变厚度多边形蜂窝结构的超声C扫描检测方法

为了解决变厚度多边形蜂窝结构超声波检测难和检测效率低的问题,采用了灵敏度补偿和多边形扫查路径规划相结合的超声C扫描方法进行检测。在扫查检测过程中,一是根据构件厚度变化进行灵敏度补偿,消除因厚度变化而引起的超声信号衰减对检测结果的影响;二是根据构件几何形状对此类构件进行多边形扫查路径规划,减少探头的空扫描范围,提高检测效率。试验结果表明:该检测方法能准确、高效地检出变厚度多边形蜂窝结构中的缺陷。     

空气耦合超声检测复合材料研究综述

复合材料普遍具有高比强度、高比刚度、高模量、耐腐蚀等优异性能,广泛应用于飞机机翼、导弹外壳、航空发动机壳体等部位。制造和服役过程中各类缺陷影响复合材料的力学性能和服役性能,必须采用有效的方法准确检测和评估复合材料中各类缺陷。空气耦合式超声检测具有完全非接触、非侵入、无损伤和无需耦合剂的特点,能够很好地运用于复合材料的在线和在位检测。该文就近年来空气耦合超声检测技术的研究现状进行了系统综述,简明扼要地分析和介绍了当前空气耦合超声检测的研究热点及进展,重点介绍了1-3型压电复合材料换能器、信号处理技术、相控聚焦式空气耦合超声检测、超声在复合材料的传播特性及其与缺陷交互作用的研究现状,探讨了空气耦合超声无损检测技术与仪器的发展方向,总结了目前空气耦合超声检测的研究热点问题,最后展望了空气耦合超声检测的发展趋势和应用前景。     

圆柱类构件超声相控阵聚焦模型

在利用平面相控阵超声换能器对圆柱类构件检测时,受曲界面结构引起的入射波和回波时延的影响,扫描声束的波阵面产生弯曲,在利用传统迭代遍历算法计算延迟时间时效率低,无法发挥相控阵换能器检测优势。针对上述问题,建立了一种基于圆柱类构件特征和耦合介质特性的超声相控阵扫描成像的聚焦模型。该模型基于换能器、耦合介质、圆柱类构件材料特性和几何关系以及声线模型和折射定律,建立了耦合介质及被检构件的声速、曲面曲率半径、阵列与曲面间的距离等关联的延迟时间聚焦控制模型。利用该模型计算出的延时时间,对各阵元发射时间进行控制,从而实现扫描声束的聚焦。该文以液体和有机玻璃制介质楔块为例,对圆柱钢曲面的相控阵声束聚焦进行了仿真实验,结果表明该文方法计算效率显著提升,同时声束可以在预设位置实现聚焦,验证了该模型在计算效率上的优势与有效性。     

核级阀门唇焊焊缝熔深的超声检测方法*

核电阀体唇焊焊缝熔深不足可能导致其在服役期内无预期断裂,由此引起的流质泄露将引起严重的安全事故。因此,极有必要在阀体焊接完成后进行熔深测量以保证足够的焊缝强度。本研究针对阀体唇焊缝粗糙余高曲面声学耦合差、熔深测量难的问题,提出基于喷水式超声聚焦检测技术的唇焊焊缝熔深测量方法。首先,根据核电阀体唇焊焊缝结构特点提出唇焊熔深的超声聚焦测量方法;其次,通过构建检测过程的有限元模型分析焊缝余高曲率对声场聚焦能力的影响,给出余高曲率各异的焊缝检测时的水距修正方法,以便在预定熔深范围内形成高能聚焦声场;最后,分析和提取与唇焊结构相关的检测信号特征,结合金相分析方法修正声速。研究结果显示：通过水距修正可改善焊缝曲率半径变化对聚焦声场的不利影响,曲率半径28.5 mm时焦区声压幅度仅下降11%,基于特征脉冲时间间隔及声速修正可测定焊缝熔深;与金相试验对比,绝对误差小于0.06 mm,满足核电阀门唇焊焊缝熔深测量的需求。     

复杂曲面构件的超声虚拟声源阵列成像*

利用虚拟声源和合成孔径聚焦相结合的复合成像技术解决复杂曲面构件超声检测图像中的缺陷位置失真问题。首先,在水浸检测条件下利用128阵元线性阵列换能器中采集曲面构件内部缺陷的B扫描数据。通过相邻阵元界面回波时间差构建虚拟声源,并将其定义为声波在水-构件双层界面上的入射点。然后,根据实际阵元-虚拟声源-聚焦目标三者之间的声传播路径,通过合成孔径聚焦技术将各路阵元的接收信号反推至虚拟声源处进行图像的延时叠加重建,最终获得复杂曲面构件中缺陷的超声图像。结果表明,与传统B扫图像和合成孔径聚焦图像相比,虚拟源-合成孔径聚焦图像能够准确呈现复杂曲面构件的表面轮廓,精确表征构件内部的缺陷位置。     

