AIRS红外高光谱卫星数据反演卷云光学厚度和云顶高度

基于大气红外探测器L1B红外高光谱辐射观测资料,结合中分辨率成像光谱仪(moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer, MODIS)云产品数据,利用通用大气辐射传输模式(combined atmospheric radiative transfer model,CART),根据模式模拟和AIRS实际观测亮温的亮温差,研究从AIRS红外波段1 070～1 135 cm-1高光谱数据反演卷云的光学厚度和云顶高度。将反演的卷云光学厚度与云顶高度作为输入参数模拟计算650～1 150 cm-1波段卷云大气顶的辐射亮温谱,并将模拟值与AIRS观测亮温谱进行了对比分析。将反演的卷云光学厚度和云顶高度和AIRS的760通道(900.56 cm-1,11.1 μm)的亮温以及MODIS卷云反射率进行了对比分析。最后将反演的卷云云顶高度和MODIS云顶高度进行了对比分析。研究结果表明：反演所使用的650～1 150 cm-1波段模式模拟和观测亮温谱吻合得很好,说明CART可以较好的模拟AIRS亮温谱。反演的卷云参数与AIRS在大气窗口区的760通道(900.56 cm-1,11.1 μm)的亮温的分布满足低亮温对应较大的卷云光学厚度和高云顶高度。反演的卷云参数和MODIS卷云的反射率分布满足高卷云光学厚度和云顶高度对应高卷云反射率。反演的卷云云顶高度和MODIS的卷云云顶高度之间线性相关系数相对较高,且都在8.5～11.5 km的概率较高,两者的概率分布趋势一致。说明CART可以用于反演卷云的性质,反演结果具有一定的可靠性。     

Aerosol influence on polarization and intensity in near-infrared O2 and CO2 absorption bands observed from space

We study the intensity and degree of linear polarization of reflected solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere within two carbon dioxide bands and one oxygen absorption band in the near-infrared. In particular, we are interested in the sensitivity of the degree of linear polarization and intensity to changes of aerosol and cirrus cloud layer heights, microphysical properties, and surface albedo. For the simulations we use spectral response functions representative of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO). Inside the O₂A band at 760 nm and strong CO₂ band at 2060 nm we find a strong influence of the aerosol and cirrus cloud layer height on the degree of linear polarization. An increase of the aerosol or cirrus cloud layer height can lead either to a decrease or increase of the polarization within the band, depending on the microphysical and optical properties of the scatterers, surface albedo, and absorption strength in the bands. The results for the O₂A band also indicate that even over land OCO enables an estimation of the height of an aerosol or cirrus cloud layer. Inside the weak CO₂ band at 1610 nm the influence of aerosol or cirrus cloud layer heights is lower as compared to the O₂A band and CO₂ band at 2060 nm, due to the relatively stronger surface influence. Here an increase of aerosol or cirrus cloud layer height leads to an increase of the degree of linear polarization even in case of low surface albedo and for weakly polarizing scatterers. For the weak CO₂ band at 1610 nm we also study the influence of the aerosol or cirrus cloud layer height on the column CO₂ estimate and the errors resulting from ignoring polarization in simulations of backscatter measurements by space-based instruments such as OCO. Depending on the surface albedo, misinterpretations of the height of atmospheric scatterers might strongly affect the column CO₂ estimates.     

Infrared radiative transfer modelling in a 3D scattering cloudy atmosphere: Application to limb sounding measurements of cirrus

The Monte Carlo cloud scattering forward model (McClouds_FM) has been developed to simulate limb radiative transfer in the presence of cirrus clouds, for the purposes of simulating cloud contaminated measurements made by an infrared limb sounding instrument, e.g. the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS). A reverse method three-dimensional Monte Carlo transfer model is combined with a line-by-line model for radiative transfer through the non-cloudy atmosphere to explicitly account for the effects of multiple scattering by the clouds. The ice cloud microphysics are characterised by a size distribution of randomly oriented ice crystals, with the single scattering properties of the distribution determined by accurate calculations accounting for non-spherical habit.A comparison of McClouds_FM simulations and real MIPAS spectra of cirrus shows good agreement. Of particular interest are several noticeable spectral features (i.e. H₂O absorption lines) in the data that are replicated in the simulations: these can only be explained by upwelling tropospheric radiation scattered into the line-of-sight by the cloud ice particles.     

