Observation of tropospheric NO_2 by airborne multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy in the Pearl River Delta region,south China

An airborne multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopic （AMAX-DOAS） instrument was developed and applied to measure tropospheric NO2 in the Pearl River Delta region in the south of China. By combining the measurements in nadir and zenith directions and analyzing the UV and visible spectral region using the DOAS method, information about tropospheric NO2 vertical columns was obtained. Strong tropospheric NO2 signals were detected when flying over heavilly polluted regions and point sources like plants. The AMAX-DOAS results were compared with ground-based MAX-DOAS observations in the southwest of Zhuhai city using the same parameters for radiative transport calculations. The difference in vertical column data between the two instruments is about 8%. Our data were also compared with those from OMI and fair agreement was obtained with a correlation coefficient R of 0.61. The difference between the two instruments can be attributed to the different spatial resolution and the temporal mismatch during the measurements.     

A New Desirable Molecular Species for Stark Deceleration

We demonstrate a new molecular sample （CH radical） for Stark deceleration by Monte Carlo simulation, study the dependences of the decelerating effect on the different phase angles, stage number and decelerating voltages, and obtain some new optimized conditions and parameters. We also calculate the Stark energy shift of different quantum states of CH radical in the Stark decelerator electrostatic field and their populations in a supersonic CH molecular beam. Our study shows that the mean velocity of the supersonic CH molecular beam in the 2^∏1/2 state can be decelerated from 380 m/s to 24 m/s, and the corresponding translation temperature is lowered from 2.8 K to 27mK. It is thus clear that the CH radical is a new and desirable candidate for Stark deceleration.     

Effect of magnetic field on the spin-Peierls transition in single-crystal CuGeO

This paper reports that high quality CuGeO3 single crystals were successfully grown by floating-zone technique and the magnetic property was studied. The temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility below the spin-Peierls （SP） transition temperature （Tsp） under magnetic fields applying along both the a- and c-axis direction can be fitted well by a model of noninteracting dimmers. The spin gap derived from the fitting is consistent with other reports. There is a very weak anisotropy in the fitting parameters for different directions, which should be expected from a SP system. A small upturn in susceptibility at low temperature due to paramagnetic impurities and/or defects can be observed. A suppression of the upturn by magnetic field is first discovered in this system and the possible origins for this suppression are discussed.     

Topological Structure of Vortices in Multicomponent Bose-Einstein Condensates

The structure of the vortex in a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate is studied by the method of Dirac δ function. The vortex can be characterized by the Brouwer degree and Hopf index, i.e., β1η1, β2η2. The circulation of the vortex can be a fraction, which is different from the usual result for a one-component condensate. The kinetic helicity of vortices is calculated.     

Extracting Closed Classical Orbits from Quantum Recurrence Spectra of a Non-Hydrogenic Atom in Parallel Electric and Magnetic Fields

We show how to extract the closed orbits from the quantum spectra data. According to the closed orbit theory, each closed orbit produces a sharp peak in the recurrence spectra of a non-hydrogenic atom in parallel electric and magnetic fields. For a given initial state, closed-orbit theory gives the dependence of this recurrence amplitude on the initial angle of an orbit. By comparing the recurrence amplitude for different initial states, we can determine the initial angles of the closed classical orbits from the quantum recurrence spectra. Therefore, by integrating the Hamiltonian motion equations, we can obtain the closed orbits directly. This method can also be used to extract the closed orbits from the experimental data.     

Propagation modeling of ocean-scattered low-elevation GPS signals for maritime tropospheric duct inversion

The maritime tropospheric duct is a low-altitude anomalous refractivity structure over the ocean surface,and it can significantly affect the performance of many shore-based/shipboard radar and communication systems.We propose the idea that maritime tropospheric ducts can be retrieved from ocean forward-scattered low-elevation global positioning system(GPS) signals.Retrieval is accomplished by matching the measured power patterns of the signals to those predicted by the forward propagation model as a function of the modified refractivity profile.On the basis of a parabolic equation method and bistatic radar equation,we develop such a forward model for computing the trapped propagation characteristics of an ocean forward-scattered GPS signal within a tropospheric duct.A new GPS scattering initial field is defined for this model to start the propagation modeling.A preliminary test on the performance of this model is conducted using measured data obtained from a 2009-experiment in the South China Sea.Results demonstrate that this model can predict GPS propagation characteristics within maritime tropospheric ducts and serve as a forward model for duct inversion.     

