亚硫酸盐溶液中氧气泡吸收过程的实验研究

采用CCD对单个氧气泡在亚硫酸钠溶液中的吸收过程进行拍照,并用软件进行图像边界识别来研究单个纯氧气泡同亚硫酸钠溶液发生的强制氧化反应过程。实验结果表明反应速度与气泡半径有关。在动力学控制阶段,反应速率与气泡的半径成0阶关系;在扩散控制阶段,反应速率与气泡的半径成-1阶关系。     

DMFC阳极CO_2气泡生长及脱离特性研究

通过对竖直放置直接甲醇燃料电池水平流道内扩散层壁面上CO_2气泡的受力分析,建立描述气泡生长动力学方程,获得CO_2气泡生长速率和气泡脱离直径的计算方法。计算结果表明:CO_2气泡生长和脱离主要受浮力、曳力、剪切升力和表面张力的控制;气泡生长速率随电流密度和接触环直径的增大而增大;甲醇溶液流速增加,气泡脱离直径变小,且流速对气泡脱离直径的影响随接触环直径减小而变大;电池放电电流密度的变化对气泡脱离直径几乎没有影响;温度和甲醇浓度增加,均使气泡脱离直径略有减小;扩散层表面润湿性越好,气泡的脱离直径越小。     

CO_2捕集过程中钙基吸收剂吸碳反应本征动力学

本文通过严格控制实验条件,消除内扩散和外扩散的影响,对两种CaO质量分数均为75%的合成钙基吸收剂进行了本征动力学实验。通过晶粒模型分析,找到了完全由表面反应控制的本征动力学阶段,分析其本征反应动力学特性,得到本征反应速率常数k_s和活化能E,并与早期的研究结果进行了对比分析。研究表明:两种合成吸收剂的活化能均小于石灰石吸碳反应的活化能;合成吸收剂的吸碳反应速率与石灰石分解CaO的吸碳反应速率具有相同的数量级。本研究同时得到了反应动力学控制阶段吸碳反应速率与驱动力CO_2分压之间的关系。     

NiTi+催化甲基环己烷脱氢的密度泛函理论研究

有机液体储氢是极具潜力的氢气存储方式，在原子水平上研究储-释氢催化机理，是寻找高效低廉催化剂的重要途径.采用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法研究了甲基环己烷(MCH)在过渡金属二聚体离子Ni Ti⁺催化下逐步脱氢制甲苯的反应机理，考察了反应物、中间体和生成物的能量变化.采用波函数分析方法，观察反应过程中原子电荷变化，并分析了初始化合物的态密度(DOS)等性质.结果表明:Ni Ti⁺与甲基环己烷的反应是在混合势能面上进行的放热反应，三个脱氢分子机理相似，反应整体放热为-12.19kcal·mol^-1，反应过程出现了中间体甲基环己烯和甲基环己二烯，与实验结果一致.整个反应的速率决定步骤为第三个脱氢反应过程中的IM10→TS10.     

CuI催化苯丙氨酸与溴苯发生C-N偶联反应机理理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)中的B3LYP方法对Cu I催化苯丙氨酸与溴苯发生C-N偶联反应机理进行了理论研究.在6-31+G*水平上对反应过程中所有反应物、过渡态、中间体以及产物的几何构型进行了优化,通过能量和振动分析证实了过渡态的真实性;并且在相同基组水平上应用自然键轨道(NBO)和分子中的原子(AIM)理论分析了这些化合物的成键特征和轨道间的相互作用.研究发现了两条可能的反应通道IA与IB,其控制步骤活化能分别为202.81 k J.mol-1、196.10 k J.mol-1,由以上结果比较可以看出,反应通道IA与IB在整个反应过程可能同时发生,但IB反应通道具有较低的活化能,即IB通道为整个反应的最优反应通道.     

气体NO／SO2／N2／O2等离子体反应机理及动力学分析

本文研究了在低温等离子体条件下,电子碰撞NO/SO2/N2/O2气体引发离解反应的反应机理.应用碰撞理论和波尔兹曼方程分析,对能量分布函数及反应速率常数进行数值模拟,得到离解反应速率常数与温度的曲线,分析预报各反应过程及表现.最后将速率常数拟合为Arrhenius公式的形式.     

