Ultrasonically aided mineral processing technique for remediation of soil contaminated by heavy metals

In this study, power ultrasound was used as aiding method for the mineral processing technique, which have recently been developed for the remediation of soil contaminated by heavy metal containing bullets, their broken parts and alteration products. Power ultrasound was used to disperse the soil to remove metals and metal compounds from soil particle surfaces instead of attrition conditioning. The soil diluted with water was treated using 22 kHz ultrasound power of 100 W up to 500 W. The effect of different ultrasonic treatment time and pulsation of ultrasound were studied on the purity of sink and float fractions in heavy medium separation process, screen fractions, and mineral concentrates and tailings from flotation process. Ultrasound enhanced the remediation of soil fractions in all the studied cases. Optimisation of the ultrasonic power will be done in the continuation study.     

Ultrasound-assisted soil washing processes for the remediation of heavy metals contaminated soils: The mechanism of the ultrasonic desorption

Ultrasound-assisted soil washing processes were investigated for the removal of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, and Zn) in real contaminated soils using HCl and EDTA. The ultrasound-assisted soil washing (US/Mixing) process was compared with the conventional soil washing (Mixing) process based on the mechanical mixing. High removal efficiency (44.8% for HCl and 43.2% for EDTA) for the metals was obtained for the most extreme conditions (HCl 1.0 M or EDTA 0.1 M and L:S = 10:1) in the Mixing process. With the aide of ultrasound, higher removal efficiency (57.9% for HCl and 50.0% for EDTA) was obtained in the same extreme conditions and similar or higher removal efficiency (e.g., 54.7% for HCl 0.5 M and L:S = 10:1 and 50.5% for EDTA 0.05 M and L:S = 5:1) was achieved even in less extreme conditions (lower HCl or EDTA concentration and L:S ratio). Therefore, it was revealed that the US/Mixing was advantageous over the conventional Mixing processes in terms of metal removal efficiency, consumption of chemicals, amount of generated washing leachate, and volume/size of washing reactor. In addition, the heavy metals removal was enhanced for the smaller soil particles in the US/Mixing process. It was due to more violent movement of smaller particles in slurry phase and more violent sonophysical effects. In order to understand the mechanism of ultrasonic desorption, the desorption test was conducted using the paint-coated beads with three sizes (1, 2, and 4 mm) for the free and attached conditions. It was found that no significant desorption/removal of paint from the beads was observed without the movement of beads in the water including floatation, collision, and scrubbing. Thus, it was suggested that the simultaneous application of the ultrasound and mechanical mixing could enhance the physical movement of the particles significantly and the very high removal/desorption could be attained.     

基于傅里叶红外光谱的钢渣微粉修复重金属污染土壤效果软测量模型

以转炉钢渣作为固化稳定化药剂,采用toxicity characteristic leaching procedure(TCLP)方法与傅里叶红外光谱跟踪检测钢渣微粉对重金属土壤修复效果,以及混合物(钢渣微粉与重金属污染土壤)的微观结构。建立基于高斯过程回归的钢渣微粉对重金属污染土壤修复效果软测量模型。结果表明,钢渣微粉对重金属污染土壤具有较好的修复效果,180 d内修复效果均保持在90%以上;修复过程分为前期、中期与后期,其中前期(1~3 d)环境碱性较高,修复方式以离子交换为主,中期(7~42 d)离子交换作用减弱和凝胶固化作用增强,后期(56~180 d)形成大量C—S—H凝胶,凝胶固化作用进一步增强;基于高斯过程回归的钢渣微粉对重金属污染土壤修复效果软测量模型的真实值与预测值数据吻合较好,绝对误差为-1.35~-0.48,相对误差为-1.448%~-0.497%。     

Effective removal of organics from Bayer liquor through combined sonolysis and ozonation: Kinetics and mechanism