Measurements of NO2 mixing ratios with topographic target light scattering-differential optical absorption spectroscopy system and comparisons to point monitoring technique

A topographic target light scattering-differential optical absorption spectroscopy(ToTaL-DOAS) system is developed for measuring average concentrations along a known optical path and studying surface-near distributions of atmospheric trace gases.The telescope of the ToTaL-DOAS system points to targets which are located at known distances from the measurement device and illuminated by sunlight.Average concentrations with high spatial resolution can be retrieved by receiving sunlight reflected from the targets.A filed measurement of NO2 concentration is performed with the ToTaL-DOAS system in Shijiazhuang in the autumn of 2011.The measurement data are compared with concentrations measured by the point monitoring technique at the same site.The results show that the ToTaL-DOAS system is sensitive to the variation of NO2 concentrations along the optical path.     

Chemical composition analysis for laser solid forming of titanium alloys from blended elemental powders

Laser solid forming （LSF） from blended elemental powders is an advanced technique to investigate new alloy systems and to create innovative materials. Accurate composition control is critical for the applications of this technique. In this letter, the composition analysis is performed on LSF titanium alloys from blended Ti, Al, and V powders. It is found that the composition of as-deposited sample can be controlled by keeping the identity of the divergence angle of each elemental powder stream. Based on the consistency condition for divergence angles of different elemental powder streams, the matching relation among the Ti, Al, and V powder characteristics （particle size and density） can be obtained, which ensures the consistency in composition between the laser deposits and the blended elemental powders under different laser processing parameters.     

Simultaneous measurement of SO2 and NO2 concentration using an optical fiber-based LP-DOAS system

SO2 and NO2 are the most important pollution in atmosphere.An optimized long path(LP)differential optical absorption spectroscopy(DOAS)system of high light intensity at an ultraviolet(UV)wavelength is proposed and used to measure the concentration of SO2 and NO2 simultaneously.In contrast to the traditional DOAS,the system adopted a Y-type optical fiber structure instead of a combination of mirrors in the telescope.The UV light intensity test shows that the light intensity of UV can arrive to above 80% of the max measuring range when the light path reaches 135 m,and the integral time of the spectrograph is only 15 ms.The system is proved to be efficacious through laboratory calibration.The maximum error of SO2 calibration is 4.19%,and is 5.22% for NO2.The error of the SO2 and NO2 mixture calibration is within 10%.Field measurement is implemented in a wastewater treatment plant in winter.The measurement light path is 738 m.The concentration of SO2 varies from 6μg/m^3(2.26 ppb)to 20μg/m^3(7.52 ppb),and the concentration of NO2varies from 100μg/m^3(53.2 ppb)to 200μg/m^3(106.4 ppb)approximately.The results are in accordance with the data from a monitoring station nearby in magnitude order and variation tendency mostly.     

Directional Plasmon Filtering in a Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Embedded in High-Index Crystallographic Planes

We study theoretically the plasmon excitations in a two-dimensional electron gas （2DEG） with spin-orbit interactions （SOIs） embedded in a （11n） crystallographic plane. We demonstrate that the energy spectra and dielectric functions between the 2DEGs embedded in different crystallographic planes can be related by a unitary transformation. Using the unitary transformation, we find that the anisotropy of plasmon excitations and the directional plasmon filtering （DPF） can be tuned by changing the strengths of SOIs in the high-index planes. There are two advantageous directions [110] and [nn2] for plasmon propagation. Moreover, the anisotropy and the DPF can be smeared out by tuning the strength ratio α/β between the Rashba SOI and the Dresselhaus SOI.     

