人民币汇率波动与中国进出口贸易关系的实证研究

中国进出口贸易的分析与实证,对中国经济的发展与政府相关部门政策的制定有着重要的实用意义.实证分析了人民币汇率与中国进出口贸易的关系、以及中国进口贸易与出口贸易之间的相互影响程度.选择从1994~2017年这24个年度的时间序列数据作为数据样本,基于Engle-Granger协整分析理论分析变量间的协整关系,建立回归模型;通过格兰杰因果检验,分别阐述了中国出口贸易总额Y1、中国进口贸易总额Y2、人民币汇率X变量间的因果.引入商品价格指数P,用于剔除通货膨胀带来的影响.实证分析结果表明:中国的进出口贸易总额与人民币汇率之间存在着单向的因果关系,且中国的进出口贸易总额的变化作用在人民币汇率的变化较为明显,而人民币汇率的变化作在中国的进出口贸易总额上的变化不太明显.贸易进口额变动对贸易出口额的影响结果大于贸易出口额变动对贸易进口额的影响.     

Logging damage and injured tree mortality in tropical forest management

Using insights from the forest ecology literature, we analyze the effect of injured trees on stand composition and carbon stored in above‐ground biomass and the implications for forest management decisions. Results from a Faustmann model with data for a tropical forest on Kalimantan show that up to 50% of the basal area of the stand before harvest can consist of injured trees. Considering injured trees leads to an increase in the amount of carbon in above‐ground biomass of up to 165%. These effects are larger under reduced impact logging than under conventional logging. The effects on land expectation value and cutting cycle are relatively small. The results suggest that considering injured trees in models for tropical forest management is important for the correct assessment of the potential of financial programs to store carbon and conserve forest ecosystem services in managed tropical forests, such as reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and payment for ecosystem services. Recommendations for Resource Managers

• Considering the role of injured trees is important for managing tropical forests
• These trees can cover up to 50% of basal area and contain more than 50% of the carbon stored in above‐ground biomass
• Reduced impact logging leads to a larger basal area of injured trees and more carbon stored in injured trees than conventional logging
• Injured trees play an important role when assessing the potential for carbon storage in the context of payment for forest ecosystem services.

     

人民币实际汇率变化对中国进出口影响的实证分析

人民币汇率的变化直接和间接地对我国的经济产生影响.采用面板数据来实证分析人民币实际汇率变化对中国的11个贸易伙伴的进口值和出口值的影响.     

Innovation as a policy strategy for natural resource protection

Growing global food demands place major strains on water resources, including quality impairments and increased water scarcity. Drawing on the largely separate bodies of literature on externalities and technological innovation, this article develops a dynamic framework to explore the long‐term impacts of alternative policy approaches to the agricultural impacts on water resources. Environmental policies, which focus on correcting environmental externalities, lead to an overall gain because costs to farmers are more than offset by reduced environmental damages. Technology policies, which direct public investments into agricultural eco‐innovations, lead to benefits for farmers as well as the environment. Joint implementation of both types of policies leads to the largest overall gain. In principle, a technology policy alone could have greater environmental benefits than an environmental policy alone. This outcome is most likely in cases where the productivity effect of new technology is large and the cost of research is low. Recommendations for research managers

• As an alternative to traditional environmental policy, investments in research can provide win–win solutions that benefit the environment and agricultural producers.
• Conceivably, eco‐innovations could lead to environmental conditions that are better than those achieved by environmental policy alone.
• Adding research investments to existing environmental policy would lead to further improvements in environmental quality while also benefitting farmers.
• Unlike environmental policies that are perceived to impose costs on agriculture, technology policies impart benefits to farmers and are less likely to face political opposition from industry.
• Technology policies are likely to be the most effective when eco‐innovation leads to technologies that meaningfully reduce environmental impacts and also raise farm productivity.

     

Focus on economy or ecology? A three‐dimensional trade‐off based on ecological carrying capacity in southwest China

Economic growth and human activities challenge the regional harmony of the economy and environment. Based on an evaluation of ecological carrying capacity (ECC), we have constructed a three‐dimensional trade‐off model for socially harmonious development for the Sichuan and Yunnan regions in southwest China. The results demonstrate that there is a continuous increase in socioeconomic coordination (SEC; slope > 0.23) and a change in the ECC in the study area, characterized by subtle fluctuations from 2000 through 2008. This was primarily due to the loss of resource and environment carrying capacity wiping out the profits of SEC. Significant government aid during the postdisaster reconstruction and more attention being paid to the environment in policy resulted in a faster increase in ECC (slope > 0.38) from 2008 to 2016. Based on this trade‐off model, managers could deeply understand the relationship between resources, the economy, and ecology. Summary for Managers

• Ecological environment protection is increasingly crucial in Sichuan and Yunnan regions as they feel the effects of climate change and human activities.
• The three‐dimensional trade‐off model measuring socially coordinated development is a modified multiobjective, decision‐making model.
• Based on this trade‐off model, managers could, understand the relationship between resources, the economy, and ecology.
• It can help manage our environmental assets and plan ecological conservation, to ensure that the environment maintains its capacity to serve the societal development.

