扬声器线阵列高频波导有效辐射率的测量方法

研究了一种获取扬声器线阵列高频波导有效辐射率的简单可靠的方法。利用乘积理论和菲涅尔原理,得出在副瓣角度处扬声器线阵列与单节高频波导的垂直指向性相等,且均与其有效辐射率呈sinc函数的简单关系。按照此理论,通过实验测量单节高频波导单元的指向性,得到线阵列的有效辐射率平均值为82.5%,并测量整个线阵列进行验证实验,计算均方误差为0.051。结果表明,该方法可以快速得到阵列的有效辐射率,且准确度高。      

非等间距高频波导线阵列指向性研究

研究了非等间距高频波导组成的线阵列的远场垂直指向性。提出了更符合实际应用的高频波导线阵列非等间距排列模型。通过分析同相点声源阵列的指向性,结合扬声器线阵列乘积理论得到了计算所提出模型远场垂直指向性的方法,对模型进行了有限元仿真,并实验验证了理论计算值的准确性,最后分析了高频波导线阵列非等间距排列对指向性的影响。结果表明:该方法简单有效。在有效辐射率相等的情况下,非等间距高频波导线阵列与等间距线阵列的远场指向性主瓣差异很小。      

恒定束宽扬声器线阵列优化研究

为了保持恒定束宽扬声器(Constant beamwidth transducer,CBT)线阵列高频指向性恒定,解决单元间距过小的问题,减小阵元数目,提出了利用声波导代替扬声器单元,建立了波导CBT阵列的声场模型。基于数值计算结果和数据分析,比较了不同阵元数目的波导CBT阵列和CBT阵列的指向性和声场分布,讨论了有效辐射率和使用阵元数目的关系。通过提高有效辐射率可以有效降低CBT阵列所需阵元数目,解决了扬声器单元间距过小的问题。     

水下应用的电容式微机械超声换能器阵列设计

为提高用于水下成像的电容式微机械超声换能器的指向性,文中用ANSYS力电耦合分析法设计了工作频率为400 k Hz的收发一体传感器的结构参数并完成了实验验证。同时研究了阵列设计方法,分析了电容式微机械超声换能器阵列各参数对指向性的影响,完成了从微小敏感单元到阵列的设计,实现了阵列指向性的优化设计。该阵列为16阵元的线阵,阵元间距为1.925 mm,阵元宽度为1.82 mm。进行了水下指向性测试,实验表明该线阵的-3 dB主瓣宽度为5?,最大旁瓣级为-13.5 dB,对称性好。该设计是实现较远距离的探测,提高成像分辨率的前提。     

面向目标的定向声辐射技术及其应用研究

面向目标的定向声辐射是指利用声源特性和阵列信号处理技术,将声波传送至目标方向或区域的声场控制方法。本文介绍了定向声辐射技术的原理和进展,重点阐述了普通扬声器阵列和参量阵扬声器这两种声源形式的理论、算法和应用研究。其中,针对扬声器阵列,主要分析了基于声能量对比度控制的声聚焦技术;针对参量阵扬声器,综述了利用非线性效应产生高指向性可听声的计算方法、信号预处理和应用等进展。面向目标的定向声辐射技术的研究对实现智能声场控制有着重要意义。     

低频三阶超心形指向性声源设计

为提高圆周阵列主极大的指向性增益,提出基于圆周等间距六元密排阵的低频三阶超心形指向性声源,利用点源方法对其波束特性进行研究与分析,得到了指向性声源的优化方案。以具有弱互辐射效应的单边辐射弯张换能器作为圆周密排阵阵元,利用有限元方法分析了三阶超心形指向性声源的声辐射特性,相比单极子声源,其主极大方向指向性增益为8.0 dB,可达到提高增益的目的。研制了实验样机,经水池实验获得该声源的工作特性:谐振频率为0.92 kHz,对应发送电压响应级为139.0 dB,-3 dB波束宽度为56.0°,各旁瓣小于-15.0 dB。有限元计算与实测结果验证了优化方案的可行性,实现了低频三阶超心形指向性发射。     

