核磁共振成象的当前进展与评述

简短地介绍了核磁共振成象的基本原理,并与传统的核磁共振波谱学进行了比较。列举了当前核磁共振成象研究工作的各个方面,并给出了研究工作体系表。对其中关于快速成象,提高空间分辨率以及对比度增强剂等问题做了重点评述。详细评述了化学位移成象及波谱成象的发展。对空间定域波谱学的发生、它与核磁共振成象及核磁共振波谱学的关系以及将来的发展等问题,提出了作者的观点。     

DEPT及其在FX系列NMR谱仪上的实现

本文简要介绍了极化转移技术在提高不灵敏核的灵敏度方面以及在¹³CNMR波谱解析方面的应用,并给出了在FX系列谱仪上实现DEPT的方法。     

基于计算机视觉的大射电望远镜馈源舱动态定位系统

在FAST项目馈源舱扫描跟踪设计中 ,舱体的动态定位是实现系统闭环控制的基础。作者根据相机交汇测量原理提出了舱体空间动态定位的基本方法。推导了通过舱体上不共线三点描述舱体位姿的方法 ,介绍了相机交汇测量原理及系统标定方法 ,最后给出了大射电望远镜FAST 5 0m模型计算机视觉动态定位系统的组成 ,并讨论了CCD技术在FAST项目中应用的可行性     

空间激光通信研究现状及发展趋势

综述了空间激光通信的技术优势,总结了国外主要空间激光通信系统运行计划和相应的参数指标,重点介绍了空间激光通信技术在美国、欧洲、日本的研究现状,给出了激光通信的关键技术。指出了未来的空间激光通信技术不仅会使通信速率越来越高,其通信模式也会从点对点单一通信模式向中继转发和构建空间激光通信网络方向发展。最后对我国空间激光通信技术的发展作了简要介绍。     

基于最大隶属原则的核磁共振波谱模糊识别

介绍了基于最大隶属原则的核磁共振(NMR)波谱模糊识别原理与方法. 提出了关于核磁共振波谱模糊集合的概念,并给出了相应的隶属函数. 通过建立标准谱数据库和相应的模糊识别算法,实现了核磁共振波谱的快速自动定性分析. 对苯酚、邻苯二酚、间苯二酚及对苯二酚4种化合物及其11种混合物样品的¹H NMR谱进行了定性分析. 结果表明,在粗略找峰和隶属度阈值在0.45~0.85之间较大范围内取值的情况下,方法均给出了准确的识别结果.     

原子束中慢波波谱的观察

分析了慢波中原子束波谱的特征多普勒增宽随着慢波结构的几何参数而变化的原因,给出了几种不同条件的驻波场慢波波谱,讨论了磁场对波谱的影响.实验上,观察到了波谱随慢波结构的几何参数的变化. 关键词：     

基于波谱技术的茶树生长与茶叶品质信息快速检测研究进展

波谱技术快速获取茶树生长和茶叶品质信息对提高茶叶生产信息化、产业化水平,保障茶叶品质和安全具有重要意义。阐述了波谱技术在茶树生长和茶叶品质信息快速检测的研究进展和发展趋势。重点介绍了红外光谱,荧光光谱、拉曼光谱、质谱等在茶树生长信息获取(氮、叶绿素、病虫害信息等)、茶叶品种分类、茶叶分级、茶叶内部品质检测(茶多酚、儿茶素、咖啡碱、氨基酸、农药残留等)、茶饮料和加工品的品质检测以及相关检测设备等方面的研究进展和应用情况,简述了茶树生长信息获取方法、传感仪器和产业化应用的研究和发展趋势。选择合适的预处理和化学计量学方法能有效增加模型效果,减少冗余数据,为基于波谱技术便携式仪器的开发提供可能。基于波谱技术便携式仪器和在线检测仪器开发仍是今后实现该技术应用和推广的重点。首次介绍了波谱技术在茶叶生产加工领域的应用成果和研究进展,涵盖茶树生长、茶叶加工、茶叶和茶加工品品质安全等多方面内容,并论述波谱技术在茶叶产业应用存在问题和将来发展趋势。     

核磁共振波谱在肿瘤诊疗中的应用研究进展

在介绍肿瘤样品代谢物的核磁共振波谱技术的研究方法的基础上,从离体组织和活体组织两个方面综述核磁共振波谱(NMR)在诊断肿瘤方面的应用进展,分析了它在肿瘤诊疗中的应用前景。在离体组织方面,人们通过1H和31P-NMR谱观测病人的体液样品、培养的细胞、切除的组织等来研究脂质、磷脂等代谢物的分布,观测肿瘤与对照组织之间的差别。其中利用组织提取物的方法能够得到分辨率较高的图谱,非常适合应用于肿瘤诊断和治疗方法的研究。高分辨魔角旋转(HR-MAS)的方法在肿瘤诊断研究方面展现出新的生命力,利用高分辨魔角旋转技术可以直接得到组织细胞中很多分子水平的代谢物结构和组成信息,因此它在癌症的早期诊断中具有很好的前景。在活体核磁共振波谱诊断肿瘤方面,主要应用1H和31P核磁共振波谱,结合MRI为非侵入性肿瘤分析提供了一种临床可用的方法。MRI与MRS技术的结合将使核磁共振波谱在医学领域有更大的应用空间。     