纳米填充硅橡胶超声干耦合特性*

针对工业超声无损检测领域干耦合材料种类匮乏,且声能透射率低的问题,论文在室温硫化硅橡胶基底材料中添加不同成份和配比的纳米颗粒,制备了不同种类的干耦合材料,给出了干耦合条件下超声波的传输模型,得到了声学传输规律,对比分析了干耦合材料种类、厚度、硬度、超声中心频率及载荷因素对声能传输特性的影响。搭建了声学特性测试实验平台,分别对添加氧化铝、铁和二氧化硅纳米颗粒制备的干耦合材料进行了测定,试验结果表明填充二氧化硅质量分数为5%时,所形成的纳米填充硅橡胶的声阻抗提高了13.5%,使用200kPa预载荷对试块测量时回波幅值提高了18.0%,具有良好的声耦合性能。可为实际超声检测时干耦合材料的制备及应用提供参考。     

扩散场扇扫重建格林函数实现近表盲区缺陷检测

2020年5月12日定稿摘要针对结构近表盲区缺陷检测难题,发展了一种扩散声场扇扫重建格林函数的超声检测方法。在对扩散场扇扫重建格林函数理论分析的基础上,通过5 MHz超声相控阵探头对铝块近表盲区缺陷进行了检测实验并对影响成像结果的延时时间、时间窗宽和扫查方式进行了分析。结果显示,该方法可以有效检测铝块近表1.5~3 mm的盲区缺陷;扇形扫查方式的有效扩散时间较全矩阵捕获方式延长0.5 ms以上;在有效扩散时间内,随着延时接收时间和时间窗宽的增加,成像质量得到提高。本研究工作为超声检测近表盲区缺陷提供了一种有效可行的新方法。      

五轴水浸超声扫查系统研制

为实现超声强衰减材料、多层结构件、重要焊接结构件中缺陷高灵敏度的超声检测和评价，并对自然缺陷形状、性质和大小进行分析和判别，实现对缺陷的精确定性、定量和定位，研制了一套五轴水浸超声扫查成像系统。该系统包括5个部分：超声波发射和接收系统，包括超声探伤仪（USIP12）和水浸聚焦探头：数据采集和图像处理系统，包括工控机和数据采集卡；五轴水浸超声扫查系统装置，包括精密三维扫描工作台、水平转台、探头摆动架、专用夹具、水槽、步进电机驱动卡和驱动电源：软件系统，由文件管理、参数设置、数据和图像处理等控制窗121组成。系统工作时，由运行在工控机上的测控程序向运动控制卡发出运动指令，     

核电堆内构件围板螺栓超声检测优化有限元仿真研究*

围板螺栓是核电堆内构件的关键紧固部件,典型的围板螺栓主要为外六角形式。在长期辐照和震动等恶劣环境服役过程中,其断裂韧性下降,脆性增加,最终导致螺栓退化开裂或断裂脱落,需要对其进行定期无损检测。然而由于其结构的复杂性,现有超声检测方法仍难以对其进行有效检测。为进一步提高超声检测方法对于围板螺栓内部缺陷的检测能力,针对堆内构件围板螺栓典型缺陷失效形式,通过有限元数值仿真技术开展适用于围板螺栓不同区域(螺栓过渡区域、螺杆区域和螺纹区域)的超声检测方法和工艺研究,对超声探头激励频率、晶片尺寸及超声波入射角度等进行优化,实现对不同区域15%缺陷横截面积占比的检测目标。为研发具有高度匹配性和高灵敏度的堆内构件围板螺栓超声传感器、实现对围板螺栓敏感区域的高精度检测提供理论指导。     

菲涅尔透镜聚焦声泳打印装置设计及实验研究*

针对现有的喷墨打印技术需根据喷印材料的特性定制而较难直接用于不同材料打印的问题,设计了一种基于菲涅尔透镜聚焦的声泳打印装置,该装置由超声发生器、超声换能器、菲涅尔透镜以及供液系统组成。首先,利用COMSOL软件模拟液滴在声辐射力作用下的滴落过程,并分析了超声发生器功率、喷嘴到基底距离、菲涅尔透镜厚度等参数对声场压力分布的影响,以及声场压力、喷嘴直径及材料粘度对液滴喷射过程的影响。其次,采用构建的声泳打印装置进行喷射成滴实验,通过调整超声发生器输出功率实现了不同粘度的聚乙二醇溶液的喷射以及UV胶的喷射。实验结果表明：该微滴喷射系统能产生一致性较好的微滴,喷印出的微透镜尺寸波动范围在2%以内,证明了该装置的稳定性以及实现了不同材料微滴喷射的可行性。     

