背部支撑型空间反射镜镶嵌件粘接结构设计

基于不同的边界条件,建立了针对带锥度盲孔的空间相机反射镜组件胶层厚度的计算模型,利用力学模型计算粘接处符合设计要求的胶层厚度范围。通过建立的有限元模型,计算并拟合得到相应的胶层厚度-应力曲线,得出最优的胶层厚度为0.055mm。为了检验粘接结构的面形精度,进行了自重、温升条件下的反射镜组件镜面变化的模拟分析,采用温度载荷法模拟实际固化后胶层收缩对镜面的影响,并进行组件试验。仿真和试验结果表明,胶层厚度在0.055mm时反射镜组件具有足够的抵抗外界温变、振动干扰的能力,满足设计要求。     

结构胶固化收缩对反射镜面形影响的分析与试验

在空间遥感领域,使用胶粘接技术安装光学元件越来越受到光机工程师们的青睐。与机械方法相比,胶粘接方法具有更轻的质量、更低的成本、更容易装配。大部分结构胶在固化期间存在收缩现象,结构胶的收缩会导致内应力出现,内应力又会导致光学表面发生变形,从而影响成像质量。为了在有限元分析中模拟这一过程,提出了等效线胀法的概念。该方法是将结构胶的线收缩率等效成胶的线胀系数,从而将结构胶固化过程的收缩等效成均匀温降导致的冷缩,以便进行热弹性分析。分析结果表明:在采用环带粘接方式时,粘接面积越小,镜面相应位置的面形误差越小,反之越大;粘接位置离镜面越远,镜面相应位置的面形误差越小,反之越大。对分析结果进行了试验验证,结果表明:当胶层质心到镜面距离为20.5mm、胶层宽度分别为15mm、20mm、25mm时,镜面PV值变化量分别为0.64λ、0.92λ、1.10λ;当胶层宽度为15mm、胶层质心到镜面距离分别为15.5mm、20.5mm、25.5mm时,镜面PV值变化量分别为1.08λ、0.64λ、0.40λ;当胶层质心到镜面距离为25.5mm、胶层宽度为25mm、胶层环形分布角分别为40°、60°、80°时,镜面PV值变化量分别为0.38λ、0.52λ、0.88λ。分析和试验结果为实际的工程应用提供了理论指导。     

钢-混凝土结构弱粘接界面缺陷的超声导波检测*

钢-混凝土结构是土木工程中的一种常用结构形式,钢与混凝土粘接处可能出现弱粘接甚至完全脱粘的缺陷,严重影响结构的安全性。该文提出利用空气耦合超声导波衰减的方法实现钢-混凝土结构粘接状态的非接触无损检测方法,分析不同厚度粘接界面对超声导波衰减的影响。基于全局矩阵技术对钢-混凝土结构求解理论频散方程和衰减曲线,得到界面层不同粘接条件下的理论参数及衰减特性。建立不同粘接条件的有限元模型,定量分析不同模态对粘接缺陷的检测敏感度。研究界面层厚度分别为1 mm和2 mm两种情况下S0能量的衰减情况。研究结果表明:S0模态可有效判断粘接结构的粘接状态,对于同一界面层厚度,随着界面粘接条件变弱,S0最大幅值与A0最大幅值比不断增大;不同厚度同一粘接条件下,2 mm相较于1 mm该值更大。该方法在钢-混凝土结构粘接界面缺陷的检测方面具有良好的应用价值和发展前景。     

三层介质超声谐振模式随材料和界面粘接性能变化的演变规律

在用超声波谐振对粘接材料的粘接强度进行无损评估时, 不同模式对粘接强度的敏感程度受到众多因素和参数的影响, 对检测结果的可靠性至关重要. 基于多层介质中声传播和界面弱粘接边界条件的理论模型, 将一个上下非对称的金属-粘接剂-金属三层结构的平面波反射系数函数中的谐振模式看作是上下铝金属层各自的Lamb波频散模式通过夹心粘接剂层相互耦合后叠加组成. 改变影响结构粘接强度的因素, 即粘接剂的性能参数(声阻抗、密度、厚度)和界面切向劲度系数k_t来分析三层结构谐振模式耦合方式的变化,得出结论: 粘接结构粘接性能的变化基本上不改变与被粘铝层相关的固有部分的Lamb波模式, 而它们的耦合模式则在谐振频率上产生平移并会与固有模式进行交换和替代; 不同参数的变化引起的模式演变有各自的规律, 大多可彼此区分.     