雷鸣1540型组合扬声器投产

七九七厂新试制了一种高保真度、声场覆盖面积大的组合扬声器箱.该系统由一只大功率高顺性15英寸(约381mm)低音扬声器和一只指向性与频率无关的高频扬声器及分频衰减器组合而成.其箱体设计采用了声管倒相.该组合扬声器有较宽的频响,如图1所示.在较宽的频率范围内,指向性达到了较好的水平,如图2所示.经各方面有关人员主观试听,认为该组合音箱低音部分低沉浑厚,中音刚劲有力,高音清     

任意几何形状和阵元指向性的传感器阵列优化波束形成方法

针对常规波束运用到实际传感器阵列时旁瓣较高这一缺点,提出了适用于任意几何形状和阵元指向性的传感器阵列的两种旁瓣约束优化波束形成方法。一种是主瓣宽度约束条件下的最低旁瓣波束形成,另一种是在所能允许的最高旁瓣约束条件下的高增益波束形成。通过对加权向量范数进行约束,提高波束形成的稳健性。这两种优化波束形成问题都可以写成二阶锥(Second-OrderCone)约束优化的形式,然后利用已有的内点方法(Interior-PointMethods)求出其数值解。计算机仿真和湖上实验数据处理结果表明,该低旁瓣波束形成方法相比于常规波束和其它基于自适应波束形成的旁瓣控制方法,在同等主瓣宽度的情况下可以获得更低的旁瓣级;该高增益波束形成方法在同等旁瓣级约束条件下可以获得更高的阵增益,而且旁瓣级能够满足设定要求。     

紧凑型双单元声系统的波束形成研究

紧凑型扬声器系统的空间感增强是目前便携式移动电声设备面临的一个重要难题。该文基于拓宽视在声源宽度以增强空间感的理念,进行了紧凑型扬声器系统的波束形成研究。该文基于圆柱形刚性障板的声学特性,利用两只扬声器单元设计了紧凑型双单元声系统,分别利用基于相位对齐的最小均方误差算法实现左/右声道的波束形成和利用最小均方误差算法并设计半空间指向性的目标实现虚拟中央声道的波束形成。通过分析波束宽度和扬声器单元的工作状态验证了波束形成效果符合目标设计。考虑到实际使用情况,一方面,该文利用边界元方法仿真分析了有限长障板对扬声器单元指向性以及波束形成的影响,仿真结果表明有限长障板会使得单元整体的指向性变宽,该结果更有利于声系统实现目标;另一方面,该文基于有限元仿真的条件实际设计了双单元声系统,通过实验测量进一步验证了算法的性能。     

基于最小二乘法的均匀扩声技术研究

针对目前室外及超大型室内空间的扩声应用中声场分布不均匀的问题,本文提出了一种基于最小二乘法声场重建方法的扩声技术。该技术通过对目标声场的逼近来计算线性扬声器阵列各通道的输入参数,实现扩声区域内声压级的均匀分布,同时约束非扩声区域的声能量以获得较好指向性。本文通过仿真研究算法各参数的改变对控制结果的影响,探讨不同扩声区域和目标所对应参数的选取方法。仿真和实验比较了该算法以及未经控制的声场、相移法波束控制的效果,证明该方法可以获得更好的声场均匀度。     

On the acoustic radiation modes of compact regular polyhedral arrays of independent loudspeakers

