利用天顶光光谱和天空光光谱测量大气NO_2含量和角空间分布

研究了一种用地基天顶光-天空光光谱数据反演大气NO2倾斜柱体密度的有效方法。利用该方法计算了同一方位不同倾角（10°～85°）下的倾斜柱体密度（在0.5～11×1016 molecule·cm^-2范围）,以及同一倾角不同方位的NO2倾斜柱体密度（1016～1017molecule·cm^-2量级）。结果与实际大气状况有很好的相关性。不同方位及倾角的NO2倾斜柱体密度不同,体现出角空间分布特征。该方法中,由同一仪器同时采集天顶光光谱和其他方向的天空光光谱,提高了测量准确度。该方法有利于实时监测空间任意方向NO2的含量,尤其靠近地面的NO2局部污染,更适合多阴雨地区（在地面上很难采集到良好的直射太阳光谱）的污染监测。     

天空光光谱监测大气污染的参考光光谱研究

本文研究了利用天空光光谱反演大气成分的方法中,参考光谱对测量结果的影响。分析了中午的天顶光光谱、实时采集的天顶光光谱对信号的影响,提出了针对空间任意方向的大气污染(尤其局部的突发性污染),实时采集的低污染区天空光光谱是具体研究污染最合适的参考光谱。其结果为将该方法应用于监测大气环境提供了依据。     

天空光和太阳光的颜色问题

本文运用物理学、大气物理学和色度学的理论，对天空和太阳的颜色成因作了较深入的论述和证明。首先根据分子散射理论、米氏散射理论和色度学原理，利用计算机对晴朗天空和不同太阳天顶距时太阳的颜色进行了定量计算，得到了与实际观测相符的结果；其次对不同垂直高度天空的颜色也进行了计算，并从眼睛的视觉规律予以解释；最后对臭氧、雾和霾的影响以及天空光的亮度和色纯度的变化也作了简要介绍。     

天空光辐射亮度测量系统设计

天空光辐射亮度是大气光学特性的重要参数之一,在空间目标探测与识别中有着重要作用。为了获取天空光辐射亮度,评价光电系统探测跟踪空间目标的能力,设计实现了一套天空光辐射亮度测量系统,详细介绍了光信号收集和信号探测部分的工作原理,及系统所应用弱辐射信号探测、辐射计量等关键技术。通过该套测量系统的初步应用及对测量结果分析表明:利用该套测量系统能够准确获取天空光连续光谱(光谱范围从380nm～1100nm)数据,为应用研究提供了更多的光谱信息。     

偏振滤波抑制大气背景光的性能计算模型

如何定量计算和预测在不同条件下偏振滤波抑制大气背景光的效果,目前缺乏合适的性能表征量及其计算模型,为此提出了偏振滤波抑制大气背景光的性能计算模型.定义了大气背景光抑制比(ARR),综合天空光相对光谱辐射功率模型和地面太阳直接辐射光谱模型、地物反射特性等,给出了以太阳方位、相机光轴方向、大气能见度和地物光谱反射率等为输入...     

水面原位多角度偏振反射率光谱特性分析与离水辐射提取

偏振被定义为光的振动方向对于传播方向的不对称性。偏振信息是遥感数据空间、辐射、光谱信息之外的又一重要信息。对于光学遥感数据来说,偏振信息是对光谱信息的又一种补充。偏振遥感在水体应用中具有巨大潜力,其中一个非常重要的应用就是校正天空光水面镜面反射,从而得到包含水中物质信息的离水辐射信号。太阳入射光会在水面发生反射或者与水体中颗粒物发生散射作用,使得离开水面被遥感器接收的信号具有很强的偏振特性。目前开展的水体偏振遥感实验要么面向室外自然光条件下的清洁海洋水体,要么面向室内人造光源条件下的模拟水体,鲜有面向自然光条件下的浑浊内陆水体。本文通过组合地物光谱仪和汤姆森偏振棱镜,实现了自然光条件下内陆水体水面原位偏振反射率光谱测量。利用获取的典型内陆水体水面多角度偏振反射率光谱,定量分析了多角度观测条件下水体偏振光谱特性,以及从水面偏振信号中消除天空光水面镜面反射从而得到离水辐射信号的效果。当观测方位角为135°、观测天顶角为53°时,采用偏振测量剥离水表天空反射光的剥离效率较好,推荐采用该观测几何进行水面偏振光谱观测。相比于传统的非偏振水面光谱测量方法,水面偏振光谱测量方法受气象条件变化影响小,能够更精确的提取离水辐射。     