光学塑料零件粘接用胶的选择与改性

光学塑料和其它工程塑料一样，由于表面能低，胶液在其表面难以润湿和粘合。为提高光学塑料零件的粘接性能，需寻求适合于光学塑料零件的粘接材料。根据相似相溶的原理，趋向于选用与光学塑料材料分子结构相似的树脂作为光学胶的基本粘料。本文介绍了聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（ＰＭＭＡ）和聚本乙烯醇薄膜（ＰＶＡＬ）等光学塑料零件与光学玻璃零件粘接时的有关情况。作为光学粘接材料主要选用ＪＮ－７９１光学环氧树脂胶并掺入［Ｎ·Ｓ］硅烷偶联剂的改性胶和以环氧丙烯酸酯为光敏树脂的ＧＢＮ－５０１光学光敏胶。本文着重就相似相溶原理以及为提高粘接性能的作用机理作了初步的探讨。     

钢-铅粘接结构的粘接强度对超声体波反射与 透射特性的影响*

针对多层异种金属粘接结构中粘接强度的超声检测与表征困难的问题,采用线性弹簧模型和等效弹性模量模型来分别表征界面粘附强度和内聚强度,推导了超声体波斜入射N层粘接结构的反射与透射系数表达式。通过在不同入射面和入射声波模式等条件下,同时连续改变两种参数来系统研究粘接层界面粘附强度与内聚强度变化对超声波反射与透射特性的影响关系,确定了能够敏感表征粘接强度的超声参量,为粘接强度的无损检测与评价提供理论依据。     

长条形空间反射镜无热化胶层的优化设计

为了实现尺寸为1 200 mm×484 mm的大长宽比长条形空间反射镜的无热装配,减小反射镜面形精度受热应力的影响,本文对环氧胶(GHJ-01(Z))胶层厚度对反射镜面形的影响及胶层在静、动力学载荷下的应力进行了研究。首先,介绍了现有的几种基于胡克定律推导的无热粘结厚度方程及其假设条件,并推导了带有锥度的背部盲孔反射镜无热粘结胶层厚度的方程,得出无热粘结胶层厚度曲线;然后,建立了6种不同胶层厚度的反射镜组件模型并进行了分析与比较。通过分析,在+5℃温升工况下,反射镜胶层厚度为0.07 mm时具有最好的面形精度,其RMS值0.0178λ,其检测方向在自重作用下的面形精度RMS值为0.0173λ,一阶频率为220.17 Hz;最后对胶层无热化设计后的反射镜组件进行了振动试验和粘结剂剪切强度试验,分析与试验表明:反射镜组件一阶频率为216.4 Hz,与有限元分析结果相对误差为1.71%;满足动静态刚度要求;同时,在动力学载荷下该厚度胶层的应力均小于其固化后的抗剪强度,安全裕度为2.46;各项指标满足设计要求。     

等厚铝板粘接件超声反射频谱的低频特征

利用弹簧模型研究了"铝-胶-铝"等厚粘接件的超声反射谱的低频特征(使用的超声波频率远低于胶层的共振频率),指出了利用其谐振频率的"右峰"漂移量反演弱粘接情况的胶层劲度系数的可能性。我们通过胶层固化时间的变化来模拟胶层劲度系数的变化,对理论结果进行验证,实验结果与理论吻合良好。     

