换能力增强,相比单气泡声空化,耦合双气泡溃灭时气泡内部的压强更大.本文分析结果将为超声空化泡群的动力学过程模拟提供参考.     

基于边界元法的近平板圆孔气泡动力学行为研究

研究了带有圆孔的平板附近气泡动力学特性. 基于不可压缩势流理论, 建立了平板圆形破口附近气泡运动数值模型, 并针对气泡初始位置距离破口很近而导致计算结果发散的数值缺陷, 采用气泡壁和壁面融合的方法, 将流场分离为两个半无限域问题进行求解, 实现了在不同无量纲参数范围内的数值模拟, 数值结果与实验结果符合良好. 通过对圆孔附近气泡运动特性的研究发现, 圆孔对气泡的影响基本与壁面相反, 在膨胀阶段对气泡产生腔吸作用, 收缩阶段产生排斥, 在特定的工况下会产生对射流现象. 最后分析了气泡壁与壁面融合, 流场分离后的气泡动态特性以及各工况参数对其影响规律. 关键词： 气泡 边界元 射流 圆孔     

曲面固壁附近空化泡溃灭动力学的 流体体积数值研究*

流体体积法(VOF)可以便捷、高效地实现对多相流界面的捕捉和追踪。本文基于VOF方法,对单个空化泡在曲面固壁附近的运动进行了数值模拟,从实验对比、压力场、速度场、温度场演化、溃灭时间、射流速度、固壁温度等方面分析了空化泡溃灭过程的热动力学影响。结果表明,数值模拟得到的空化泡形态演化与实验观测到的现象一致,随着位置参数、泡内外压差及曲面固壁尺寸的改变,空化泡热动力学行为也将发生变化,受到流体运动及射流冲击的影响,溃灭瞬间产生的高温高压使得曲面固壁温度升高。本文研究的曲面固壁附近空化泡溃灭效应,揭示了空化泡与曲面固壁间的相互作用规律,对学术研究及工程应用都具有重要意义。     

壁面附近激光空泡溃灭的空蚀特性

为分析空泡在壁面附近溃灭导致的冲击波和射流特性,提出将激光空化、高速摄影技术应用于激光空泡的空蚀研究。建立了壁面附近激光空泡的产生、微调控制及高速摄影测量实验平台。采用高速摄影技术对不同液体、不同γ参量条件下空泡脉动的外形特征、溃灭冲击波和溃灭射流等参量进行了测量。结果表明,壁面的存在弱化了空泡溃灭时的收缩程度,空泡溃灭时的冲击波和射流对壁面的破坏作用存在着此消彼长,相互竞争的关系;空泡在壁面附近脉动时,回弹泡的溃灭对壁面也可产生较强的破坏作用;液体的粘性增大有助于空泡表面维持稳定,减缓空泡溃灭时泡壁的运动速度。     

超声清洗过程环境压力对声空化效应的影响*

在不同深度条件下的水下构建物超声清洗中,声空化是重要的源动力之一。为探明水下环境压力对声空化的影响,本文基于数值计算的方法,通过对超声波作用下气泡动力学的研究,讨论了环境压力对空化泡溃灭时的气泡最大半径、释放能量以及溃灭功率等因素的影响。结果表明：空化泡最大半径与环境压力在一定范围内呈近似线性关系;随着环境压力增大,空化泡释放能量和溃灭功率均显著减小,且两者在变化趋势和变化幅度上几乎一致;当环境压力大于声压幅值时,空化泡的最大半径、内部压强、内部温度与释放能量均远低于空化发生在环境压力小于声压幅值时的情形。     

超声辐照及辐照环境对液体中流场分布特性的影响

研究了超声辐照下液体中声压场分布,模拟了流场分布的特性,模拟结果与利用粒子成像测速仪得到的实验结果相符。进一步研究了声学参数及容器几何环境对流场分布的影响。研究发现,增大超声功率和频率可使流场速度变大:在30~60W范围内,超声功率与流场中最大流速间存在线性关系;在频率为100~472kHz范围内,流场速度大小随频率的升高而增加:在层流区,流速与频率的平方成正比;在湍流区,流速与频率的1/2次方成正比。进一步研究发现,随着换能器到容器壁间距离的增加,流场速度减小。      

距离参数对浅水中气泡运动影响规律的实验和数值模拟

当爆炸气泡在浅水中运动时,同时受到自由面和水底壁面的作用而产生极其复杂的水面现象,气泡的运动特性与在自由场中或单一边界附近处爆炸相比会发生很大变化。为探究其规律,通过电火花诱导气泡实验,利用高速摄影技术对气泡与组合多边界的相互作用进行了研究,总结了自由面距离(γ_f)和壁面距离(γ_w)对气泡运动和水冢类型的影响。并用OpenFOAM进行了数值模拟,分析了距离参数对射流载荷的影响。结果表明:自由面距离参数较壁面距离参数对水冢类型影响更大;射流速度随自由面距离的增大而减小,在0γ_w2时,射流速度随壁面距离的增大先减小后增大;壁面压力与距离呈负相关,射流冲击面积与距离呈正相关。     