O4对利用天顶散射光法测量大气组分含量的影响研究

通过实验证明是否考虑O₄的存在对利用天顶散射光测量大气组分含量的结果存在影响.介绍了天顶散射光的观测原理、实验仪器、测量方法、光谱处理以及浓度反演过程.用具体的实验数据说明考虑O₄在实验波段内的吸收能提高NO₂和O₃浓度反演结果的准确性.同时将观测得到的臭氧垂直柱密度与美国TOMS观测数据进行了对比. 关键词： 4')" href="#">O₄ 臭氧 天顶散射光 DOAS     

Correction of atmospheric scattering effects in space-based observations of carbon dioxide: Model study of desert dust aerosol

We describe an original methodology for CO₂ retrievals using space-based measurements of reflected sunlight spectra. The effects of optical-path modification by aerosols were considered in terms of photon path-length statistics. First, the general approach was verified using a representative set of photon trajectories produced by the Monte Carlo technique. This method enabled accurate consideration of optical-path modification by aerosols and was effective in CO₂ retrievals if aerosol optical properties were assumed. The next approach involved a limited number of parameters that describe the photon path-length distribution function (PPDF) and which were retrieved simultaneously with the CO₂ amount. This approach was efficient under conditions of strong path modification by desert dust aerosol. The retrieval procedure included the following: estimation of PPDF parameters from radiance spectra in the O₂ A-band; the necessary correction to use these estimated parameters in the 1.6-μm band; and, finally, CO₂ retrievals from the 1.6-μm band. The procedure was verified by numerical simulations using an independent radiative transfer approach to produce radiance spectra expected for the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) sensor.     

机载多轴差分吸收光谱技术获取对流层NO2 垂直柱浓度的研究

介绍了一种基于机载平台获取对流层NO₂垂直柱浓度的多轴差分吸收光谱技术. 研究了利用差分吸收光谱技术结合不同观测角度的测量光谱反演差分斜柱浓度, 并利用辐射传输模型SCIATRAN计算对流层NO₂垂直柱浓度的方法. 研究了不同海拔高度、不同地面反照率以及不同太阳天顶角等条件对天顶和天底两个观测角度的大气质量因子的影响. 报道了该系统在2008年12月10日在珠三角地区的实验结果, 结合天顶和天底两个方向反演得到了珠三角地区对流层NO₂垂直柱浓度的分布信息. 同时还将机载测量结果跟安装在珠海市的一台地基多轴差分吸收光谱仪的结果进行了对比, 二者相差仅为8%. 实验结果表明, 机载多轴DOAS技术可以实现对大区域对流层NO₂浓度的快速获取.     

RING EFFECT: IMPACT OF ROTATIONAL RAMAN SCATTERING ON RADIATIVE TRANSFER IN EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE

One significant limitation to the accuracy of the remote sensing of trace gas constituents in the atmosphere, using UV-visible spectroscopy and scattered sunlight, has often been a reliable knowledge of the so-called Ring effect. In this study it is demonstrated that the filling-in of Fraunhofer and gas absorption features, resulting from Rotational Raman scattering (RRS), explains to high accuracy the Ring effect. A radiative transfer model has been adapted to include RRS and carefully validated by comparison with Ring effect data by other models and from ground-based and satellite data. The analysis of the principle components of the simulated Ring spectra enabled the Fraunhofer and gas absorption filling-in to be separated. This yields a simple, and therefore computational fast, parameterization of the Ring effect suitable for trace gas retrievals. This approach was tested for the retrieval of NO₂ which is considered to be a worst case with respect to absorption feature filling-in for a trace gas retrieved from scattered light. Analysis of the errors in the vertical column of NO₂ derived using differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) technique indicate that they are dependent on the amount of NO₂ present in the atmosphere when regarding the experimental Ring spectra. This implies that calculated Ring spectra may be superior for DOAS retrievals, compared to the experimentally determined Ring spectra.     