The presence of organic compounds in the waste liquor is of serious environmental concern that has plagued the development of alumina industry (Bayer Process). The present work attempts to develop a green and efficient process for removal of organics utilizing combined effect of sonolysis and ozonation (US/O₃). The effects of reaction duration, ozone concentration and ultrasonic power are assessed for sonolysis (US), ozonation (O₃) and combination of sonolysis and ozonation (US/O₃). The optimal conditions for US/O₃ treatment system is identified to be a reaction duration of 7 h, ozone concentration of 7.65 g/h, and ultrasonic power of 600 W. The total organic carbon (TOC) removal and decolorization are 60.13% and 87.1%, respectively. The process can be scaled-up to industrial scale, which could potentially serve to be a convenient, safe and sustainable alternative to the exisiting treatment technologies. Additionally, the treated waste water can be reused contributing to an improvement in the overall economics.     

黄土区金盏菊幼苗对Pb/Cd次生非生物胁迫响应的红外光谱研究

植物修复法是重金属污染场地修复的重要手段,这种"绿色修复技术"得到了学者们的广泛关注和期待。在重金属胁迫条件下,植物自身会出现相应的响应反映,进而逐渐适应并有效减缓重金属的直接毒害作用。这种微尺度的调控行为往往多维度和不可见,需要借助精密仪器分析技术加以剖析。现阶段,相关方面的研究还略显欠缺。以黄土修复植物金盏菊幼苗为研究对象,分析Pb/Cd复合胁迫对其表观形貌的影响,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)识别其地下和地上部分样本的官能团性质,初步推断金盏菊对Pb/Cd胁迫的响应途径和耐受机制。研究表明:随着Pb/Cd胁迫程度的加剧,金盏菊根冠弯曲萎缩,根毛数量明显减少,而其地上部分形貌差异很小。Pb/Cd胁迫对金盏菊幼苗地下和地上部分的FTIR图谱影响较大:3 573cm~(-1)附近的—OH峰强减弱且发生移动,随着Pb/Cd胁迫浓度的增加,峰形更趋复杂化;这表明Pb/Cd与—OH间存在配位结合效应,Pb/Cd胁迫干扰了有机物的合成和分泌。饱和C—H振动峰整体红移,可能与细胞膜的膜脂氧化程度有关。1 631和1 574 cm~(-1)处吸收峰强下降,说明与之关联的蛋白质组分特性可能有异。1 385 cm~(-1)处峰位有所偏移,推测金盏菊通过改变果胶质和油脂的甲基化程度,完成细胞组织对Pb/Cd胁迫的"直接排斥→逐步适应→增强抗逆性"的过程转变。FTIR对于识别土壤重金属的植物修复机制具有重要指导意义。     

ICP-MS研究黄河河曲段表层沉积物对Pb(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附-解吸特性

表层沉积物易于富集和释放水中重金属,是污染水体中重金属的源和汇,研究表明黄河河曲段水体中Pb和Cr重金属污染严重。以电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)为检测手段,研究了在优化实验条件下,黄河河曲段表层沉积物对Pb(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性和解吸特性。结果表明：黄河河曲段沉积物对Pb(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)具有较强的吸附作用,在吸附初始5 min时吸附率均达到98%以上,且是自发的吸热过程(ΔG<0,ΔH>0)。动力学实验显示,两种离子的吸附过程均符合准二级吸附动力学。等温吸附方程拟合发现,Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附符合Langmuir模型,而Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附符合Freundlich模型。解吸过程符合Elovich方程,且受pH的影响较大。Pb(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)二元体系竞争效应研究表明,Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附率大于Cr(Ⅵ),且均低于单离子吸附率。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和孔径及比表面积分析显示,黄河河曲段表层沉积物表面结构不规则,且具有相对较高比表面积。该研究揭示了Pb(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)在黄河河曲段沉积物上的吸附-解吸行为,对评估沉积物污染风险和污染修复、掌握重金属离子与沉积物之间的作用机理具有一定指导意义。     

