A Color Appearance Model Applicable in Mesopic Vision

We propose a color vision model that can be used to predict color appearance in mesopic vision as well as photopic and scotopic vision. It is based on a two-stage model which consists of the cone and opponent stages and it assumes rod intrusion at the opponent stage. The model has the following features to describe the color appearance in mesopic vision. First, it includes a gradual and nonlinear shift in spectral luminous efficiency from V (LD) to V (LD) to cope with the spectral sensitivity difference between photopic and scotopic vision and the nonlinearity of rod influence on the luminance channel. Second, the model assumes decrease of the chromatic component with decreasing illuminance to explain the reduction of saturation at low illuminance levels. Third, it assumes that red/green and yellow/blue components change with illuminance levels independently, thus explaining hue shifts with decreasing illuminance. We applied the model for color appearance simulation of natural scenes in a mesopic visual environment.     

Color Zone Map in Peripheral Vision at Various Illuminance Levels

We measured the entire region of mesopic and photopic vision to determine the color zone covering the visual field with unique red, yellow, green, and blue hue components. Eight kinds of test stimuli in the natural color system (NCS) color notation system were used. These stimuli were presented at horizontal and vertical meridians, and at meridians inclined at 45° angles. The illuminance level was set at six levels: 0.01 lx-1000 lx. The evaluation method measured chromatic, white, and black components as well as the hue component of the stimuli. Results show that the color zone of the retina extended further into the periphery with increasing illuminance; the response of opponent colors y-b was shown to be greater than that of the opponent colors r-g.     

复杂显示中诱导域彩度对目标色貌的影响

用双目不对称匹配法测试了在复杂显示中目标色貌与其周围诱导域彩度的关系。结果表明：当保持目标与周围的色调相同且亮度不变,只改变诱导域的彩度时,色诱导引起的目标色觉位移的大小随诱导域彩度的增加而增加,色觉位移的方向大多数不随诱导域彩度改变,基本指向该色调彩度降低的方向。     

基于色貌的跨媒体颜色复制

介绍了一种基于视觉匹配的跨媒体颜色复制方法。通过视觉匹配将一个环境下的一些色貌因素"映射"到另一个环境,是一种基于色貌的CRT特性化方法。该方法复制的22个Munsell色卡的平均视觉评价为6分制的5.17分。其中,红色调的复制色块视觉评价较好,蓝色调或蓝色占有较大比例的复制色块误差较大。sRGB作为目前流行的用于颜色通讯的标准色空间,在实验中也进行了比较。实验证明这种基于视觉匹配的特性化方法,已经包含了一些色貌因素,可以满足一般的应用要求,有着广泛的应用前景。     

颜色视觉匹配中显示器颜色色差阈值的评价

为了对阴极射线管(Cathode ray tube,CRT)显示器颜色恰可辨别的小色差阈值进行评价,在中性灰背景下,用编制的颜色匹配程序,在CRT显示器上随机产生颜色,分别调节程序中R、G、B通道的值,使匹配色与随机色达到视觉上的一致,进行颜色视觉匹配实验,测量CRT显示器上随机色和匹配色的L*a*b*值.用不同的色差公式对实验数据分别从明度、色调、饱和度进行比较分析,色差公式评价小色差的性能是CIEDE2000优于CMC(2∶1)和CIEL*a*b*.在a*b*图上绘制实验颜色恰可辨别图.不同色差公式计算的CRT显示器恰可辨别小色差阈值不同.     

基于模式识别技术的色貌模型评价研究

选用Munsell新标数据集,采用基于模式识别技术的圆度、色相角偏差、明度线性度与空间投影点聚集度四个指标来分别评价目前八个典型色貌模型在彩度均匀性、色相预测准确性、明度均匀性、颜色的空间再现的能力。结果表明,不同的色貌模型在四个方面的颜色再现性上表现出不同的优势。八个色貌模型对彩度预测最好的是RLAB,每个色貌模型对红色和绿色预测比较好,CAM02在色相预测整体上占优势;明度的均匀性预测都比较好,尤其是CIELAB;LLAB的颜色的空间再现能力最好。     

CIELAB与CIECAM02色空间均匀性比较研究

采用均匀色空间Munsell系统检验和验证了CIELAB和色貌模型CIECAM02色空间的均匀性。利用Mun- sell色卡所对应的三刺激值X,Y,Z作为模型的输入值,预测色空间模型的明度、彩度和色调,并通过预测结果比较和检验了CIELAB色空间和CIECAM02模型色空间的均匀性。研究表明:在预测明度方面,两个色空间的结果相似;在预测彩度时,CIECAM02模型较好于CIELAB色空间;在预测色调时,当色调逐渐从BG变化到B时,CIELAB所预测的色调角与由Munsell色空间计算出来的色调角之差逐渐增大,最大时超过6%,而CIECAM02所预测的色调角与Munsell色空间的色调角之差在2.5%以内,CIECAM02优于CIELAB色空间。     