太阳直射光谱和天空光谱的测量与分析

在海拔9600m高空测量并获得了大气上界直射太阳光谱和天空光谱，测量了成都、丽江和玉龙雪山地表直射太阳光谱和天空光谱.结果表明：(西昌段)大气上界直射太阳光谱能量最大峰值对应的波长位于482.1nm，天空光谱能量分布相对于直射太阳光谱能量分布明显紫移，0.41—0.42μm波段成为天空光谱能量第一主峰区；地表晴天天空光谱中的能量分布与直射太阳光谱的能量分布区别很大，而有云时天空光谱中的能量分布和直射太阳光谱能量分布的差别比较小；玉龙雪山山峰积雪雪面在可见光波段对不同波长有不同的反照率. 关键词： 太阳直射光谱 天空光谱 大气上界     

室外高光谱BRDF自动测量系统的设计

室外BRDF(Bidirectional reflectance distribution function)测量随着遥感的发展越来越重要。室外测量要求测量周期短、测量点多、光谱分辨率高。为了满足这一要求,设计了室外高光谱BRDF自动测量系统。系统主要由自动测量架和光谱仪器组成。测量架半径为2m,主要由天顶弧轨道、方位圆轨道、伺服电机、PLC组成。光谱仪器包括一台亮度计和一台照度计,亮度计测量反射亮度,被固定在测量架小车平台上,照度计测量入射照度。两台光谱仪器采用相同的平场凹面光栅分光、线阵列探测器探测。光谱测量范围为400~2500nm,光谱分辨率为3.5nm(400~1000nm)、12nm(1000~2500nm)。系统在工控机的控制下完成自动测量。在自动默认状态下测量周期大约为10min。     

基于空间模型测量点的照度比值的CIE标准一般天空类型选择

为了计算自然光照度,需要从CIE定义的15种天空类型中正确选择一种对应当前实际天空。首先根据朝向太阳与背向太阳的垂直天空照度的比值将15种天空类型划分为6组,然后根据天空光透过窗口在空间模型两个不同测量点形成的照度的比值对6组天空类型做进一步划分,最终实现对CIE定义的15种天空类型的选择。将天空类型的选择结果与实际天空类型相比较,结果表明,这种天空类型选择方法所得结果可以准确地对应当前实际天空类型。     

森林土壤多角度高光谱偏振反射影响研究初探

应用高光谱仪实测了部分典型森林土壤在不同状态下的多角度高光谱偏振反射数据,从光线入射天顶角、探测天顶角、探测方位角、偏振状态、土壤含水量、土壤粒径等不同影响因子对所测土壤的多角度高光谱偏振反射数据进行了初步分析与研究,结果发现这些因子对森林土壤光谱曲线均有影响,但主要影响森林土壤反射比值,对森林土壤光谱谱形影响不大.根据森林土壤光谱特征和实验得出的结论,作者设计出遥感中森林土壤波谱探测的最佳设计方式,保证最佳的森林土壤的遥感状态.这不仅是对森林土壤性质的测试做出了新尝试,而且对多角度偏振高光谱的深入研究具有一定的理论与实践意义.     

Optical monitoring of volcanic sulphur dioxide emissions—comparison between four different remote-sensing spectroscopic techniques

The emissions of sulphur dioxide from the Italian volcanoes Mt. Etna and Stromboli were studied in ship-borne underpasses of their plumes. Four different optical spectroscopy techniques were used and inter-compared. All techniques utilise the absorption signature of the gas in the wavelength region of around 300 nm. A differential absorption lidar was employed in active gas concentration assessment. In parallel, a differential optical absorption spectroscopy system (DOAS) provided spectrally resolved absorption spectra. In one configuration the DOAS used a vertically looking telescope and the absorption of the sky-light was studied, while a different DOAS implementation utilised the sun disc as the light source in slant-angle, long-path absorption measurements. Parallel measurements with the customary correlation spectroscopy method were also performed. Path length Monte Carlo simulations of the down-welling radiation through the volcanic plume at different sun altitude and azimuth angles have been performed taking into account also the effects of other geometric parameters as the plume height and extension. The results are discussed with special emphasis on systematic effects due to scattering.     

稀土掺杂长余辉发光玻璃的研究

分别采用空气气氛和还原气氛,制备了稀土Eu₂O₃,Dy₂O₃掺杂的铝硅酸盐玻璃,利用荧光光谱仪对样品进行了测试。结果表明：空气气氛条件下制备的铝硅酸盐玻璃样品均不具备长余辉发光性能, 其激发光谱和发光光谱均是Eu3+的5D_i(i=0, 1)→7F_j(j=0～4)跃迁的典型光谱。经还原气氛处理后,单掺和双掺的铝硅酸盐玻璃样品均具有长余辉发光现象,单掺Eu2+的发光峰位于462 nm,而双掺Eu2+和Dy3+的发光峰位于457 nm,且双掺Eu2+和Dy3+的样品陷阱能级较深,样品的发光持续时间长达12 h以上。     

Near-infrared radiative transfer modelling with different CH4 spectroscopic databases to retrieve atmospheric methane total amount

Atmospheric methane content can be retrieved from measurements of solar radiation attenuated by the atmosphere in the near infrared spectral region where the space-borne and ground-based spectrometers carry out regular measurements. It is shown, in the present work, that the different spectroscopic databases can give significantly different results for both forward simulations of the atmospheric transmittance and the inverse problem solution to retrieve the CH₄ total content in the atmosphere using spectra measured by ground-based FTIR spectrometer in the near infrared spectral region. These discrepancies and the problem of the reduction of their influence on the atmospheric radiation transfer calculations are discussed. A comparison of atmospheric ground-based measured and simulated spectra, modelled with different CH₄ databases, is presented.     