Customizable Biopolymers for Heavy Metal Remediation

Nanoscale materials have been gaining increasing interest in the area of environmental remediation because of their unique physical, chemical and biological properties. One emerging area of research has been the development of novel materials with increased affinity, capacity, and selectivity for heavy metals because conventional technologies are often inadequate to reduce concentrations in wastewater to acceptable regulatory standards. Genetic and protein engineering have emerged as the latest tools for the construction of nanoscale materials that can be controlled precisely at the molecular level. With the advent of recombinant DNA techniques, it is now possible to create ‘artificial’ protein polymers with fundamentally new molecular organization. The most significant feature of these nanoscale biopolymers is that they are specifically pre-programmed within a synthetic gene template and can be controlled precisely in terms of sizes, compositions and functions at the molecular level. In this review, the use of specifically designed protein-based nano-biomaterials with both metal-binding and tunable properties for heavy metal removal is summarized. Several different strategies for the selective removal of heavy metals such as cadmium and mercury are highlighted.     

利用荷花与睡莲对沉积物中重金属的修复研究

选取水景植物荷花、睡莲对黑臭河道沉积物中重金属进行修复,用ICP-AES全谱直读电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定沉积物、植物中重金属镉、铬、铜、镍、铅的总量与形态的量,重金属在植物中分布。结果表明：荷花对沉积物中重金属平均去除率为20.42%,睡莲为18.23%;睡莲、荷花种植后沉积物重金属形态的量呈减小趋势,经植物修复后沉积物中铬、铅、镍的主要形态为残渣态,镉、铜的主要形态为弱酸溶解态。铜、镍在睡莲中的分布特征为茎<叶<根,镉和铅为叶<茎<根,铬为茎<根<叶。铬、镍在荷花中分布为根<叶<茎, 铜为叶<根<茎,镉、铅主要积累在荷花的叶部组织。     

Comparison of energy consumptions between ultrasonic, mechanical, and combined soil washing processes

Vigorous physical effects including micro-jet and micro-streaming can be induced in heterogeneous systems by acoustic cavitation. This can be useful for the removal of pollutants from contaminated soil particles. In this study, the diesel removal efficiencies in ultrasonic, mechanical, and combined soil washing processes have been compared considering the electrical energy consumptions for these processes. The combined process showed synergistic effects for both removal efficiency and effective volume also has the advantage of a short operation time compared to the sequential processes. Thus the ultrasonic soil washing process with mechanical mixing is considered a promising technology for industrial use.     

Degradation of azo dye Acid black 1 using low concentration iron of Fenton process facilitated by ultrasonic irradiation

A combination of ultrasonic and low concentration iron (<3 mgL(-1)) of Fenton process (US/Fenton) has been used to treat wastewater containing Acid black 1 (AB1). The results show that the oxidation power of low concentration iron of Fenton could be significantly enhanced by ultrasonic irradiation. The degradation of AB1 in aqueous solution by US/Fenton can receive better results compared with either Fenton oxidation or ultrasonic alone. Many operational parameters, such as ultrasonic power density, the pH value, the Fe(2+) dosage, the H(2)O(2) dosage, AB1 concentration and the temperature, affecting the degradation efficiency were investigated. Also, the effects of various inorganic anions (such as Cl(-), NO(3)(-), CO(3)(2-), etc.) on the oxidation efficiency of US/Fenton were studied. Under the given test conditions, 98.83% degradation efficiency was achieved after 30 min reaction by US/Fenton. The effect of various inorganic anions was in the following decreasing order: SO(3)(2-)>CH(3)COO(-)>Cl(-)>CO(3)(2-)>HCO(3)(-)>SO(4)(2-)>NO(3)(-). The results show that the US/Fenton can be an effective technology for the treatment of organic dyes in wastewater.     