冲击诱导金属铝表面微射流现象的微观模拟

采用嵌入原子势分子动力学模拟方法, 研究了金属铝表面沟槽在冲击下形成微射流的微观过程和动力学性质. 通过对模拟结果的统计分析, 获得了较宽冲击压力范围内微射流形态的变化规律, 以及相应的质量-空间分布和质量-速度分布变化. 基于原子中心对称参数, 分析了样品近表面非晶态转变和卸载熔化过程, 获得了卸载熔化对微射流质量及其分布的影响规律. 研究还发现: 样品熔化之前, 微射流质量与波后粒子速度呈线性增加关系; 卸载熔化出现后, 微射流质量开始迅速增加; 当卸载熔化速度足够快时, 金属强度效应可忽略, 此时微射流质量与波后粒子速度再次表现出线性增加关系.     

Analysis of the effect of impact of near-wall acoustic bubble collapse micro-jet on Al 1060

The bubble collapse near a wall will generate strong micro-jet in a liquid environment under ultrasonic field. To explore the effect of the impact of near-wall acoustic bubble collapse micro-jet on an aluminum 1060 sheet, the cavitation threshold formula and micro-jet velocity formula were first proposed. Then the Johnson-Cook rate correlation material constitutive model was considered, and a three-dimensional fluid-solid coupling model of micro-jet impact on a wall was established and analyzed. Finally, to validate the model, ultrasonic cavitation test and inversion analysis based on the theory of spherical indentation test were conducted. The results show that cavitation occurs significantly in the liquid under ultrasonic field, as the applied ultrasonic pressure amplitude is much larger than liquid cavitation threshold. Micro pits appear on the material surface under the impact of micro-jet. Pit depth is determined by both micro-jet velocity and micro-jet diameter, and increases with their increase. Pit diameter is mainly related to the micro-jet diameter and d_p/d_j ≈ 0.95–1.2, while pit’s diameter-to-depth ratio is mainly negatively correlated with the micro-jet velocity. Wall pressure distribution is mostly symmetric and its maximum appears on the edge of micro-jet impingement. Obviously, the greater the micro-jet velocity is, the greater the wall pressure is. Micro pits formed after the impact of micro-jet on aluminum 1060 surface were assessed by ultrasonic cavitation test. Inversion analysis results indicate that equivalent stress, equivalent strain of the pit and impact strength, and velocity of the micro-jet are closely related with pit’s diameter-to-depth ratio. For the pit’s diameter-to-depth ratio of 16–68, the corresponding micro-jet velocity calculated is 310–370 m/s.     

Interaction of microbubbles with high intensity pulsed ultrasound

High intensity pulsed ultrasound, interacting with microbubble contrast agents, is potentially useful for drug delivery, cancer treatment, and tissue ablation, among other applications. To establish the fundamental understanding on the interaction of a microbubble (in an infinite volume of water) with an ultrasound pressure field, a numerical study is performed using the boundary element method. The response of the bubble, in terms of its shape at different times, the maximum bubble radius obtained, the oscillation time, the jet velocity, and its translational movement, is studied. The effect of ultrasound intensity and initial bubble size is examined as well. One important outcome is the determination of the conditions under which a clear jet will be formed in a microbubble in its interaction with a specific sound wave. The high speed jet is crucial for the aforementioned intended applications.     

An equivalent method of jet impact loading from collapsing near-wall acoustic bubbles: A preliminary study

Cavitation damage is a micro, high-speed, multi-phase complex phenomenon caused by the near-wall bubble group collapse. The current numerical simulation method of cavitation mainly focuses on the collapse impact of a single cavitation bubble. The large-scale simulation of the cavitation bubble group collapse is difficult to perform and has not been studied, to the best of our knowledge. In this study, the equivalent model of impact loading of acoustic bubble collapse micro-jets is proposed to study the cavitation erosion damage of materials. Based on the theory of the micro-jet and the water hammer effect of the liquid–solid impact, an equivalent model of impact loading of a single acoustic bubble collapse micro-jet is established under the principle of deformation equivalence. Since the acoustic bubbles can be considered uniformly distributed in a small enough area, an equivalent model of impact loading of multiple acoustic bubble collapse micro-jets in a micro-segment can be derived based on the equivalent results of impact loading of a single acoustic bubble collapse micro-jet. In fact, the equivalent methods of cavitation damage loading for single and multiple near-wall acoustic bubble collapse micro-jets are formed. The verification results show the law of cavitation deformation of concrete using equivalent loading is consistent with that of a micro-jet simulation, and the average relative errors and the mean square errors are insignificant. The equivalent method of impact loading proposed in this paper has high accuracy and can greatly improve the calculation efficiency, which provides technical support for numerical simulation of concrete cavitation.     

