火灾烟气中CO2和CO的释放特性研究

火灾产生的有害烟气是造成人员伤亡的主要原因。火灾科学研究中,研究者对CO_2和CO研究较多,但对它们的释放过程和机理研究很少。本文利用国际文献中评价材料毒性的原始实验数据,从烟气毒性物质释放的角度,分析了火灾烟气中 CO_2和 CO的释放特性,特别是分析了通风量的影响机理。在此基础上,进一步研究发展出一个与动态释放过程相关的烟气危害性评价体系,从而在释放规律与材料选择、实际火灾中人员的逃生过程之间建立起直接联系。     

多聚磷酸铵对再造烟叶热解行为与CO释放量的影响

应用热重分析研究多聚磷酸铵(APP)对再造烟叶热解行为的影响．热分析结果表明,APP降低再造烟叶热降解速率及其热释放量、促进了碳的形成,对再造烟叶的热降解起一定的阻碍作用．此外APP显著影响再造烟叶的热解过程中的气相产物,再造烟叶的CO单支释放量与单口释放量随着APP含量的增加快速下降．慢速热解与闪解实验结果显示升温速率是APP降低CO释放的关键因素．     

辛夷再造烟叶对卷烟烟气成分的影响

为研究辛夷再造烟叶对卷烟烟气成分的影响,采用对比分析方法,先用吸烟机捕集卷烟烟气,收集主流烟气的总粒相物,再用超声波萃取方法对收集烟气粒相物的剑桥滤片进行萃取,分析烟气中的常规成分(烟碱、焦油、水分),最后用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)定性、定量分析烟气化学成分.结果表明,与空白样对比,辛夷再造烟叶卷烟对总粒相物、烟碱、焦油量影响不明显;对卷烟致香成分的增加起到有利作用,其中增加的主要致香成分中糠醛在各添加比例中的增加量达到40％左右、柠檬烯在各添加比例中的增加量达到50％左右、丁香酚在4‰辛夷再造烟叶卷烟中的增加量达到66.30％,巨豆三烯酮在2‰辛夷再造烟叶卷烟中的增加量达到93.30％,肉豆蔻酸在4‰辛夷再造烟叶卷烟中的增加量达到186.67％,金合欢醇在4‰辛夷再造烟叶卷烟中的增加量甚至达到241.81％.     

木质素对再造烟叶烟气中苯酚的影响

通过对木质素以及添加一定比例木质素的再造烟叶进行热裂解分析,探讨木质素对再造烟叶苯酚释放量的影响。结果表明,木质素热裂解产物中酚类物质含量较高;再造烟叶热裂解产生的苯酚及其他酚类物质含量随木质素含量的增加而升高。结果对降低再造烟叶及卷烟苯酚释放量的技术开发具有重要意义。     

模拟脱硫浆液中汞再释放影响因素研究

本文在实验室条件下模拟研究了脱硫浆液中汞的再释放过程,用单因素实验依次研究了浆液温度、浆液pH、浆液含固量、S(Ⅳ)浓度和烟气含氧量对浆液中汞再释放的影响及汞在三相中的分布规律。实验发现,浆液温度升高和烟气中含氧量增加会促进汞的再释放。浆液中汞再释放率随pH升高先升后降。浆液含固量增加可降低汞再释放率。当S(Ⅳ)浓度较低时,会促进汞的再释放,但当S(Ⅳ)浓度较高时,可抑制汞的再释放。在汞再释放率降低的同时均会伴随着固相石膏中汞含量的上升。     

混酸捕集-原子吸收光谱法测定主流烟气中的铅和镉

研究建立了用盐酸-硝酸混酸捕集主流烟气中铅和镉,并用原子吸收光谱法测定其含量的方法.对主流烟气中铅和镉的捕集条件和捕集液处理条件进行优化,并与常用的剑桥滤片法进行比较,对原子吸收光谱法测定主流烟气中铅和镉含量的回收率、精确度进行了试验,同时选取了5个烤烟型和1个混合型卷烟样品进行检测实验.结果表明:用10％盐酸+5％硝...     

自复叠制冷中节流阀开度对流量影响实验研究

自复叠制冷循环中节流阀的开度对于整个系统循环的性能有直接影响.文中针对自复叠制冷循环中主节流阀和支节流阀开度对流量的影响进行了实验研究.实验结果表明:主节流阀开度、支节流阀开度对于主流流量和支流流量都有显著地影响;在相同开度变化下,主节流阀与支节流阀的交互效应对于主流的影响比支流的影响大.     

硅胶表面修饰添加剂选择性降低卷烟烟气中的苯酚

分别以聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTMAB）对硅胶（SiO2）表面进行修饰,并以苯酚为模板,合成硅胶表面修饰分子印迹聚合物（MIP-SiO2）,制备获得功能添加剂PEI-SiO2、CTMAB-SiO2、MIP-SiO2。按不同剂量分别将功能添加剂加入到卷烟滤嘴中,考察对卷烟主流烟气中苯酚的截留效率。结果表明,各添加剂均可有效降低卷烟烟气中的苯酚释放量。当添加量达到20mg/支时,各功能材料对苯酚的截留效率均超过39%。且添加剂对烟气中苯酚的截留能力大于对烟气中焦油的吸附能力,表明功能添加剂具有选择性降低卷烟烟气中苯酚的作用。     