大气SO2柱总量遥感反演算法比较分析及验证

卫星遥感技术已成为城市污染气体SO₂监测和全球火山活动监测及预警的重要手段. 目前新的PCA (principal component analysis)算法有效减小了反演数据噪声, 并替代之前业务算法BRD (band residual difference)用于边界层SO₂柱总量产品的反演. 然而, 目前对PCA算法反演产品精度的评价和验证研究较少, 缺少与BRD算法产品进行长时间序列的比较以评估算法适用性, 尤其在中国大气污染重点城市区域. 本文利用地基多轴差分吸收光谱仪(MAX-DOAS)观测及多尺度空气质量模式系统(RAMS-CMAQ)大气化学模式模拟等数据, 评估PCA和BRD 反演算法的精度及误差. 另外, 选取洁净海洋地区、中国大气污染重点城市区域和高浓度火山喷发三种情况, 比较分析PCA 与BRD SO₂ 总量的时空格局变化差异及对不同SO₂总量下的适用性, 并对两种算法反演不确定性进行分析讨论. 结果表明, 在中国京津冀、珠江三角洲和长江三角洲区域, PCA SO₂总量反演值低于BRD, BRD反演结果更接近于地基的MAX-DOAS观测值, 冬季BRD和PCA SO₂总量值低于RAMS-CMAQ 模拟结果, 夏季7月和8月BRD SO₂总量值高于RAMS-CMAQ 模拟结果. 在SO₂总量接近于0 值的洁净海洋地区, PCA 算法产品噪声水平低于BRD算法, 但PCA 反演结果整体偏差大于BRD算法. 在高浓度火山喷发情况下, 当SO₂总量大于25 DU时BRD SO₂总量反演值低于PCA, 且随着SO₂ 总量增大, 两种算法反演值差异亦增大. 该研究对于OMI (Ozone Monitering Instrument) SO₂产品的应用具有重要的参考价值, 通过分析不同反演算法的差异及对其不确定性追因, 对于算法改进研究也具有重要的科学意义.     

Uncertainties in the space-based measurements of CO2 columns due to scattering in the Earth's atmosphere

During the next decade satellites may be expected to provide a promising new source of CO₂ data. However, in order for the column-integrated CO₂ measurements to be useful for sources/sinks inversions, the requirements on these measurements are very demanding. In this paper we therefore quantify the largest error source for such CO₂ measurements in the near-infrared wavelength range , namely the effect of aerosols and thin cirrus clouds in the atmosphere. The errors are provided for the most common used observation geometries, nadir observations over land and sunglint observations over the ocean. It is estimated that for dust aerosols the aerosol optical thickness must be known within ±0.05 for errors below ±0.5% in the CO₂ total column. For other aerosol types the requirements are less strict (e.g. ±0.15 for sulfate aerosols). In the case of thin cirrus clouds over land the cirrus optical thickness must be known to ±0.05 over land surfaces and ±0.015 for sunglint observations over the ocean in case of moderate windspeed.     

Measurement of atmospheric NO2 column density with kitt peak solar flux atlas as a reference

The vertical column abundance of NO₂ is measured using direct sunlight. The solar spectra in the wavelength region of 430–450 nm observed from the earth’s surface are ratioed with a reference spectrum taken from the Kitt Peak Solar Flux Atlas. The large Fraunhofer features (20–40%) are eliminated by wavelength correction, resolution matching and ratioing of observed spectra to the reference. The retrieved values of the NO₂ vertical column density are in a range of (2–15)x10¹⁶ molecules/cm² with an accuracy of better than 3%. This result demonstrates the usefulness of the Kitt Peak Atlas in the study of tropospheric NO₂ concentration, giving a standard extraterrestrial solar spectrum for the case in which the Langley method is not readily applicable.     