空间瞬态光辐射信号定位系统电路设计与实现

研究并设计了基于光学定位法的空间瞬态光辐射信号定位系统.该系统与能量探测系统协调工作，在能量探测系统识别到目标信号后，经过定位探测、行列编码存储及DSP处理计算，最后输出闪光信号光斑的重心坐标.介绍了系统组成及各部分电路的实现方法，并给出测试结果.实验表明，系统定位准确、设计方案可行.     

空间外差光谱技术与FTS的比较研究

空间外差光谱技术是一种新型的可实现超分辨的光谱技术,它综合光栅和FTS技术于一体。对空间外差光谱技术与传统的傅里叶变换光谱技术(FTS)进行比较研究,介绍了两种光谱技术的光学原理,围绕着仪器的光谱分辨率和光谱范围进行比较分析,给出了一组系统设计参数的比较例子。分析结果表明,空间外差光谱技术可以充分利用探测器的空间频率,在一窄带光谱范围内,获得超高的光谱分辨率。     

不均匀场下空间编码超快速高分辨NMR研究进展

二维核磁共振(2D NMR)的提出和发展,为NMR技术的研究和应用提供了广阔的空间. 然而当样品或磁场本身不均匀时,高分辨的2D NMR谱难以获得. 此外,常规2D NMR实验通常需要长的采样时间. 空间编码超快速采样方法利用空间编码技术,只需单次扫描即可获得2D甚至多维NMR谱,极大地缩短了采样时间. 目前相位补偿、相干转移和分子间多量子相干等技术与空间编码技术相结合,已成功实现不均匀场下超快速获得高分辨NMR谱. 该文对不均匀场下空间编码超快速NMR方法进行了介绍,对其未来发展进行了展望.     

Ultrafast 2D NMR spectroscopy using a continuous spatial encoding of the spin interactions

A new protocol for acquiring multidimensional NMR spectra within a single scan is introduced and illustrated. The approach relies on applying a pair of frequency-chirped excitation and storage pulses in combination with echoing magnetic field gradients, in order to impart the kind of linear spatial encoding of the NMR interactions that is required by ultrafast 2D NMR spectroscopy. It is found that when dealing with 2D NMR experiments involving a t1 amplitude-modulation of the spin evolution, such continuous encoding scheme presents a number of advantages over alternatives employing discrete excitation pulses. From an experimental standpoint this is mainly reflected by the use of a single pair of bipolar gradients during the course of the indirect-domain encoding, as opposed to the numerous (and more intense) gradient echoes required so far. In terms of the spectral outcome, main advantages of the continuous spatial encoding scheme are the avoidance of "ghost peaks" and of "enveloping effects" associated to the discrete excitation mode. The principles underlying this new spatial encoding protocol are derived, and its applicability is demonstrated with homo- and heteronuclear 2D ultrafast NMR applications on small molecule and on protein samples.     

体内1H NMR中的水峰抑制

本文研究了in Vivo NMR实验中的水峰抑制问题.通过结合予饱和和1-2τ-5,4-τ-5,4-2τ-1硬脉冲序列,水峰抑制系数达到1000以上.从而为研究微量代谢产物创造了条件.     

High-Resolution NMR of Solids

This chapter is intended to provide a bridge between the principles of NMR spectroscopy of solids and the practical execution of these experiments in the laboratory. The point of view is one of physical concepts, rather than of mathematical rigor. Interwoven with the fundamentals of solid-state NMR are practical tips garnered from laboratory experience. The presentation of material is intended to apply generally to both superconducting and electromagnet geometries. Standard experiments are emphasized, rather than the more exotic and instrument-demanding techniques.

The introduction contrasts the nuclear-spin interactions (Zeeman, dipole–dipole, scalar, chemical shift) in solution and in the solid state. The section on magic-angle spinning examines the effects of mechanical specimen rotation on these nuclear-spin interactions. The concept of dipolar decoupling is introduced next, followed by a section on cross-polarization. Some of the more standard solid-state NMR experiments are described in the section on advanced techniques. Finally, the section on instrumental considerations presents spectrometer and probe requirements for solid-state NMR operation.     