机载多轴差分吸收光谱技术获取对流层NO2 垂直柱浓度的研究

介绍了一种基于机载平台获取对流层NO₂垂直柱浓度的多轴差分吸收光谱技术. 研究了利用差分吸收光谱技术结合不同观测角度的测量光谱反演差分斜柱浓度, 并利用辐射传输模型SCIATRAN计算对流层NO₂垂直柱浓度的方法. 研究了不同海拔高度、不同地面反照率以及不同太阳天顶角等条件对天顶和天底两个观测角度的大气质量因子的影响. 报道了该系统在2008年12月10日在珠三角地区的实验结果, 结合天顶和天底两个方向反演得到了珠三角地区对流层NO₂垂直柱浓度的分布信息. 同时还将机载测量结果跟安装在珠海市的一台地基多轴差分吸收光谱仪的结果进行了对比, 二者相差仅为8%. 实验结果表明, 机载多轴DOAS技术可以实现对大区域对流层NO₂浓度的快速获取.     

Retrieval of tropospheric NO2 columns from satellite measurements in presence of cirrus: A theoretical sensitivity study using SCIATRAN and prospect application for the A-Train

A theoretical sensitivity study of the influence of cirrus cloud properties on tropospheric NO₂ columns retrieved from the spaceborne Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) measurements is performed. It is conducted within the framework of the synergetic use of A-Train sensors to derive more representative trace gas products. We aim to study the potential effects of cirrus clouds on tropospheric NO₂ retrievals using a retrieval algorithm that, unlike the OMI Standard and DOMINO algorithms, does not correct for the effects of clouds. The sensitivity study is based on the radiative transfer code SCIATRAN that performs both simulations of top of atmosphere (TOA) reflectances as measured by an OMI-like band and tropospheric NO₂ column retrievals based on the differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) method. The results of the sensitivity study show that if a correction for cirrus clouds is not included in our simple retrieval that does not account for clouds in the first place, the tropospheric column can be underestimated by 55%. This underestimation depends strongly on cirrus parameters as, in order of importance, cloud fraction, cloud optical depth, asymmetry factor of cirrus cloud phase function and cloud top height. The perspective of the synergy between OMI and cloud information obtained from cloud-derived products of the A-Train is evaluated in two parts by applying a simple cloud correction scheme based on the independent pixel approximation (IPA). Firstly, we evaluated the tropospheric NO₂ column retrievals error caused by uncertainties in cirrus cloud properties. Secondly we studied the influence of subpixel cloud optical depth variability on NO₂ retrievals. From our simulations, it is demonstrated that the error will be reduced significantly if the cloud fraction is lower or equal to 0.5. In this case, the cloud fraction and the cloud optical depth must be known within accuracy less than 0.05% and 50%, respectively. The cloud top height and the asymmetry factor must be known within uncertainty of at least 1 km and less than 0.05, respectively. The latter result shows that the uncertainty of the asymmetry factor is a major source of error in the cloud correction for tropospheric NO₂ retrieval in the presence of cirrus.     

Condition of Retrieving Vertical Column Density of Atmospheric Pollution Gases by Using Scattered Solar Radiation

We present a method to monitor the vertical column density （VCD） of atmospheric pollution gases by using the scattered solar radiation. The necessary condition of capturing the useful scattered solar radiation is achieved. The condition is only dependent on the solar elevation angle, while independent of the solar azimuth angle, which could greatly simply the capturing equipment and procedure. Under the condition, the VCD of tropospheric NO2 in Chengdu, China is retrieved from the scattered solar radiation, which is close to that from the direct solar radiation.     

多轴差分吸收光谱技术测量近地面NO2体积混合比浓度方法研究

多轴差分吸收光谱技术(MAX-DOAS)通过测量不同角度的太阳散射光, 获取痕量气体的柱浓度信息, 广泛应用于整层NO₂柱浓度的监测. 由于缺少有效观测距离的信息, MAX-DOAS无法获取近地面NO₂的体积混合比浓度. 本文分析了消光系数和有效观测距离的关系, 提出了利用能见度信息获取有效观测距离, 进而将MAX-DOAS测量的水平方向NO₂斜柱浓度转换为体积混合比浓度的方法. 并在合肥开展了相应的观测实验, 成功实现了基于MAX-DOAS的NO₂体积混合比浓度测量. 通过与主动式长程差分吸收光谱仪测量的NO₂浓度进行对比, 结果呈现出较好的一致性, 说明了方法的可行性.研究为MAX-DOAS监测近地面NO₂体积混合比浓度提供了一种简单有效的方法, 拓展了MAX-DOAS的应用领域. 关键词： 多轴差分吸收光谱技术 大气消光系数 能见度 2体积混合比浓度')" href="#">NO₂体积混合比浓度     