厚胶层复合材料弱粘接结构的超声反射特性

开展了复合材料粘接结构粘接质量的非接触式超声反射特性的仿真与实验研究。首先,建立了水浸环境下纤维增强复合材料(FRP)单层板时域仿真模型,数值分析了不同入射角度下声反射系数频率谱的变化规律,并与已有理论方法进行了对比验证。基于此,建立了含厚胶层的复合材料粘接结构反射特性时域仿真模型,分析了粘接界面弱化程度对超声反射系数频谱特征点的影响规律。基于水浸超声反射特性测量系统,实验萃取了完好粘接状态的FRP粘接结构的超声反射系数频谱,与仿真结果吻合良好。随后,制备了具有不同粘接界面状态特征的FRP粘接结构试样,从实验角度揭示了单/双粘接界面弱化状态与超声反射特性间规律性的偏移特征。基于不同粘接状态与超声反射特性间的规律性分布特征,可为厚胶层复合材料粘接结构的粘接质量评估提供新的研究思路。     

粘接界面特性的超声检测与评价

粘接界面特性的超声检测与评价既是物理学的前沿问题,又是经济建设和国防安全亟需解决的应用问题。高波阻介质下多层低波阻介质界面脱粘检测、滑移界面检测和粘接强度定量评价是粘接质量检测中遇到的三大难题。本文综述了课题组十余年来在攻坚三大难题方面的研究工作：建立了共振匹配理论,发明了六项关键技术并实现了技术集成,研制出全新概念的超声检测设备,解决了第一个难题;成功研制出横波直探头,用纵横波综合判断方法解决了第二个难题;对第三个难题,建立了粘接界面非线性弹簧模型,为利用非线性声学参量评价粘接界面奠定了理论基础,并探索性地利用统计性方法对粘接强度进行了预测,取得较好效果。     

Surface nanostructural modifications of Ti implanted by N+ ions as a function of energy

The surface modification of titanium foil/sheet samples (0.5?mm thickness) implanted by nitrogen ions of different energy and fluence of 1?×?10^18?N^+?cm^?2 was studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy and secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). XRD patterns showed the development of titanium nitride with different compositions in the implanted samples, and the presence of different titanium compositions such as titanium oxides was also observed. AFM images at 16 and 20?keV showed the formation of grains, which were attributed to the initial sputtering of grain boundaries. The morphology of the surface changed at 25?keV showing granular structure with an almost uniform background and lowest surface roughness relative to lower and higher implantation energies. A correlation was obtained between all results for XRD, SIMS and AFM except the titanium nitride maximum intensity at 25?keV N⁺ implantation. In order to achieve more detailed information about the role of N⁺ energy in this kind of work it is proposed that a further investigation is needed on both N⁺ energy and substrate temperature as well as some theoretical studies.     

铝靶激光热应力的实验研究

 用高温应变计和热偶计等诊断技术，研究连续波氧碘化学激光（CW/COIL）与铝合金板作用产生的激光热应力。当照射靶面激光强度约1 000 W/cm²时，激光热应力随靶厚的增加而快速减小。当激光辐照靶材厚度h＝1.00 mm、激光强度I＝640~980 W/cm²时，激光热应力随辐照靶面激光强度的增加而增大。两者的激光热应力－时间曲线随靶厚的减薄或随辐照靶面激光强度的增加而变得越来越复杂。当靶厚h≤2.50 mm，辐照靶面激光强度I≥800 W/cm²时，激光热应力强度超过激光辐照区材料断裂强度，萌生许多孔洞裂纹，引起材料断裂破坏。     

The effect of Al and Cr additions on pack cementation zinc coatings

Zinc is widely used as a protective coating material due to its corrosion resistant properties. The structure and oxidation resistance of Al and Cr mixed zinc coatings, deposited by pack cementation process, is thoroughly examined in this work. The morphology and chemical composition of the as-deposited and oxidized samples was accomplished by electron microscopy while the phase identification was performed by XRD diffraction analysis. The experimental results showed that the addition of aluminum or chromium in the pack mixture forms only Al and Cr rich phases on the surface of the specimens without affecting significantly the phase composition of the rest zinc coatings. In the case of Zn-Al coatings, the overlying layer contains high concentrations of Al together with lower amounts of zinc and iron and in Zn-Cr coatings this layer contains Cr, Fe and Zn atoms and has much smaller thickness. The presence of these additional layers promotes significantly the oxidation resistance of the zinc pack coatings and they preserve most of their initial thickness and chemical content when exposed to an aggressive environment while their oxidation mass gain was measured at low levels during the oxidation tests.     