全梗全叶再造烟叶热裂解产物与感官质量关系研究

通过对全梗、全叶单体原料制备的再造烟叶热裂解产物GC-MS鉴定分析,探讨热解产物的差异性对感官质量的影响。结果表明,梗、叶单体原料制备的再造烟叶热裂解产物主要包括醛、酮、酚、芳烃、杂环类物质,其中全梗再造烟叶检出49种物质,全叶再造烟叶检出60种物质。全叶再造烟叶热裂解产物中的主要烟草中重要的致香物质醛、酮、酚类物质的数量和所占比例明显高于梗再造烟叶;芳烃和杂环类物质的数量和所占比例较接近;全叶再造烟叶在香气质、杂气、刺激性方面明显优于全梗再造烟叶,这与全叶再造烟叶热裂解产物中的烟草主要致香成分释放量明显高于全梗再造烟叶有直接关系。     

高浓度CO2气氛下燃煤氮、硫污染物的释放特性

采用污染物在线分析仪、气相便携红外分析仪研究了程序升温条件下改变氧化介质时煤中氮,硫的释放特性以及含硫物相的浓度变化规律,探讨了不同气氛,CO2浓度与O2浓度单独变化时对NO、SO2析出特性的影响机理.结果表明:O2/CO2燃烧气氛下NO、SO2排放峰值及总量均低于O2/N2气氛.CO2气氛下烟气中存在大量的CO,有利于NO的降解,同时也促进了烟气中其他含硫物相的形成,随着CO2浓度的增加,特别是在燃烧后期,NO、SO2的排放显著降低.O2浓度改变对NO和SO2的释放影响不同:O2浓度升高促进了SO2的析出;但是O2浓度在一定范围内增加对NO的排放并无明显影响,随着O2浓度进一步增加,NO的释放峰向低温区迁移,同时排放量降低.     

Radionuclides in deposition in the Ignalina NPP region in 2005

Results of radionuclide activity concentration measurements in deposition and ground-level air conducted at the station of the Institute of Physics situated 3.5 km from the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (Ignalina NPP) in 2005 are analyzed. Atmospheric depositional fluxes of ⁷Be, ⁶⁰Co and ¹³⁷Cs are estimated. Radionuclide particle deposition rates are calculated. The Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model of the global dispersion and deposition is used to explain variations in the ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration in the ground-level air in the Ignalina NPP region in 2005. An increase in the ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration of up to 17.4 μBq m⁻³ on 30 October-5 November is studied. Modelling results show that the Chernobyl NPP Unit 4 Sarcophagus and the radiocaesium resuspension from the Chernobyl NPP accident polluted regions are sources of ¹³⁷Cs to the environment of the Ignalina NPP. Results on solubility in water of aerosols — carriers of ¹³⁷Cs — are discussed.     

High spin states in106in

High spin states have been investigated by the reaction⁹⁰Zr(¹⁹F, 3nγ), using an Anticompton spectrometer device, for the nucleus¹⁰⁶In, for which no in-beamγ-spectroscopic information was available up to now. A level scheme has been constructed up to anI =(13,14) state.     

Scale-free phenomenon in industries in China

In this paper, we investigate the data of industries in China and find that the frequency distributions of fixed assets and fixed-assets’ investment of industries obey power laws. We show that these power-law modes can be explained by the rules of the Simon Model, rather than the existing investment theories such as the classical investment theory or acceleration principle. Moreover, the mechanism of the investment distribution may be similar to the forest-fire model of self-organizing criticality. By introducing the complex system methods, this research changes the traditional opinion of the investment and gains some meaningful understanding in the dynamics of industries and the economic cycle.     

Universal scaling in BCS superconductivity in three dimensions in non-s waves

The solutions of a renormalized BCS equation are studied in three space dimensions in s, p and d waves for finite-range separable potentials in the weak to medium coupling region. In the weak-coupling limit, the present BCS model yields a small coherence length and a large critical temperature, , appropriate for some high- materials. The BCS gap, , and specific heat as a function of zero-temperature condensation energy are found to exhibit potential-independent universal scalings. The entropy, specific heat, spin susceptibility and penetration depth as a function of temperature exhibit universal scaling below in p and d waves. Received: 18 July 1997 / Revised: 8 September 1997 / Accepted: 29 September 1997     

Thermal convection in Rivlin-Ericksen elastico-viscous fluid in porous medium in hydromagnetics

The thermal instability of a layer of Rivlin-Ericksen elastico-viscous fluid in porous medium acted on by a uniform magnetic field is considered. For stationary convection, Rivlin-Ericksen elastico-viscous fluid behaves like a Newtonian fluid. The magnetic field is found to have stabilizing effect whereas medium permeability has destabilizing effect. The magnetic field introduces oscillatory modes in the system, A sufficient condition for the non-existence of overstability is also obtained.     

Fano-type features in magnetoabsorption in semiconductors

It is shown that bulk semiconductors exhibit strongly asymmetric Fano-type resonance profiles in magnetoabsorption processes involving the formation of hot electron-hole pairs (EHPs) and accompanied by the scattering of the EHPs by defects. This result is valid for transitions to electronic states with large Landau quantum numbers, when the Coulomb interaction plays a small role. The physical reason for such a sharp change in the magnetoabsorption coefficient as compared with the expected result for the ordinary density of states in a quantizing magnetic field is that the electronic excitations are quasi-one-dimensional. The form of the resonance absorption is in good qualitative agreement with the experimental data. Pis’ma Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 63, No. 8, 619–622 (25 April 1996)     

Supergravity in theory in 11 dimensions

We present the action and transformation laws of supergravity in 11 dimensions which is expected to be closely related to the O(8) theory in 4 dimensions after dimensional reduction.