发光二极管在差分吸收光谱系统中的应用研究

研究了新型发光二极管(LEDs)作为主动差分吸收光谱技术(DOAS)光源的可行性及其应用.分析了LEDs发光特性、谱的形状、光谱范围和谱的稳定性.结果表明LEDs作为主动DOAS光源是可行的,只是当温度不恒定时,LEDs光谱中的法布里-珀罗标准具效应将影响DOAS精确反演,若把其结构提取参与拟合可以很好地去除其影响.并成功地利用LEDs-DOAS系统监测了大气NO₂的浓度,与基于高压氙弧灯为光源DOAS系统测量结果的相关性达到0.99以上.当光程为0.7km时,检测限为1.1×10< 关键词： 发光二极管(LEDs) 差分吸收光谱技术(DOAS) 可行性     

Retrieval of the vertical column density of the atmospheric pollution gases by using the scattered solar radiation

The method of monitoring the vertical column density (VCD) of atmospheric pollution gases by using the scattered solar radiation is proposed and the scheme to ensure the necessary condition is put forward. Under the condition, the VCD of tropospheric NO₂ is retrieved from the scattered solar radiation, which is close to that from the direct solar radiation.     

直射太阳光差分吸收光谱法测量合肥NO2 整层柱浓度

直射太阳光差分吸收光谱技术(DS-DOAS)近 年来成功应用于大气痕量气体的垂直柱浓度测量. 本文研究了基于被动DOAS算法可用于连续测量NO₂整层垂直柱浓度的DS-DOAS技术, 介绍了测量系统的构成.利用统计最小值外推法减少了由参考谱引入的误差.分析了测量结果的误差来源, 估算了误差大小.报道了该系统在合肥地区对NO₂进行的连续11天的测量, 分析了测量结 果.通过实验验证了算法的可行性, 证实了该技术可实现连续测量NO₂整层垂直柱浓度.     

Nitrogen Dioxide Sensing Properties and Mechanism of Copper Phthalocyanine Film

Copper phthalocyanine film, a p-type organic semiconductor, is synthesized by vacuum sublimation and its surface morphology is characterized by SEM. A silicon-based copper phthalocyanine film gas sensor for NO2 detection is fabricated by MEMS technology. The results show that the resistance and sensitivity of copper phthalocyanine film decrease obviously as the NO2 concentration increases from Oppm to lOOppm. However, the sensitivity nearly keeps a constant of O. 158 between 30 ppm and 70 ppm. The best working temperature of the gas sensor is 90℃ for NO2 gas concentrations of lOppm, 20ppm and 30ppm, which is much lower than that of general metal oxide gas sensor.     

多轴差分吸收光谱仪反演大气NO2的比对试验

为了满足卫星遥感产品地基验证平台中不同仪器观测数据一致性的要求, 2011年9月, 将3台不同设计方案、不同操作方式的多轴差分吸收光谱仪(MAX-DOAS) 集中在中国科学院大气物理研究所香河大气探测综合试验站, 进行了近20天的同步观测测试. 并对所有仪器统一观测方位角, 分别采用相同的紫外、可见光波段的特征吸收带及吸收截面进行NO₂柱浓度的反演试验. 系统的比对分析表明: 3台MAX-DOAS的反演误差大都保持在6%以内, 说明仪器性能良好, 比较稳定; 紫外波段的反演结果略小于可见光波段, 尤其在阴天, 这是由于两波段对分子及气溶胶散射的敏感性不同造成的; 以可见光波段的反演结果为标准, 对紫外波段的反演结果进行系统订正, 订正后的各组数据一致性非常好, 满足卫星大气成分NO₂柱浓度遥感产品不同地基验证站点数据稳定、一致的要求. 关键词： MAX-DOAS 2')" href="#">NO₂ 斜柱浓度 比对试验