Compact spherical loudspeaker arrays can be used to provide control over their directivity pattern. Usually, this is made by adjusting the gains of preprogrammed spatial filters corresponding to a finite set of spherical harmonics, or to the acoustic radiation modes of the loudspeaker array. Unlike the former, the latter are closely related to the radiation efficiency of the source and span the subspace of the directivities it can produce. However, the radiation modes depend on frequency for arbitrary distributions of transducers on the sphere, which yields complex directivity filters. This work focuses on the most common loudspeaker array configurations, those following the regular shape of the Platonic solids. It is shown that the radiation modes of these sources are frequency independent, and simple algebraic expressions are derived for their radiation efficiencies. In addition, since such modes are vibration patterns driven by electrical signals, the transduction mechanism of compact multichannel sources is also investigated, which is an important issue, especially if the transducers interact inside a shared cabinet. For Platonic solid loudspeakers, it is shown that the common enclosure does not lead to directivity filters that depend on frequency.     

An alternative method to measure the on-axis difference-frequency sound in a parametric loudspeaker without using an acoustic filter

The self-demodulation characteristic of finite-amplitude ultrasonic sound waves can be applied with parametric loudspeaker to reproduce audible sound with highly directivity. But measuring the difference-frequency sound is still a problem due to the spurious sound generated as a result of nonlinearity caused by the product of the primary waves at the receiving system. In this paper, based on the phase-cancellation method and the Gaussian beam expansion technique, an alternative method is proposed to measure the on-axis difference-frequency sound accurately without using any traditional acoustic filter, where the spurious sound can be greatly reduced or even eliminated. The proposed method is more suitable for the case where the piston source in the parametric loudspeaker comprises multiple small piezoelectric transducers (PZTs) and each transducer element in the array may have different frequency response. The validity of the proposed method is confirmed both by simulations and experiments.     

Spherical harmonic analysis of the sound radiation from omnidirectional loudspeaker arrays

Omnidirectional sound sources are widely used in room acoustics. These devices are made up of loudspeakers mounted on a spherical or polyhedral cabinet, where the dodecahedral shape prevails. Although such electroacoustic sources have been made readily available to acousticians by many manufacturers, an in-depth investigation of their vibroacoustic behavior has not been provided yet. In order to fulfill this lack, this paper presents a theoretical study of the sound radiation from omnidirectional loudspeaker arrays, which is carried out by using a mathematical model based on the spherical harmonic analysis. Eight different loudspeaker arrangements on the sphere are considered: the well-known five Platonic solid layouts and three extremal system layouts. The latter possess useful properties for spherical loudspeaker arrays used as directivity controlled sound sources, so that these layouts are included here in order to investigate whether or not they could be of interest as omnidirectional sources as well. It is shown through a comparative analysis that the dodecahedral array leads to the lowest error in producing an omnidirectional sound field and to the highest acoustic power, which corroborates the prevalence of such a layout. In addition, if a source with less than 12 loudspeakers is required, it is shown that tetrahedra or hexahedra can be used alternatively, whereas the extremal system layouts are not interesting choices for omnidirectional loudspeaker arrays.     

Theoretical and experimental analysis of the electromechanical behavior of a compact spherical loudspeaker array for directivity control

Sound directivity control is made possible by a compact array of independent loudspeakers operating at the same frequency range. The drivers are usually distributed over a sphere-like frame according to a Platonic solid geometry to obtain a highly symmetrical configuration. The radiation pattern of spherical loudspeaker arrays has been predicted from the surface velocity pattern by approximating the drivers membranes as rigid vibrating spherical caps, although a rigorous assessment of this model has not been provided so far. Many aspects concerning compact array electromechanics remain unclear, such as the effects on the acoustical performance of the drivers interaction inside the array cavity, or the fact that voltages rather than velocities are controlled in practice. This work presents a detailed investigation of the electromechanical behavior of spherical loudspeaker arrays. Simulation results are shown to agree with laser vibrometer measurements and experimental sound power data obtained for a 12-driver spherical array prototype at low frequencies, whereas the non-rigid body motion and the first cavity eigenfrequency yield a discrepancy between theoretical and experimental results at high frequencies. Finally, although the internal acoustic coupling affects the drivers vibration in the low-frequency range, it does not play an important role on the radiated sound power.     