基于人眼视觉特性的LED照明技术

介绍了人眼的视觉特性和中间视觉的特点,提出通过选择合适的s／p值LED可提高中间视觉下LED照明的光效,并结合基于人眼视觉转换特性的动态调节技术和LED背光源照明技术,实现了真正意义的节能、舒适、人性化的LED照明。     

基于视觉功效法的公路照明光源性能分析

中间视觉条件下人眼光谱效率函数表现为一系列的曲线,其峰值波长和强度受光源光谱、背景亮度等多方面的影响,光源对照明视认性的影响无法通过单一的光学参量进行表征。试验以视认反应时间作为评价指标,应用视觉功效法测试了不同速度条件下,人眼在不同照明环境中的视认性能,所选择光源包括高压钠灯、无极荧光灯和三种色温的白光LED,光源色温范围1 958~5 537 K,背景亮度取值针对公路隧道基本段照明和一般室外道路照明,范围为1~5 cd·m-2,均在人眼中间视觉亮度范围内。统计试验结果显示：在相同速度、亮度条件下,高色温光源对应的视认反应时间小于低色温光源;相同亮度条件下高速视标对应的反应时间小于低速视标,但测试截止时刻,低速视标在观察者视场内的张角较高速视标更大。应用MOVE模型计算得到测试光源所形成不同发射光谱、不同背景亮度条件下的人眼中间视觉等效亮度,与明视觉亮度测试结果比较,中间视觉等效亮度对应的反应时间曲线标准差系数CV更小,显示中间视觉条件下不同光源等效亮度与明视觉亮度的差异是造成视认性差异的原因之一,由于白光LED光源的GaN芯片发射光谱峰值与中间视觉光谱效率函数的峰值波长较为接近,高色温白光LED的照明视认效果优于低色温白光LED和无极荧光灯,峰值位于Na+特征谱线附近的高压钠灯照明视认效果较差。     

低光泽度印刷色谱色貌数据组的建立与评价

色貌预测是现代颜色科学领域的基本理论和技术。为了评价低光泽度彩色印刷色谱的色貌,以丽印胶版纸印制的彩色印刷色谱为研究对象,根据颜色科学和心理物理学相关实验,建立其色貌参数样本数据组。采用相对系数R2和差异系数CV等数理统计方法,评价这种印刷色谱中Y-M内页在三种不同的照明光源下色貌的视觉评估结果。实验数据分析表明,在D65、A和TL84三种光源中,人眼在A光源下对颜色的识别能力明显不同于D65和TL84光源;同样在这三种光源中人眼对明度和色调的评估准确度最高,彩度最差。     

Lightness and chroma enhancement for food images considering Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect

The color appearance of a food image is very important for making it look delicious. Many food images acquired in low illumination environments do not give delicious impressions because of the deterioration of their color appearance. We propose an image enhancement method to improve the color appearance of a food image acquired in a low illumination environment. In the proposed method, the lightness of each pixel is first enhanced within a color gamut on an equal hue plane in the CIELAB color space. The boundary of the color gamut is given by a lookup table calculated in advance. Then, when the hue of the pixel is attributed to foods, the chroma is enhanced within the color gamut. In this case, we consider Helmholtz–Kohlrausch (H-K) effect, which indicates the relation of the hue, chroma, and lightness in human visual perception. According to H-K effect, the perceived lightness increases as the chroma is enhanced. Therefore, the perceived lightness is preserved after the chroma enhancement, so that the food image is not too enhanced. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, experiments are conducted using several food images.     

不同环境参数下CIECAM02的跨媒体颜色复现性能

为研究CIECAM02三种环境参数(dark,dim,average)在三种相应照明环境下的跨媒体颜色复现性能,基于记忆匹配和成对比较的心理物理学实验方法,在灯箱照明打印样本与Dark,Dim,Average三种不同环境照明条件下液晶显示器显示色样之间进行了跨媒体颜色复现实验。实验数据分析表明,采用dim环境参数在三种照明条件下都能达到较优的颜色复现性能,而dark和average参数性能与测试颜色的明度和彩度存在一定相关性,较暗色样在Dark条件下采用dark参数设置复现良好,但在Average实验条件下采用average参数设置时性能很差;对于较亮色样的复现,dark与average参数设置在其相应实验条件下的颜色复现性能无显著差异。     

基于中国颜色体系的色差公式分析

CIE均匀颜色空间及利用色差公式对色差进行计算对彩色复制品的评价具有很关键的作用。利用中国颜色体系在视觉上为等色差系统以及色调、彩度和明度可以单独改变的特性,分别从色调、彩度、明度三方面对CIEL*a*b*、CMC(l:c)、CIE94、CIEDE2000色差公式进行了比较分析。结果表明:用各色差公式计算出的平均色差值是不同的,它们的均匀性也不同。需要针对不同的明度、彩度、色调选择使用不同的色差公式。     

Computerized Simulation and Chromatic Adaptation Experiments Based on a Model of Aged Human Lens

Color appearance seen by old people does not significantly differ from that seen by young subjects even though their ocular lens has become more yellow with age. We calculated the age-related change of lights reflected from Munsell color chips onto the retina, and derived results that show that the chromaticity values of all the color chips shifted to the yellow region of the xy-chromaticity diagram. However, a replot on the CIELAB diagram and the estimation by means of the von Kries adaptation model suggests that old people may compensate their color vision using a general chromatic adaptation process. To test this hypothesis, we conducted two experiments: a chromatic adaptation experiment and a color matching experiment to simulate D65-lights as seen by older people but using young subjects. The results indicate that chromatic adaptation does not provide a complete explanation for color compensation by older people, suggesting that an age-related change of the yellow-blue opponent color mechanism may contribute to this compensation.     