复合污染黄土异位柱淋洗淋溶组分的光谱特性研究

土壤污染已成为威胁全球人类生存的重大战略性问题。据统计,中国至少有1/5的耕地受到重金属污染,总面积达2 000万ha。由土壤污染引发的食品安全问题、人类健康问题、生态环境问题愈演愈烈,污染程度有逐年加重的趋势。及时有效地治理污染土壤已成为学者们关注的重点。化学淋洗法是较为有效的污染土壤修复方法,但土壤淋洗过程组分流失现象不可忽视,因为这可能在去除土壤污染物的同时,导致土壤肥力下降、理化属性改变或土壤生态功能的彻底丧失。土壤淋洗过程淋溶组分的光谱特性研究,可以为污染场地修复工程提供决策参考,对于恢复土壤生态功能具有重要的指导意义,但目前来看这方面的研究还略显欠缺。本研究以乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)为淋洗液,通过异位柱淋洗实验研究铅/镉复合污染黄土淋洗过程中的组分淋失特性,主要包括黄土盐基离子、黄土养分、粘土矿物和有机质。借助X射线衍射(XRD) 和扫描电镜 (SEM) 分析淋洗过程对黄土粘土矿物的影响,同时跟踪识别淋洗液中可溶性有机质 (DOM) 的三维荧光光谱 (3D-EEM) 特性。研究表明：EDTA对污染黄土的淋洗过程能够造成组分淋失。淋洗过程结束的240 min时,EDTA对铅和镉最终淋洗率分别为49.86%和62.25%。盐基离子中的Na离子和黄土养分中的硝态氮最易淋失,淋洗过程对黄土粘土矿物的影响基本可以忽略。反应前期(10 min) 淋洗液中最先出现的是类富里酸类物质(E_ex/em=240～250/320～340, E_ex/em=260～290/450~470);到淋洗中期 (60 min) 类胡敏酸类物质荧光峰(E_ex/em=290~320/430~490) 开始出现,同时类富里酸荧光峰(E_ex/em=240/320)有减弱趋势;反应后期(120和240 min) 荧光峰强度均明显降低,这反映了淋洗液中荧光组分组成特性差异。光谱联用技术可以有效表征污染黄土淋洗过程淋失组分特性差异。     

Removal of pesticide residues from fresh vegetables by the coupled free chlorine/ultrasound process

Pesticide residue in vegetables has been considered as a serious food safety problem across the whole world. This study investigates a novel advanced oxidation process (AOP), namely the coupled free chlorine/ultrasound (FC/US) process for the removal of three typical pesticides from lettuce. The removal efficiencies of dimethoate (DMT), trichlorfon (TCF) and carbofuran (CBF) from lettuce reached 86.7%, 79.8% and 71.3%, respectively by the FC/US process. There existed a synergistic effect in the coupled FC/US process for pesticide removal and the synergistic factors reached 22.3%, 19.0% and 36.4% for DMT, TCF and CBF, respectively. Based on the analysis of mass balance of pesticides, the synergistic effect was probably attributed to the efficient oxidation of pesticides both in vegetables and in water by the generated free radicals and FC. The surface area and surface structure of vegetables strongly affected the removal of pesticides by FC/US. The removal efficiency of DMT increased from 80.9% to 88.1% as solution pH increased from 5.0 to 8.0, and then decreased to 84.1% when solution pH further increased to 9.0. When the ultrasonic frequency changed from 20 to 40 kHz, a remarkable improvement in pesticide removal by FC/US was observed. As the FC concentration increased from 0 to 15 mg L^–l, the removal efficiencies of pesticides increased firstly, and then became stagnant when the FC concentration further increased to 25 mg L^–l. The pesticide degradation pathways based on the identified intermediates were proposed. The total chlorophyll content was reduced by less than 5% after the FC/US process, indicating a negligible damage to the quality of vegetables. It suggests that the FC/US process is a promising AOP for pesticides removal from vegetables.     