An investigation of pulsed laser cutting of titanium alloy sheet

Subsequent welding requirement calls for high-quality laser cut surfaces in the laser cutting of bladed ring parts for aeroengines. This paper presents pulsed laser cutting of titanium alloy sheet and investigates the influences of laser cutting parameters on laser cut quality factors including heat-affected zone (HAZ), surface morphology and corrosion resistance. The thickness of HAZ lasers is studied in detail as a function of laser cutting parameters. For different assist gases the surface morphology and corrosion resistance show great differences. In comparison with air- and nitrogen-assisted laser cutting, argon-assisted laser cutting comes with unaffected surface quality and is suitable for laser cutting with subsequent welding requirement.     

Characterization of surfaces by soft X-ray spectroscopy

Soft X-ray spectroscopy has important capabilities for investigating the surface region of metals and alloys. By calibrating the changes in the soft X-ray emission bands from both the metal and the oxygen, it is possible to determine the oxide thickness, the degree of oxidation, the element in the alloy with which the oxygen has combined, the relative amounts of alloying elements in the surface oxide, and the oxide state of a substrate metal that has a protective coating. For Ti-6Al-4V alloys there was an increase in surface oxygen after prebond treatment which was due to a change in the degree of oxidation rather than in oxide thickness, and the oxygen was combined with the titanium in the surface oxide. The oxygen K intensity distribution, from aluminum that was given a surface chromate treatment, showed that the oxygen is combined with the chromium. In Fe-Cr alloys there is an increase in the amount of chromium combined with oxygen relative to bulk chromium with decreasing chromium content. The oxide surface of steel with a 50 Å metal protective coating was reduced when the oxide of the protective metal coating had a heat formation greater than that of the iron oxide.     

Surface structure and composition of flat titanium thin films as a function of film thickness and evaporation rate

To correlate flat titanium film surface properties with deposition parameters, titanium flat thin films were systematically deposited on glass substrates with various thicknesses and evaporation rates by electron-beam evaporation. The chemical compositions, crystal structure, surface topographies as well as wettability were investigated by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and water contact angle measurement, respectively. The films consisted mainly of TiO₂. Small percentages of Ti₂O₃ and metallic Ti were also found at the film surface using high-resolution XPS analysis. Quantitative XPS showed little differences regarding elemental compositions among different groups of films. The films were obtained by varying the deposition rate and the film thickness, respectively. XRD data showed consistent reflection patterns of the different titanium samples deposited using different film thicknesses. Without exception measurements of all samples exhibited contact angles of 80° ± 5°. Quantitative AFM characterization demonstrated good correlation tendency between surface roughness and film thickness or evaporation rate, respectively. It is important to notice that titanium films with different sizes of grains on their surfaces but having the same chemistry and film bulk structure can be obtained in a controllable way. By increasing the film thickness and evaporation rate, the surface roughness increased. The surface morphology and grain size growth displayed a corresponding trend. Therefore, the control of these parameters allows us to prepare titanium films with desired surface properties in a controllable and reproducible way for further biological investigations of these materials.     

金属表面碳涂层对激光等离子体辐射的影响

 阐述了激光诱导击穿光谱技术的基本原理,分析了金属材料表面光学性质与激光诱导等离子体辐射强度的关系,建立了空气中进行等离子辐射研究的试验装置,测量了不同厚度碳层下激光等离子体的发射光谱强度。实验结果表明：当一束近红外高能量脉冲激光（能量为5 J）作用于覆盖有约18 μm厚度碳层的标钢样品时,激光等离子体的发射光谱强度提高了16%～22%;证明了金属样品表面覆盖碳层能够提高激光等离子体辐射强度。     

Stoichiometry analysis of titanium oxide coating by LIBS

In this work, laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is used to determine the composition of titanium oxide film produced by anodized of Ti6Al4V alloy. We have used Ti lines in the spectral region between 470–520 nm to determine temperature of the plasma generated on anodized surface of Ti6Al4V alloy for temperature determination by Boltzmann plot method. In order to measure the content of oxygen and titanium ratio on the surface the alloy, we have used the oxygen lines 777.194, 777.417 and 777.539 nm, and titanium lines 780.597 and 782.491 nm observed in an ambient of argon. Finally, we report the possibilities for the determination of the coating chemical composition using LIBS.     