Quantitative evaluation of ultrasonic C-scan image in acoustically homogeneous and layered anisotropic materials using three dimensional ray tracing method

Quantitative evaluation of ultrasonic C-scan images in homogeneous and layered anisotropic austenitic materials is of general importance for understanding the influence of anisotropy on wave fields during ultrasonic non-destructive testing and evaluation of these materials. In this contribution, a three dimensional ray tracing method is presented for evaluating ultrasonic C-scan images quantitatively in general homogeneous and layered anisotropic austenitic materials. The directivity of the ultrasonic ray source in general homogeneous columnar grained anisotropic austenitic steel material (including layback orientation) is obtained in three dimensions based on Lamb’s reciprocity theorem. As a prerequisite for ray tracing model, the problem of ultrasonic ray energy reflection and transmission coefficients at an interface between (a) isotropic base material and anisotropic austenitic weld material (including layback orientation), (b) two adjacent anisotropic weld metals and (c) anisotropic weld metal and isotropic base material is solved in three dimensions. The influence of columnar grain orientation and layback orientation on ultrasonic C-scan image is quantitatively analyzed in the context of ultrasonic testing of homogeneous and layered austenitic steel materials. The presented quantitative results provide valuable information during ultrasonic characterization of homogeneous and layered anisotropic austenitic steel materials.     

Effect of sparse basis selection on ultrasonic signal representation

Recently, adaptive sparse representations of ultrasonic signals have been utilized to improve the performance of scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM), a common nondestructive tool for failure analysis of microelectronic packages. The adaptive sparse representation of an ultrasonic signal is generated by decomposing it in a learned overcomplete dictionary using a sparse basis selection algorithm. Detection and location of ultrasonic echoes are then performed on the basis of the resulting redundant representation. This paper investigates the effect of sparse basis selection algorithms on ultrasonic signal representation. The overcomplete independent component analysis, focal underdetermined system solver (FOCUSS), and sparse Bayesian learning algorithms are examined. Numerical simulations are performed to quantitatively analyze the efficiency of ultrasonic signal representations. Experiments with ultrasonic A-scans acquired from flip-chip packages are also carried out in the study. The efficiency of ultrasonic signal representations are evaluated in terms of the different criteria that can be used to measure its performance for different SAM applications, such as waveform estimation, echo detection, echo location and C-scan imaging. The results show that the FOCUSS algorithm performs best overall.     

车轮轮辋缺陷的超声相控阵检测系统研究*

针对火车车轮检测中常规超声波探伤存在的检测灵敏度低、声束灵活性差、信噪比低等问题,研究了超声相控阵在火车车轮轮辋检测中的应用。本文介绍了超声相控阵检测技术的原理,并从超声相控阵换能器、硬件系统和软件系统三个方面阐述了火车车轮轮辋缺陷的超声相控阵检测系统的研究过程。最后通过人工模拟缺陷的相控阵检测实验,测试了该检测系统的性能,验证了相控阵检测设备具有灵敏度高、声束可控性好和可靠性高等优点。     

Application of laser ultrasonic technique for non-contact detection of drilling-induced delamination in aeronautical composite components

The detection of drilling-induced delamination in composite components is a vital and challenging task in aviation industry. Numerous key components of aircrafts are made of composite materials, and drilling is often a final operation during assembly. Drilling-induced delamination is a very serious defect that significantly reduces the structural reliability, but it is rather difficult to be detected effectively due to its special location. A novel application of laser ultrasonic technique for the detection of drilling-induced delamination in composites is presented in this paper. A carbon fiber reinforced plastic laminate with drilling holes was made as specimen. A laser ultrasonic system was constructed and experiments were performed to detect the drilling-induced delamination, based on propagation characteristic of ultrasonic waves generated by pulse laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm and pulse duration of 10 ns. A laser interferometer based on two wave mixing is used to measure ultrasonic wave signals, and the morphology features of the delamination are imaged clearly by laser ultrasonic C-scan testing. The results proved that the laser ultrasonic technique is a feasible and effective method for the detection of drilling-induced delamination in composite components.     