HR-ICP-MS研究黄河三个连续区域段表层沉积物中重金属污染的空间分布和季节变化

采用高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱(HR-ICP-MS) 和地积累指数法(I_geo) 对黄河甘肃、宁夏和内蒙古自治区连续三段表层沉积物中重金属(Cr,Pb,Cd,Cu,Zn 和 Ni)的空间分布和季节性波动(丰水期、枯水期和平水期) 以及污染状况进行系统研究分析,研究结果表明：内蒙古段三个季节中沉积物重金属含量都高于甘肃和宁夏段,同时,除Cd外,丰水期所有点的沉积物重金属含量都高于枯水期和平水期,而枯水期和平水期的重金属含量相近。I_geo结果显示丰、枯水期的Cd,Cu和Cr元素的I_geo值在内蒙古段最高,而在甘肃段最低;所有重金属的I_geo值在丰水期高于枯水期,除Cd外,都在平水期降低,而ICd_geo在平水期各采样点明显上升;丰水期的甘肃段、枯水期的甘肃和宁夏段以及平水期的所有采样点中的Pb,Zn和Ni的I_geo值都小于0,表明这些元素在这些点几乎无污染。就研究区域而言,内蒙古段的重金属含量以及生态风险最高,Cr,Cd和Cu是最具有潜在风险的三个元素;就研究季节而言,丰水期的重金属含量和潜在风险高于枯水期和平水期,可能是跟丰水期沉积物的pH和总有机碳(TOC)含量较高有关。相关性分析(CCA)用来探究重金属与pH/TOC间的关系以及重金属的潜在来源。CCA的结果表明Pb,Cu,Zn和Ni互相相关,并且这四种元素容易受到周围环境pH和TOC的影响,除此之外,Cr,Cd以及TOC 三者相关,且这两种元素受到人类活动影响较严重。该研究工作可为研究区域表层沉积物重金属在不同季节的环境行为提供有效的信息,同时,研究重金属、pH和TOC之间的相关性可有效揭示重金属的潜在来源。     

Sonochemical degradation of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances – A review

Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have received considerable attention from environmental scientists and engineers because of their stability and widespread. Sonochemical process has been widely used in the environmental field to remove pollutants due to its advantages in terms of operational simplicity, no secondary pollutant formation and safety. Currently, many studies have reported sonochemical degradation of various PFAS in laboratory settings and showed excellent removal potential. This article reviewed the effects of different power densities, ultrasonic frequencies, temperatures, atmosphere conditions, additives, and initial concentration and chemical properties of PFAS on the sonochemical degradation of PFAS. Sonochemical methods combined with conventional techniques for PFAS removal were elaborated as well. Additionally, this article discussed the challenges and prospects of using sonochemical approaches for PFAS remediation.     

矿业废弃地重构土壤重金属含量高光谱反演

矿产资源对工业和国民经济的发展有重要的作用,但是随着矿业开采规模的扩大,资源枯竭、经营不善而形成的矿业废弃地越来越多。由于长时间受到采矿的影响,矿业废弃地土壤中存在大量的重金属元素,高浓度重金属可能会对环境和人体产生影响。土地复垦是整治污染、退化土壤再利用的重要方法,对重构后的土壤进行重金属含量检测是衡量土地复垦成效的重要指标,需要长期进行跟踪监测。传统的化学检测方法效率低、成本高、无法实现重金属大范围检测。高光谱是一种新兴的、发展潜力巨大的技术,在环境保护,资源利用,区域可持续发展等方面有着广泛的应用。经过近几十年的快速发展,仪器精度逐渐提高,检测方法逐渐成熟,为实现土壤重金属高效、便捷检测提供了可能。正常土壤重金属含量一般相对较低,采用光谱测量重金属含量较为困难,但铁矿开采区矿业废弃地由于土壤中的铁元素较多,会使土壤中的重金属的存在和聚集形式发生变化,影响重金属对光谱的响应,从而使土壤光谱反射率与重金属含量之间关系更加明显。以湖北省大冶市复垦矿区研究区,采样化学检测方法获取土壤重金属（As,Cr,Zn）含量;借助于美国ASD公司生产的FieldSpec4地物光谱仪（350～2 500 nm）获取土壤反射率,应用一阶微分、倒数对数、连续统去除法分别对反射率曲线进行预处理,提取出光谱特征波段,分析三种重金属元素与光谱特征间的相关性并建立逐步回归模型。研究表明,光谱数据预处理可使光谱特征波段更加明显,其中一阶微分和连续统去除法的效果最为明显。3种重金属元素的特征波段为495,545,675,995,1 425,1 505,1 935,2 165,2 205,2 275和2 355 nm。将土壤重金属含量与光谱特征波段之间做相关性分析,三种重金属都表现出了与光谱曲线的相关性,相关系数大部分都达到了0.5以上,最大相关系数为0.663,由于重金属种类和预处理方式的不同会导致相关性系数存在明显的差异。利用与土壤重金属相关性最大的特征波段建立三种重金属反演模型,并以反演模型r大小选择每种重金属的最优反演模型。由于重金属种类的不同,模型的选择也有差异,Cr和Zn一阶微分逐步回归为最佳反演模型,重金属As连续统去除法逐步回归为最佳反演模型。通过检验,三种重金属中Cr反演效果最好,RMSE为2.67,其次是Zn和As。对比当前不同检测手段可知,基于土样和光谱数据预处理的土壤重金属含量地物光谱仪高光谱反演是比较理想的。可为矿业废弃地土壤重金属高光谱反演提供参考。     