2-甲基-1,3-顺丁二烯在Ni (I)催化下与苯甲醛反应机理的研究

采用密度泛函理论（DFT）研究了2-甲基-1,3-顺丁二烯在Ni(I)催化下与苯甲醛反应生成高烯丙基醇的反应机理。在B3LYP/6-31+G*水平上对反应过程中所有反应物、过渡态、中间体以及产物的几何构型进行了优化,通过能量和振动分析确认了过渡态的真实性;并且在相同基组水平上应用自然键轨道(NBO)和分子中的原子(AIM)理论分析了这些化合物的成键特征和轨道间的相互作用。研究发现了两条可能的反应通道IA与IB,其控制步骤活化能分别为64.20 kJ.mol-1、51.63 kJ.mol-1,由以上比较结果可以看出,反应通道IA与IB在整个反应过程可能同时发生,但IB通道具有较低的活化能,即IB通道为整个反应的最优反应通道,与实验结果一致。     

高灰熔点煤气化反应特性的理论分析

本文针对多组高灰熔点煤种的高温热天平气化（C-H₂O、C-CO₂反应）实验数据,进行机理性分析,建立了考虑内孔扩散的动力-扩散模型。模型中,使用随机孔模型对低温动力学控制的气化反应速率进行数据拟合,并对孔隙结构参数的合理确定进行了探讨;采用效率因子修正方法,考虑了中温时煤灰孔隙扩散的影响;同时考虑了高温下气膜扩散机理。新模型可以实现三控制区域的统一贯穿,模型预报能够与实验数据有较好符合。高温时,煤焦发生灰熔融现象会降低气化反应速率,模型通过乘积系数的修正,可以较好描述该过程。     

SiH4/H2等离子体气相生长硅薄膜的动力学模型

在化学气相沉积微晶硅薄膜过程中,为了降低成本,必须提高生长速率,但薄膜的微观结构和光电性能则随之降低,原因是成膜先驱物在薄膜表面上的扩散长度降低了. 本文利用量子化学的反应动力学理论建立有关成膜先驱物SiH₃和H的反应平衡方程,求解薄膜生长速率和成膜先驱物的扩散长度,并找出影响生长速率与扩散长度的微观参数,发现生长速率不仅与流向衬底的SiH₃的通量密度有关,而且与H的通量密度有关;SiH₃的扩散长度与衬底温度和薄膜表面的硅氢键的形态有关,当     

水凝胶中NaOH的二维扩散性质研究

从实验与理论两方面研究NaOH在水凝胶体模中的二维扩散特性.引入化学反应项,建立了刻画NaOH在蛋白质中渗透的反应扩散方程,继而对OH-在凝胶中的时空分布及不同注射浓度、不同反应速率常数下OH-的浓度分布进行了定量研究.实验利用加入酚酞指示剂的水凝胶对NaOH的扩散范围进行了刻画,与计算结果较为一致.该方法为预测NaO...     

图像边界识别法对气液传质理论的实验研究

文章根据双膜理论,分析了气液反应的吸收机理,用图像边界识别法测量亚硫酸盐强制氧化气液反应速率。在测量氧化速率时,让单个氧气泡在亚硫酸钠溶液中反应,用数码相机拍下氧气泡由于反应而不断缩小的照片,用图像处理程序进行分析、识别,最后计算得出氧化速率。实验结果与理论分析结果相同,证明了该方法的正确性及其可以作为气液传质理论研究的测量方法。     

Isotopic Exchange Between Barium Oxalate and Barium Ion in Aqueous Solution

The heterogeneous isotopic exchange reaction of precipitated barium oxalate in barium chloride solution has been studied using Ba-133 as tracer. The effect of barium chloride concentration on the rate of isotopic exchange reaction has been studied. It was found that the rate was controlled by surface mass reaction and particle diffusion process in the solid particle. The result also indicate that the effect of recrystallization can be neglected.     