Ultrasonic bubbles in medicine: influence of the shell

Ultrasound contrast agents consist of microscopically small bubbles encapsulated by an elastic shell. These microbubbles oscillate upon ultrasound insonification, and demonstrate highly nonlinear behavior, ameliorating their detectability. (Potential) medical applications involving the ultrasonic disruption of contrast agent microbubble shells include release-burst imaging, localized drug delivery, and noninvasive blood pressure measurement. To develop and enhance these techniques, predicting the cracking behavior of ultrasound-insonified encapsulated microbubbles has been of importance. In this paper, we explore microbubble behavior in an ultrasound field, with special attention to the influence of the bubble shell. A bubble in a sound field can be considered a forced damped harmonic oscillator. For encapsulated microbubbles, the presence of a shell has to be taken into account. In models, an extra damping parameter and a shell stiffness parameter have been included, assuming that Hooke's Law holds for the bubble shell. At high acoustic amplitudes, disruptive phenomena have been observed, such as microbubble fragmentation and ultrasonic cracking. We analyzed the occurrence of ultrasound contrast agent fragmentation, by simulating the oscillating behavior of encapsulated microbubbles with various sizes in a harmonic acoustic field. Fragmentation occurs exclusively during the collapse phase and occurs if the kinetic energy of the collapsing microbubble is greater than the instantaneous bubble surface energy, provided that surface instabilities have grown big enough to allow for break-up. From our simulations it follows that the Blake critical radius is not a good approximation for a fragmentation threshold. We demonstrated how the phase angle differences between a damped radially oscillating bubble and an incident sound field depend on shell parameters.     

Experimental investigation on the effects of the standoff distance and the initial radius on the dynamics of a single bubble near a rigid wall in an ultrasonic field

Bubble behaviors near a boundary in an ultrasonic field are the fundamental forms of acoustic cavitation and of substantial importance in various applications, such as industry cleaning, chemical engineering and food processing. The effects of two important factors that strongly affect the dynamics of a single acoustic cavitation bubble, namely, the initial bubble radius and the standoff distance, were investigated in this work. The temporal evolution of the bubble was recorded using high speed microphotography. Meanwhile, the time of bubble collapse and the characteristics of the liquid jets were analyzed. The results demonstrate that the intensity of the acoustic cavitation, which is characterized by the time of bubble collapse and the liquid jet speed, reaches the optimum level under suitable values of the initial bubble radius and the normalized standoff distance. As the initial bubble radius and the normalized standoff distance increase or decrease from the optimal values, the time of the bubble collapse increases, and the first liquid jet’s speed decreases substantially, whereas the speeds of the second and third liquid jets exhibit no substantial changes. These results on bubble dynamics in an ultrasonic field are important for identifying or correcting the mechanisms of acoustic cavitation and for facilitating its optimization and application.     

不同排列粗糙元对湍流拟序结构的影响

采用氢气泡流动显示技术,研究了壁面不同排列粗糙元对近壁湍流拟序结构的影响。实验中基于平均速度和水力直径的雷诺数分别为14300、31200、48000。氢泡丝上游布置的离散粗糙元直径为2．3、4和6mm,得到了光滑壁面和5种不同排列方式的离散粗糙元壁面湍流条带和湍流斑块特征。结果发现：相同雷诺数和相同排列方式下条带间距...     

超声微泡低频动力学特性及其生物效应

理论上利用有耗散函数的Lagrange方程,建立了有壳微泡的R(t)运动方程,开展了自由空间中有壳微泡动力学特性的研究,表明微泡内外半径增量随声压的增大、超声频率的降低、初始内径的增大及壳厚的减薄而迅速增大。实验上,利用Mie散射技术在80°散射角和前向Mie散射检测新技术实验测量了微泡R(t)曲线;利用体视显微镜,实时观察了超声微泡对动物活体微血管损伤,开展了超声微泡生物效应的动物和细胞试验研究。结果表明:(1)超声作用下,微泡引起肿瘤中微血管壁周期性膨胀收缩而发生管壁破裂,形成血栓和微血管栓塞,抑制了肿瘤生长;(2)超声联合微泡可以破坏微血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和肝癌细胞,可以减少肿瘤血管和癌细胞再生,因此,低频超声联合微泡技术是一种值得探索抑制肿瘤生长的新技术。