Sonochemically enhanced adsorption and degradation of methyl orange with activated aluminas

Removal of Methyl orange (MO), as a model contaminants, in aqueous solution by the simultaneous application of ultrasound with the addition of porous adsorbent powders is reported. Activated alumina powders in acidic form were used as an adsorbent. Results showed that MO could be degraded by ultrasonic irradiation at 130 kHz with the first order rate constant of 8x10(-4) and 5x10(-4) sec(-1), in acidic and basic conditions, respectively, without adsorbents. Adsorption rates of MO by activated alumina mainly depended on the acidity of alumina, the pH of solution and the stirring speed. At pH=4.2 with mechanical stirring without ultrasonic radiation, acidic activated alumina (0.1 g/100 ml) removed MO at about two times more rapidly than ultrasonic irradiation. In the case of simultaneous application of ultrasound irradiation and activated alumina, MO was almost removed from the solution within 10 min, which corresponded to as a rate constant of 5x10(-3) sec(-1). This kind of synergistic enhancement of removal rate with ultrasound and adsorbents should be practically useful for the elimination of contaminants in the water treatment processes. In addition, the effects of pH and coexisting chemicals in the solution were examined for the processes. Although the adsorption process was effective in some selected conditions, ultrasonic degradation was more robust in wider range of pH and coexisting chemicals. Simultaneous application of the two processes can perform complementary.     

Elimination of cephalexin and doxycycline under low frequency ultrasound

Cephalexin (CPX) and doxycycline (DOX) are two of the most used antibiotics to treat bacterial infections in human medicine, veterinary practices, animal husbandry, agriculture, aquaculture, among others. Nevertheless, due to their excessive consumption and incomplete absorption during their metabolization, they have been detected in different environmental matrices and the effluents of wastewater treatment plants, which reflects that conventional water treatment methods are not enough to eliminate this type of compounds. This paper presents the main results about the removal of the antibiotics CPX and DOX under low frequency (40 kHz) ultrasonic radiation (US). The effects of operational parameters such as the solution initial pH and the applied US power were assessed considering the response surface methodology and a face centered, central composite experimental design. The results indicated that evaluated operational factors significantly affect the pollutants elimination and that US technology is able to remove them completely. In addition, in terms of mineralization, experimental results showed a reduction of the organic carbon present in the solutions and a significant increase of ions (nitrates and sulfates) concentration, suggesting that part of the organic matter was transformed into CO₂, H₂O and inorganic species. Finally, results regarding the samples toxicity indicated that ultrasonic treatment could promote a significant reduction in this parameter, and the potential negative effect associated to CPX and DOX presence in water bodies.     

Intensified removal of copper from waste water using activated watermelon based biosorbent in the presence of ultrasound