颜色视觉匹配中明度阈值的评价

为了对颜色视觉匹配中的明度阈值特性进行评价,采用在阴极射线管显示器上获得的颜色刺激,在5个不同明度的中性色背景下,标准刺激的明度L*从5到95以5个CIELAB单位为变化步长,共对19个不同明度的中性标准颜色进行视觉匹配实验。通过对实验结果的处理和分析,验证了关于颜色刺激视觉辨别明度阈值与背景明度之间相关性的韦伯法则和crispening效应,同时利用颜色视觉匹配数据对基于CIELAB的相关色差公式进行了评价和比较,CIEDE2000具有最好的明度差预测性能,CMC次之,CIELAB和CIE94最差。     

摄像机色度特性的研究

在一个由一些颜色输入输出设备组成的混合系统中,理想情况是输出设备能直接利用输入设备获得的颜色数据,即输入设备是一个标准色度观察者。考察了常用输入设备———摄像机的色度特性,从色差、亮度差、色调差、彩度差等角度计算了摄像机与标准色度观察者的差别,并对结果作出了评价。     

基于阈上小色差的色差公式权重函数研究

利用心理物理实验的恒常刺激法,测得了在CIELAB颜色空间中a*b*平面上16个颜色中心的阈上小色差(约3ΔE*ab单位)色度椭圆.基于本实验和RIT-Dupont各16个非中性色颜色中心的彩度差和色调差数据分别拟合得到相应的彩度权重函数SC_ZJU07和色调权重函数SH_ZJU07.应用获得的视觉实验数据对六个基于CIELAB的典型色差公式的彩度和色调权重函数以及SC_ZJU07和SH_ZJU07的色差预测性能进行评价,结果表明所提出的SC_ZJU07和SH_ZJU07的预测性能均为最佳.对于彩度差数据,六个色差公式彩度权重函数的预测性能表现不佳;而对于色调差数据,CIEDE2000色调权重函数的预测性能明显优于其他公式.     

中间视觉条件下光源光谱对人眼视亮度的影响

基于MOVE模型和对多种光源发射光谱的测量,计算得到不同环境亮度条件下人眼光谱效率函数的明视觉函数权重x和中间视觉等效亮度。结果表明,在中间视觉范围内,随着亮度水平的降低,人眼视觉函数曲线峰值强度逐渐加强,且向短波方向发生移动,变化幅度与光源s/p指标成反比,在环境亮度为0.5 cd·m-2的情况下,峰值强度较明视觉函数均提高30%以上。与传统的测试结果相比,荧光灯、不同色温的白光LED中间视觉等效亮度呈正增益,增益幅度达40%,而高压钠灯则呈现负增益效果;随着环境亮度的提高,增益幅度均呈减小的趋势;当达到完全由视锥细胞作用的亮度水平,等效亮度将等于明视觉亮度。该方法及结论有利于更为科学、准确的评价光源及发光材料的光谱和视亮度特性。     

基于CRT的非对称视觉匹配实验中对立色的显示方法研究

对立色是颜色科学研究中的一类特殊颜色现象,通过对其特殊匹配现象的研究,可以揭示人眼彩色视觉信息传递的规律。针对基于CRT的非对称视觉匹配实验的要求,提出了一种色调均匀分布、强度成线性变化的对立色的定义和显示方法,实现了人眼锥体细胞响应LMS与计算机彩色量化值RGB之间的高精度转换和真彩色再现。     

Impacts of appearance parameters on perceived image quality for mobile-phone displays

In order to investigate the perceived image quality (IQ) influenced by different image appearance parameters, a psychophysical experiment was carried out on two mobile-phone displays of different technologies, the in-plane switching (IPS) and the active matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED). The test images were generated within a wide range of variations by applying various manipulation methods, involving changes in several kinds of image appearance parameters, i.e. lightness, chroma, hue, and spatial frequency. The perceived attributes of naturalness, colourfulness, brightness, contrast, sharpness, clearness, preference, and overall IQ were visually assessed via categorical judgement method for several application types of test images. The impacts of the manipulation methods on individual attributes have been deeply discussed based on the interrelationships of these attributes, which reveal that the significant parameters towards better overall IQ for mobile-phone displays include high lightness, suitable chroma and lightness frequency distribution, and impartial hue, accordingly better image quality will be accomplished after all these parameters have been optimised at the same time. The achievements of this study would provide constructive instructions on achieving excellent display effects for researchers and manufactories of mobile-phone displays.