Influence of loudspeaker directivity and measurement geometry on direct acoustic levels over façades for acoustic insulation tests with the International Standard ISO 140-5

The International Standard ISO 140-5 on field measurements of airborne sound insulation of façades establishes that the directivity of the measurement loudspeaker should be such that the variation in the local direct sound pressure level (ΔSPL) on the sample is ΔSPL < 5 dB (or ΔSPL < 10 dB for large façades). This condition is usually not very easy to accomplish nor is it easy to verify whether the loudspeaker produces such a uniform level. Direct sound pressure levels on the ISO standard façade essentially depend on the distance and directivity of the loudspeaker used. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the test geometry for measuring sound insulation and explains how the loudspeaker directivity, combined with distance, affects the acoustic level distribution on the façade.The first sections of the paper are focused on analysing the measurement geometry and its influence on the direct acoustic level variations on the façade. The most favourable and least favourable positions to minimise these direct acoustic level differences are found, and the angles covered by the façade in the reference system of the loudspeaker are also determined. Then, the maximum dimensions of the façade that meet the conditions of the ISO 140-5 standard are obtained for the ideal omnidirectional sound source and the piston radiating in an infinite baffle, which is chosen as the typical radiation pattern for loudspeakers.Finally, a complete study of the behaviour of different loudspeaker radiation models (such as those usually utilised in the ISO 140-5 measurements) is performed, comparing their radiation maps on the façade for searching their maximum dimensions and the most appropriate radiation configurations.     

Modeling of acoustic wave propagation in time-domain using the discontinuous Galerkin method – A comparison with measurements

Simulations of acoustic wave propagation in time-domain are presented. In the simulations, the discontinuous Galerkin method for spatial derivatives and the low-storage Runge–Kutta approach for time derivatives are used. Three different simulation cases are studied. First, the directivity of loudspeaker is simulated. In the second case, acoustic wave propagation in free space is studied using a short pulse. In the last case, acoustic wave scattering from a metallic cylinder is simulated. All simulation results are compared with measurement results. The measurements for the acoustic wave scattering from the metallic cylinder are made in 2D planes using an automated measurement system. Comparison between the simulation and measurement results are made both temporally and spatially and a good agreement between the simulation and measurement results is found. The results suggest that the discontinuous Galerkin method coupled with the low-storage Runge–Kutta approach is a viable tool for modeling acoustic wave propagation in the time-domain.     

Maximization of the directivity ratio with the desired audible gain level for broadband design of near field loudspeaker arrays

This paper mainly addresses design methods for near field loudspeaker arrays. These methods have been studied recently since they can be used to realize a personal audio space without the use of headphones. From a practical view point, they can also be used to form a directional sound beam within a short distance from the sources especially using a linear loudspeaker array. In this regard, we re-analyzed the previous near field beamforming methods in order to obtain a comprehensive near field beamforming formulation. Broadband directivity control is proposed for multi-objective optimization, which maximizes the directivity with the desired gain, where both the directivity and the gain are commonly used array performance measures. This method of control aims to form a directive sound beam within a short distance while widening the frequency range of the beamforming. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that broadband directivity control achieves higher directivity and gain over our whole frequency range of interest compared with previous beamforming methods.     

电动声源热声致冷机声学和计算实例

我们将各种热声致机简化为一包括声学终端在内的声管道系统，并通过实例讨论了致冷机的声学特性，该管道系统与一般声管道不同：１．在热声堆中热波和粘滞波不可不计。２．在热声堆与声管连接时，必需考虑合成波的体积流；而热声堆内只需考虑传播波的体积流。本文对此提出了阻抗连接条件的修正。实例使用电动扬声器为声源，给出了热声行波和驻波致冷的声学计算方法以及它们的声学特性，所用扬声器的标称伏安为１００ＶＡ，可为热声致