Copper is one of the most toxic heavy metals having significant effects on the living organisms and hence effective removal of copper from waste water is crucial. The current work investigates the application of activated watermelon shell based biosorbent for the removal of copper from aqueous solution. The effect of activation using calcium hydroxide and citric acid as well as the effect of operating parameters like contact time, adsorbent dosage, temperature, pH, initial concentration and ultrasonic power on the extent of removal has been investigated. Experiments performed in the presence of ultrasound to investigate the degree of intensification as compared to the conventional agitation based treatment revealed that the adsorption rate significantly increases in the presence of ultrasound and also the time required for reaching the equilibrium reduces from 60 min in conventional approach to only 20 min in the presence of ultrasound. The extent of adsorption of Cu(II) on adsorbents was found to increase with an increase in the operating pH till an optimum value of 5. The extent of adsorption also increased with a decrease in the initial concentration and particle size as well as with an increase in ultrasonic power till an optimum. Kinetics and isotherm study revealed that all the experimental data was found to best fit the pseudo second order kinetics and Langmuir adsorption isotherm model respectively. Maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 31.25 mg/g for watermelon treated with calcium hydroxide and 27.027 mg/g for watermelon treated with citric acid. Overall present study established that activated watermelon is an environmentally friendly, low cost and highly efficient biosorbent that can be successfully applied for the removal of copper from aqueous solution with intensification benefits based on the ultrasound assisted approach.     

罗布泊“大耳朵”地区L07-11剖面沉积物重金属赋存形态研究

罗布泊“大耳朵”地区具有典型的干盐湖特征,研究该地区重金属形态分布特征,对丰富干盐湖重金属地球环境化学资料具有重要意义。首次以罗布泊“大耳朵”地区L07-11剖面沉积物中重金属Cd,Pb,Ni,Cu为研究对象,利用Tessier连续提取法对沉积物中重金属Cd,Pb,Ni,Cu的五种赋存形态进行提取,并用火焰(AAS-990)原子吸收分光光度法和石墨炉(GF-990)原子吸收分光光度法对其进行检测,并做了相关性分析。结果表明：L07-11剖面沉积物中Cd浓度的变化范围在1.10～2.54 mg·kg-1;Pb浓度的变化范围在9.18～20.02 mg·kg-1;Ni浓度的变化范围在9.88～17.15 mg·kg-1;Cu浓度的变化范围在4.43～21.11 mg·kg-1;有机质的变化范围在8.71～54.72 g·kg-1。这四种重金属的生物有效态占各重金属总含量的比例大小顺序为: Cd＞Pb＞Cu＞Ni,其中Pb和Cd主要以可交换态(包括水溶态)形式存在;Ni主要以残渣态形式存在;Cu以铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态存在的比例较大。表层沉积物中四种重金属的有效态含量均超过了80%,除重金属Cu外,其余3种重金属可交换态含量均超过60%。重金属Cd和Pb具有较高的二次释放潜力,各重金属与沉积物中有机质之间存在一定的相关性。结果揭示了罗布泊“大耳朵”地区L07-11剖面沉积物中重金属Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu各赋存形态的分布特征,为了解该地区Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu的地球化学特征及分布状况提供了基础资料。     

基于不同化学计量学方法的土壤重金属激光诱导击穿光谱定量分析研究

工业的发展及城市化进程的深入,造成大量耕地土壤遭受重金属污染,土壤重金属元素的准确检测对制定土壤重金属防治决策提供有效参考。本研究应用激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)结合化学计量学方法对土壤中的铅(Pb)和镉(Cd)元素进行定量分析。根据土壤重金属污染的不同程度,人为制作了含有Pb和Cd元素的15个浓度梯度的土壤样本,并采集各个样本的LIBS谱线。采用剔除异常光谱和数据归一化来减少试验误差和噪声。综合土壤LIBS发射谱线中Pb和Cd元素谱峰信息以及美国国家标准与技术研究院(NIST)的标准原子光谱数据库,选取了Pb,Cd元素的分析谱线与分析谱线区间,对比分析基于多元线性回归(MLR)、偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)、最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)和反向传播人工神经网络(BP-ANN)算法,建立分析谱线区间与对应Pb和Cd元素浓度之间的定量回归模型。结果表明,非线性的LS-SVM和BP-ANN的模型的预测性能优于线性MLR和PLSR模型,这可能是因为非线性模型能够通过自适应较好地解决土壤基体效应的影响。研究表明,LIBS技术结合多元化学计量学方法能够为土壤重金属准确检测提供新的分析手段,为制定农业土壤重金属防治决策提供有效的理论基础。