多轴差分吸收光谱技术测量近地面NO2体积混合比浓度方法研究

多轴差分吸收光谱技术(MAX-DOAS)通过测量不同角度的太阳散射光, 获取痕量气体的柱浓度信息, 广泛应用于整层NO₂柱浓度的监测. 由于缺少有效观测距离的信息, MAX-DOAS无法获取近地面NO₂的体积混合比浓度. 本文分析了消光系数和有效观测距离的关系, 提出了利用能见度信息获取有效观测距离, 进而将MAX-DOAS测量的水平方向NO₂斜柱浓度转换为体积混合比浓度的方法. 并在合肥开展了相应的观测实验, 成功实现了基于MAX-DOAS的NO₂体积混合比浓度测量. 通过与主动式长程差分吸收光谱仪测量的NO₂浓度进行对比, 结果呈现出较好的一致性, 说明了方法的可行性.研究为MAX-DOAS监测近地面NO₂体积混合比浓度提供了一种简单有效的方法, 拓展了MAX-DOAS的应用领域. 关键词： 多轴差分吸收光谱技术 大气消光系数 能见度 2体积混合比浓度')" href="#">NO₂体积混合比浓度     

卷云短波红外辐射特性

 采用离散纵标法耦合大气分子吸收，模拟计算了卷云大气的反射特性。研究了在短波波段卷云辐射性质随波长、卷云光学厚度、卷云有效尺度、云高和卷云中冰晶粒子形状等的变化关系，分析了卷云对大气红外背景辐射的影响。结果表明：在2.7 μm的水汽强吸收带上，卷云的出现明显增强了该波段的大气背景辐射，反射率随光学厚度和云高增大而增大。     

车载多轴差分吸收光谱探测对流层NO2分布研究

对流层NO₂垂直柱浓度在水平分布上具有较大不均匀性, 研究对流层NO₂分布特征对于研究污染的形成具有重要作用. 本文在国内首次采用车载多轴差分吸收光谱技术探测对流层NO₂的水平分布, 着重研究了基于车载移动平台上的多轴差分吸收光谱技术反演对流层NO₂垂直柱浓度的方法. 采用低阶多项式拟合扣除夫琅禾费参考谱和平流层对对流层NO₂的贡献, 反演得到移动平台上对流层NO₂垂直柱浓度. 结合大气辐射传输模型, 通过设置不同气溶胶光学厚度及层高、NO₂层高、方位角等对反演误差进行分析, 得出对流层NO₂垂直柱浓度的总误差小于25%. 在合肥开展观测实验, 获取观测时间段内合肥市对流层NO₂垂直柱浓度的水平分布特征. 并将观测结果与OMI卫星过顶数据比对, 在洁净和车载观测点较多的像元内, 两者结果符合较好; 在污染区域, 两者结果有一定差别. 研究显示, 采用车载多轴差分吸收光谱技术能较好的探测区域对流层NO₂的分布特征, 这对模型验证、卫星校验及研究输送过程具有重要意义.     

Representation of the photon pathlength distribution in a cloudy atmosphere using finite elements

A new method to derive the photon pathlength probability density function with respect to the photon geometrical path (PDF-GP) is proposed in this paper. This method is based on a finite elements fit of the true PDF-GP using a step function with equidistant intervals. The new method is evaluated based on reference PDF-GPs derived via Monte-Carlo radiative transfer simulations for different single and multilayer clouds with and without surface albedo. The finite elements method was found to perform better than classical Laplace inversion techniques. For the case of two-layer clouds with a thin cirrus cloud (optical thickness 0.5) above a low-level cloud, it is shown that the finite elements method is able to separate the contribution of both cloud layers to the total radiance and, in principle, allows to simultaneously infer cloud top heights of both cloud layers given that enough independent radiance observations at different gas absorption optical depths are taken.     

A Scanning Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy System for Measurement of Tropospheric NO2 in Beijing

A scanning multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy （DOAS） system is developed for monitoring tropospheric NO2 abundance. Measurements at different viewing angles near the horizon can be performed sequentially with one telescope collecting scattered sunlight reflected by a moving mirror. Tropospheric NO2 diurnal variations can be derived from slant column densities （SCDs） of different elevation angles. The result from a field campaign in Beijing in summer of 2005 reveals potential possibility for the monitoring of tropospheric NO2 by multi-axis DOAS technique.     