Utilization of ultrasound to enhance high-speed water jet effects

Continuous high-speed water jets are presently used in many industrial applications such as cutting of various materials, cleaning and removal of surface layers. However, there is still a need for further research to enhance the performance of pure water jets. An obvious method is to generate water jets at ultra-high pressures (currently up to 700 MPa). An alternate approach is to eliminate the need for such high pressures by pulsing of the jet. This follows from the fact that the impact pressure on a target generated by a slug of water is considerably higher than the stagnation pressure of a corresponding continuous jet. Ultrasonically forced modulation of a continuous stream of water represents the most promising method of pulsed jet generation because of its simplicity and practicality. A pulsed jet is generated by modulating a continuous stream of water by ultrasonic waves. A velocity transformer connected to a piezoelectric transducer is located axially inside a nozzle to induce longitudinal pulsations in the water. An extensive laboratory research program is in progress to understand the basic principles of the process and to optimize the nozzle design for several applications. The results reported in this paper show that the performance of such a pulsed jet is far superior to that of a continuous jet operating at the same parameters. Experimental results obtained with the ultrasonic vibration of a tip situated inside the nozzle indicate that using this technique one can achieve performance of the jet even order of magnitude higher in comparison to continuous jet at the same hydraulic parameters. Performance of ultrasonically modulated jets in cutting of various materials was tested in laboratory conditions. In this paper, results of measurement of dynamic pressure in the nozzle and force effects of modulated jets are presented together with results obtained in cutting of various materials using ultrasonically modulated water jets. The results are compared with those obtained with continuous jets at the same operating parameters. Potential of forced modulation of the jet in applications of cleaning, paint and coating removal from surfaces and concrete cutting in the process of repair of concrete structures is mentioned.     

超声显微检测方法对产氚包层焊缝的适用性研究

针对产氚包层中盖板流道封焊的结构设计与特点,开展了超声显微检测方法研究,确定了超声显微检测参数及该方法的适用性问题。以盖板流道封焊为研究对象,选择JSR DPR500 超声显微检测系统进行检测参数研究,分析了超声显微检测中探头参数及声束聚焦的特点;采用不同参数探头及水层厚度,提高了检测灵敏度,并解决了盖板流道封焊中小缺陷不易检出的难题。     

An apparatus for high precision measurements of ultrasonic wave velocity

An automatic gated-carrier pulse superposition system for high precision ultrasonic velocity measurements is described, having better stability and lower cost than previous equipment. The necessary new integrated circuitry, and the method of operation, are described in detail. The principal application is to the measurement of small changes in the velocity of MHz ultrasonic waves, such as occur when materials are subjected to stress. Results are presented confirming a detection sensitivity of 1 part in 10.     

Ultrasonic degradation of oxalic acid in aqueous solutions

This paper describes the ultrasonic degradation of oxalic acid. The effects of ultrasonic power, H₂O₂, NaCl, external gases on the degradation of oxalic acid were investigated. Reactor flask containing oxalic acid was immersed in the ultrasonic bath with water as the coupling fluid. Representative samples withdrawn were analysed by volumetric titration. Degradation degree of oxalic acid increased with increasing ultrasonic power. It was observed that H₂O₂ has negative contribution on the degradation of oxalic acid and there was an optimum concentration of NaCl for enhancing the degradation degree of oxalic acid. Although bubbling nitrogen gave higher degradation than that for bubbling air, both gases (for 20 min before sonication and during sonication together) could not help to enhance the degradation of oxalic acid when compared with the degradation without gas passage.     

Microfeeding with different ultrasonic nozzle designs

Microfeeding of dry powder excited by ultrasonic vibration makes use of relatively simple equipment and can be applied to solid freeforming and pharmaceutical dosing. The nozzle was a vertical glass capillary and four configurations for ultrasonic actuation were investigated: Type I had a piezoelectric transducer ring bonded to the base of a cylindrical water-containing vessel containing an axial nozzle; Type II had a piezoelectric transducer ring attached to the sidewall of the vessel; Type III used direct mechanical connection to the glass wall of the capillary to give nominally longitudinal vibration; and Type IV also used direct connection to the glass tube but arranged to give progressive wave vibration. The experimental results show that all four configurations realized powder microfeeding and dosing but the characteristics, in terms of minimum flow rate, dependence on voltage amplitude and uniformity of dose varied considerably. The discharge of particles was observed by a high-speed camera.     

光弹法测量超声换能器声场

超声换能器声场的测试对于超声检测具有基础性作用,而传统的超声换能器声场测试方法具有一些局限性。本文介绍了搭建的动态激光光弹实验平台,并利用动态光弹法测量了纵波换能器和横波换能器辐射声场的特征,由瞬态声场图像获得了传声介质的声波速度及超声换能器的中心频率;由稳态声场图像获得了声场的近场长度、指向性和扩散角等参数;分析了光弹实验系统和测量方法可能引起测量误差。本文结果表明动态光弹法是一种有效的定量测量超声换能器声场的方法。