Formation of Ti and TiN ultra-thin films on Si by ion beam sputter deposition

Ultra-thin titanium and titanium nitride films on silicon substrate were obtained by ion beam sputtering of titanium target in vacuum and nitrogen atmosphere, using argon ions with energy of 5 keV and 15 μA target current. Elemental composition and chemical state of obtained films were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with using Mg-Kα X-ray radiation (photon energy 1253.6 eV). It was shown that it is possible to form both ultra-thin titanium films (sputtering in vacuum) and ultra-thin titanium nitride films (sputtering in nitrogen atmosphere) in the same temperature conditions. Photoelectron spectra of samples surface, obtained in different steps of films synthesis, detailed spectra of photoelectron emission from Si 2p, Ti 2p, N 1s core levels and also X-ray photoelectron spectra of Auger electrons emission are presented.     

Engineering the light propagating features through the two-dimensional coupled-cavity photonic crystal waveguides

This paper studies the propagating characteristics of the electromagnetic waves through the coupled-resonator optical waveguides based on the two-dimensional square-lattice photonic crystals by the finite-difference time-domain method.When the traditional circular rods adjacent to the centre of the cavities are replaced by the oval rods,the simulated results show that the waveguide mode region can be adjusted only by the alteration of the oval rods’ obliquity.When the obliquity of the oval rods around one cavity is different from the obliquity of that around the adjacent cavities,the group velocities of the waveguide modes can be greatly reduced and the information of different frequencies can be shared and chosen at the same time by the waveguide branches with different structures.If the obliquities of the oval rods around two adjacent cavities are equal and they alternate between two values,the group velocities can be further reduced and a maximum value of 0.0008c(c is the light velocity in vacuum) can be acquired.     

THE RAMAN SCATTERING OF CARBON NANOTUBES PRODUCED IN DIFFERENT INERT GASES AND THEIR PRESSURES BY ARC DISCHARGE

First- and second-order Raman spectra of carbon nanotubes produced in helium and argon atmospheres at a pressure ranging from 11 to 92 kPa by arc discharge have been measured and compared with each other. The position and bandwidth of the spectral lines depend on the kind of inert gases and their pressure. The Raman spectra of the nanotubes produced in argon gas atmosphere are much more similar to that of polycrystalline graphite than those of the nanotubes produced in helium gas atmosphere. The position and bandwidth of nanotube Raman peaks change with gas pressure in arc discharge because different diameter distribution of nanotubes is produced at different inert gas pressure. The Raman spectra of nanotubes produced at high pressure is much more like that of graphite than those produced in lower pressure     

差分吸收光谱方法反演大气环境单环芳香烃有机物

差分吸收光谱技术(differential optical absorption spectroscopy, DOAS)是利用气体分子在紫外-可见光谱范围的特征吸收来测量其浓度含量,如SO₂,NO₂,O₃等。由于大气环境中的芳香烃有机物含量较低,并且其在紫外的特征吸收光谱与O₂和O₃分子的吸收谱相互重叠,交叉干扰,使得对芳香烃有机物的测量比较困难。文章利用自制的差分吸收光谱系统,采用与实际测量光程接近、经过插值的氧气分子吸收柱密度作为氧气分子吸收的参考光谱,通过最小二乘拟合去除其干扰,另外采用不同温度下的O₃吸收截面作为参考光谱修正O₃的温度效应,测量了大气环境中的苯、甲苯、二甲苯和苯酚,表明差分吸收光谱方法能满足大气环境中单环芳香烃的测量。     

Evaluation of the energy spectrum of solar protons according to the balloon measurement data and Monte Carlo simulation

The method for evaluating the energy spectra of solar protons at the boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere according to the data of balloon measurements carried out at the Lebedev Institute of Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, and the results of Monte Carlo simulation of the processes of proton interaction in the Earth’s atmosphere has been developed. The balloon measurements during solar proton events make it possible to determine the absorption spectra of solar cosmic rays in the atmosphere. Comparison of the experimental data with the results of the simulation of propagation of solar protons (E _p = 10 MeV-10 GeV) in the atmosphere, based on GEANT-4, allows determination of the energy spectra of solar protons at the atmospheric boundary. The results of the determination of the energy spectra of solar protons in a number of solar proton events in the current (23th) solar activity cycle are reported.