LIBS对钛合金焊缝中成分的原位统计分布分析表征

钛合金凭借其强度高、耐蚀性好、耐热性高等特点已经被广泛应用于航天、海洋、生物医药等诸多领域,其中Ti-6Al-4V（TC4）合金的耐热性、强度、塑性、韧性、成形性、可焊性、耐蚀性和生物相容性均较好,已成为钛合金工业中的王牌合金。钛合金在激光焊接时,加入表面活性剂可以增加焊缝熔深、提高焊接效率、改善焊缝微观组织的不均匀性,但是可能会改变熔合区和焊缝区中元素含量及其分布状态,从而可能会对材料的性能产生一定的影响。运用LIBS分析技术对TC4钛合金焊接试样表面进行面扫描同步获得多元素成分信息,同时结合原位统计分布分析方法（OPA）,实现了对钛合金母材、熔合区、焊缝成分及其分布状态的快速表征,为活性剂的选择和焊接后钛合金的材料性能提供一种新的评价手段。选取了两个使用不同活性剂进行焊接的TC4钛合金薄板试样,选取焊缝纵切面方向作为分析面,采用320目的氧化铝砂纸进行表面处理,利用LIBSOPA系统进行成分分布统计表征。首先,对激发光斑和剥蚀条件进行条件优化,最终选择200 μm的激发光斑、10个预剥蚀脉冲10个剥蚀脉冲进行实验,并建立了钛合金中C,Al,V,Fe,Si和Ti六个元素的校准曲线（其中Si元素主要来自活性剂）;然后对钛合金焊接样品进行了区域扫描,并对元素含量和分布状态进行了统计表征。同时,在钛合金焊接样品的不同部位进行分区取样,采用高频红外法分析C元素含量,并与LIBSOPA结果进行比对,两种测试方法结果吻合。元素Al,V,Fe,Si和Ti分布结果与微束X荧光光谱法对应性较好。运用LIBSOPA 技术实现了对钛合金母材、熔合区、焊缝中多元素的成分分布表征,为快速判定钛合金焊缝中成分及分布状态提供了全新的评价表征手段。     

Structural variation in a synchrotron‐induced contamination layer (a‐C:H) deposited on a toroidal Au mirror surface

A carbon layer deposited on an optical component is the result of complex interactions between the optical surface, adsorbed hydrocarbons, photons and secondary electrons (photoelectrons generated on the surface of optical elements). In the present study a synchrotron‐induced contamination layer on a 340 mm × 60 mm Au‐coated toroidal mirror has been characterized. The contamination layer showed a strong variation in structural properties from the centre of the mirror to the edge region (along the long dimension of the mirror) due to the Gaussian distribution of the incident photon beam intensity/power on the mirror surface. Raman scattering measurements were carried out at 12 equidistant (25 mm) locations along the length of the mirror. The surface contamination layer that formed on the Au surface was observed to be hydrogenated amorphous carbon film in nature. The effects of the synchrotron beam intensity/power distribution on the structural properties of the contamination layer are discussed. The I(D)/I(G) ratio, cluster size and disordering were found to increase whereas the sp²:sp³ ratio, G peak position and H content decreased with photon dose. The structural parameters of the contamination layer in the central region were estimated (thickness ? 400 Å, roughness ? 60 Å, density ? 72% of bulk graphitic carbon density) by soft X‐ray reflectivity measurements. The amorphous nature of the layer in the central region was observed by grazing‐incidence X‐ray diffraction.