多轴差分吸收光谱仪反演大气NO2的比对试验

为了满足卫星遥感产品地基验证平台中不同仪器观测数据一致性的要求, 2011年9月, 将3台不同设计方案、不同操作方式的多轴差分吸收光谱仪(MAX-DOAS) 集中在中国科学院大气物理研究所香河大气探测综合试验站, 进行了近20天的同步观测测试. 并对所有仪器统一观测方位角, 分别采用相同的紫外、可见光波段的特征吸收带及吸收截面进行NO₂柱浓度的反演试验. 系统的比对分析表明: 3台MAX-DOAS的反演误差大都保持在6%以内, 说明仪器性能良好, 比较稳定; 紫外波段的反演结果略小于可见光波段, 尤其在阴天, 这是由于两波段对分子及气溶胶散射的敏感性不同造成的; 以可见光波段的反演结果为标准, 对紫外波段的反演结果进行系统订正, 订正后的各组数据一致性非常好, 满足卫星大气成分NO₂柱浓度遥感产品不同地基验证站点数据稳定、一致的要求. 关键词： MAX-DOAS 2')" href="#">NO₂ 斜柱浓度 比对试验     

Simultaneous Observation of NO2 Column Density and Aerosol Optical Thickness in Urban Atmosphere

Ground-based, optical monitoring of the NO₂ column density and aerosol optical thickness is described. The instrument consists of a solar radiation spectrometer and a conventional sunphotometer, both mounted on a sun-tracker and operated automatically. From daytime measurements in Chiba during the winter of 1998, variations of NO₂ and aerosol are analyzed. Because of the capability of simultaneous, real time measurement, this method is particularly suitable for air pollution studies in city areas.     

Vertically constrained CO2 retrievals from TCCON measurements

Partial column-averaged carbon dioxide (CO₂) mixing ratio in three tropospheric layers has been retrieved from Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) spectra in the 1.6 μm CO₂ absorption band. Information analysis suggests that a measurement with ～60 absorption lines provides three or more pieces of independent information, depending on the signal-to-noise ratio and solar zenith angle. This has been confirmed by retrievals based on synthetic data. Realistic retrievals for both total and partial column-averaged CO₂ over Park Falls, Wisconsin on July 12, 15, and August 14, 2004, agree with aircraft measurements. Furthermore, the retrieved total column averages are always underestimated by less than 1%. The results above provide a basis for CO₂ profile retrievals using ground-based observations in the near-infrared region.     

激光在准球形边界卷云中传输的衰减和透过特性

高空卷云主要由各种不同形状的冰晶粒子组成,是地空链路上激光信号传输的重要影响因素。依据高空卷云中冰晶粒子的分布特征和散射特性,采用C版本的离散纵标法（CDISORT）,充分考虑地球球形曲率及云层冰晶粒子多次散射影响因素,研究准球形边界云层的激光透过率和衰减特性,并比较了太阳天顶角不同时平面平行模式和准球面模式下卷云大气激光透过率的差异,数值计算了三种激光波长（0.65,1.06和3.8 μm）在卷云中传输时的衰减和透过特性。计算结果表明：较小太阳天顶角（小于80°）入射时,两种模式下卷云大气激光透过率相对误差很小,其中0.65 μm激光波长入射时两种模式下的相对误差仅为1.72%,较大太阳天顶角（大于80°）入射时,两种模式下卷云大气激光透过率相对误差明显增大,0.65 μm激光波长入射时两种模式下的相对误差最大达到69%;卷云粒子单次散射时,激光在云层的衰减与卷云粒子有效半径、传输距离、光学厚度及激光波长等因素有关,随光学厚度的增加,云层的激光透过率减少,1.06 μm激光波长入射时透过率最大,3.8 μm激光波长入射时透过率最小;0.65和1.06 μm激光波长入射时,随云层粒子有效半径的增加激光透过率逐渐增加,而3.8 μm波长激光,随云层粒子有效半径的增加激光透过率逐渐减少,随相对方位角的增加,云层的激光透过率减少,且不同卷云传输模型对激光透过率也存在不同的影响。该研究工作将为开展地空链路星载、机载激光通信、激光雷达探测等工程系统中的激光信号云层传输特性的应用提供理论支持,同时也可进一步拓展为地空链路激光遥感、制导和预警等应用提供预先理论研究基础。