Basic concepts for nuclear magnetic resonance imaging

The basic concepts necessary to understand the physical basis of NMR imaging are presented in this didactic article. It is intended as a starting point for the radiologist or medical physicist who is addressing the topic of NMR for the first time. The basis of the NMR phenomena is described with introduction of the concepts of magnetic moment, magnetic fields, magnetic resonance, net magnetic moment of a sample, NMR excitation and NMR emission. The equipment necessary to observe these NMR properties of matter is summarized as well as the procedures for basic pulsed NMR experiments. The physical concepts for spatial localization of NMR emissions are introduced with physical analogies to stringed musical instruments. Several alternative imaging modalities are compared with greatest emphasis on the inversion recovery technique which yields images weighted by tissue T₁ values. The six subsystems of an NMR imaging device (primary magnet, computer, radio equipment, magnetic gradient, data storage and display subsystems) are described in an overview fashion. The paper is followed by a series of study questions to test the reader's comprehension of basic NMR imaging concepts.     

Spatially encoded pulse sequences for the acquisition of high resolution NMR spectra in inhomogeneous fields

We have recently proposed a protocol for retrieving nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra based on a spatially-dependent encoding of the MR interactions. It has also been shown that the spatial selectivity with which spins are manipulated during such encoding opens up new avenues towards the removal of magnetic field inhomogeneities; not by demanding extreme Bo field uniformities, but rather by compensating for the dephasing effects introduced by the field distribution at a radiofrequency excitation and/or refocusing level. The present study discusses in further detail a number of strategies deriving from this principle, geared at acquiring both uni- as well as multi-dimensional spectroscopic data at high resolution conditions. Different variants are presented, tailored according to the relative sensitivity and chemical nature of the spin system being explored. In particular a simple multi-scan experiment is discussed capable of affording substantial improvements in the spectral resolution, at nearly no sensitivity or scaling penalties. This new compensation scheme is therefore well-suited for the collection of high-resolution data in low-field systems possessing limited signal-to-noise ratios, where magnetic field heterogeneities might present a serious obstacle. Potential areas of applications of these techniques include high-field in vivo NMR studies in regions near tissue/air interfaces, clinical low field MR spectroscopy on relatively large off-center volumes difficult to shim, and ex situ NMR. The principles of the different compensation methods are reviewed and experimentally demonstrated for one-dimensional inhomogeneities; further improvements and extensions are briefly discussed.     

Velocity imaging by ex situ NMR

A pulsed field gradient stimulated spin-echo NMR sequence is combined with imaging methods to spatially resolve velocity distributions and to measure 2D velocity maps ex situ. The implementation of these techniques in open sensors provides a powerful non-invasive tool to measure molecular displacement in a large number of applications inaccessible to conventional closed magnets. The method is implemented on an open tomograph that provides 3D spatial localization by combining slice selection in the presence of a uniform static magnetic field gradient along the depth direction with pulsed field gradients along the two lateral directions. Different pipe geometries are used to demonstrate that the sequence performs well even in the extremely inhomogeneous B0 and B1 fields of these sensors.     

Parallel-plate RF resonator imaging of chemical shift resolved capillary flow

Magnetic resonance imaging has been introduced to study flow in microchannels using pure phase spatial encoding with a microfabricated parallel-plate nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probe. The NMR probe and pure phase spatial encoding enhance the sensitivity and resolution of the measurement. In this paper, ¹H NMR spectra and images were acquired at 100 MHz. The B₁ magnetic field is homogeneous and the signal-to-noise ratio of 30 μl doped water for a single scan is 8×10⁴. The high sensitivity of the probe enables velocity mapping of the fluids in the micro-channel with a spatial resolution of 13×13 μm. The parallel-plate probe with pure phase encoding permits the acquisition of NMR spectra; therefore, chemical shift resolved velocity mapping was also undertaken. Results are presented which show separate velocity maps for water and methanol flowing through a straight circular micro-channel. Finally, future performance of these techniques for the study of microfluidics is extrapolated and discussed.     

Radial Spectroscopic Imaging

A family of fast chemical-shift imaging techniques, which takes advantage of the cylindrical symmetry found, for instance, in some plants, is introduced. Variants with one and two spectral dimensions allow rapid measurement of the radially dependant spatial distribution of metabolites in such objects. Compared to conventional chemical-shift imaging and correlation-peak imaging, the minimal experimental duration can be reduced substantially. The impact on the SNR is discussed. Radial spectroscopic¹H NMR images of metabolites inAncistrocladus heyneanus,a tropical liana plant, are shown, using both radial chemical-shift imaging and radial correlation-peak imaging. The spatial distribution of various metabolites in this plant have been measured. The reduction of experimental duration compared to the conventional techniques was by a factor of 63 and 31, respectively.