Physical features of ultrasound-enhanced heterogeneous permanganate oxidation

This paper addresses the matter of mechanistic features of ultrasound-assisted permanganate oxidation of organic compounds in aqueous phase. This reaction system is essentially a liquid–liquid heterogeneous one, which is limited by the mass transfer characteristics. Previous research has established that ultrasound irradiation of reaction mixture enhances the kinetics and yield of permanganate oxidation. The principal physical effect of ultrasonic cavitation is formation of fine emulsion between immiscible phases that eliminates the mass transfer resistance, while principal chemical effect is production of radicals through transient collapse of cavitation bubbles, which accelerate the reaction. In this paper, we have tried to discriminate between these physical and chemical effects by coupling experiments with different conditions (which alter the nature of cavitation phenomena in the medium) to simulations of cavitation bubble dynamics. It is revealed that in absence of radical conserving agent, the enhancement effect is merely physical. Diffusion of radicals towards interface between phases, where the oxidation reaction occurs is the limiting factor in contribution of chemical effect of ultrasonic cavitation towards enhancement of oxidation. Enhancement of total radical production in the aqueous phase (by degassing of the medium) increases the overall oxidation yield, but only marginally. On the other hand, addition of a radical conserver such as FeSO₄·7H₂O results in marked enhancement in oxidation yield, as the conserver assists deeper penetration of radicals in the aqueous medium and diffusion towards interface.     

Effect of dissolved gases in water on acoustic cavitation and bubble growth rate in 0.83 MHz megasonic of interest to wafer cleaning

Changes in the cavitation intensity of gases dissolved in water, including H₂, N₂, and Ar, have been established in studies of acoustic bubble growth rates under ultrasonic fields. Variations in the acoustic properties of dissolved gases in water affect the cavitation intensity at a high frequency (0.83 MHz) due to changes in the rectified diffusion and bubble coalescence rate. It has been proposed that acoustic bubble growth rates rapidly increase when water contains a gas, such as hydrogen faster single bubble growth due to rectified diffusion, and a higher rate of coalescence under Bjerknes forces. The change of acoustic bubble growth rate in rectified diffusion has an effect on the damping constant and diffusivity of gas at the acoustic bubble and liquid interface. It has been suggested that the coalescence reaction of bubbles under Bjerknes forces is a reaction determined by the compressibility and density of dissolved gas in water associated with sound velocity and density in acoustic bubbles. High acoustic bubble growth rates also contribute to enhanced cavitation effects in terms of dissolved gas in water. On the other hand, when Ar gas dissolves into water under ultrasound field, cavitation behavior was reduced remarkably due to its lower acoustic bubble growth rate. It is shown that change of cavitation intensity in various dissolved gases were verified through cleaning experiments in the single type of cleaning tool such as particle removal and pattern damage based on numerically calculated acoustic bubble growth rates.     

The effect of ultrasonic vibrations on heterogeneous catalysis

The effect of ultrasonic vibrations on vapour phase decomposition of cumene to benzene and propylene, was investigated employing a silica-alumina cracking catalyst. Ate temperatures and flow rates where external bulk diffusion controlled the rate of reaction, the application of ultrasound increased the mass transfer coefficient up to 40%. When surface reaction and internal pore diffusion controlled the speed of the reaction, the combined catalyst effectiveness factor — surface reaction rate constant was increased up to 160%.     

Analysis of oxide formation induced by UV laser coloration of stainless steel

Laser-induced coloration on metal surfaces has important applications in product identification, enhancing styles and aesthetics. The color generation is the result of controlled surface oxidation during laser beam interaction with the metal surfaces. In this study, we aim to obtain in-depth understanding of the oxide formation process when an UV laser beam interacts with stainless steel in air. The oxide layer is analysed by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer (TOF-SIMS). TOF-SIMS results clearly show the formation of duplex oxide structures. The duplex structure includes an inner layer of Cr oxide solution and an outer layer of Fe oxide solution. The oxide layer thickness increased as the results of Fe diffusion to surface during multiple laser scanning passes.     

Effect of temperature on rectified diffusion during ultrasound-induced heating

Experimental observations of delayed-onset cavitation during ultrasound insonation have been suggested as being caused by a change in the size distribution of the bubble population due to rectified diffusion. To investigate this hypothesis, a single bubble model is used here to explore the effect of heating and the subsequent elevated temperatures on the rectified diffusion process. Numerical solution of the model, which includes the temperature dependences of seven relevant physical parameters, allows quantification of the change in the pressure threshold for rectified diffusion, as well as the importance of the bulk liquid saturation concentration in determining bubble evolution. Although elevated temperatures and liquid supersaturation reduce the rectified diffusion threshold, it remains coincident with the inertial cavitation thresholds at submicron bubble sizes at all temperatures. This observation suggests that changes in the nucleation environment, rather than bubble growth due to rectified diffusion, is a more likely cause of delayed-onset cavitation events.