     

进出口贸易对通货膨胀的影响模型分析

本文建立了进出口贸易对通货膨胀影响的半参数变系数部分线性模型,采用Profile最小二乘估计对模型参数进行了估计,并与简单的多元线性回归模型作比较。研究结果显示：半参数变系数部分线性模型更具有效性,预测能力也非常的优良,能更好的反映出进出口贸易与通货膨胀之间的关系。最后,利用研究结果并结合经济理论对抑制我国通货膨胀提出了建议与措施。     

环境规制对出口产品质量的影响研究——基于行业面板数据的实证分析

本文以环境规制作为解释变量,基于2003~2010年中国19个行业出口产品质量和环境规制数据,采用固定效用模型实证检验了环境规制对出口产品质量的影响。研究结果表明,环境规制对出口产品质量的影响呈“U”型,即环境规制增强前期成本效应大于创新效应,经营成本提高导致产品质量下降;环境规制增强后期创新效应大于成本效应,研发创新促使产品质量提高。不同行业对环境规制的敏感度不一样,将样本数据中涉及的19个部门,分为重污染行业和轻污染行业进行分类回归,回归结果显示环境规制对轻度污染行业出口产品质量的影响呈倒“U”型,即具有先促进后抑制的作用;环境规制对重度污染行业出口产品质量的影响呈“U”型,即具有先抑制后促进的作用。据此,提出有效利用环境规制以提高出口产品质量和发展绿色贸易的政策启示。     

Optimal harvest strategy for even‐aged stands with price uncertainty and risk of natural disturbances

We present a reservation price model to examine the joint impacts of natural disturbances and stumpage price uncertainty on the optimal harvesting decision for even‐aged forest stands. We consider a landowner who manages a loblolly pine stand to produce timber and amenities, under age‐dependent risk of wildfires and uncertainty in future timber prices. We show that the incorporation of risk of wildfires decreases the optimal reservation prices. The inclusion of risk of wildfires leads to lower land values and reduces the mean harvest age compared with the case of no‐risk of wildfires. Higher economic gains are obtained with the reservation price strategy compared with the deterministic rotation age model—a difference in the land value of $2,326 ha^?1 (21%) between the two approaches. Recommendations for Resource Managers

• Our adaptive harvest strategy shows that the incorporation of risk of wildfires decreases the optimal reservation prices compared with the case of no‐risk of wildfires.
• Low reservation prices—a price that makes the landowner indifferent between harvesting or waiting longer—result in lower economic benefits for landowners and potential conversions of lands to nonforest use.
• Forest management practices oriented to reduce the effects of catastrophic disturbances, for example, creating a more complex forest structure with different stand densities, become imperative to ensure the sustainability of forestlands in the US South.
• Our analysis also suggests that the valuation of forestry investments should consider not only the risk of catastrophic events but also uncertainty in future timber prices. Higher appraisals of land value are obtained when timber price uncertainty is explicitly recognized, providing financial incentives for landowners to invest in forestry.

     

美国经济冲击对东亚经济波动的传导:基于面板logit模型的实证分析

美国经济冲击会通过具体渠道进行传导,影响东亚地区的经济波动.具体来看,与美国的双边进口贸易渠道和FDI渠道的传导会增加东亚地区经济波动概率,并且在控制国内经济规模后,边际效应进一步提高;与美国的双边出口贸易渠道和汇率渠道的传导反而会降低东亚地区经济波动的概率;并且传导效应在不同经济发展程度的国家呈现出明显的差异,发展中经济体受美国经济冲击的影响较大.     

进口对国内价格的波及效应分析

全球化经济进程以及我国加入世贸组织推动我国对外贸易快速发展,经济高速发展带来对资源的消耗日益增长,使得进口产品量进一步扩大,国内经济系统受进口产品的影响加重.然而国际市场价格的波动,以及我国进口关税的变化,导致了进口产品价格波动.由于经济系统中各个产业部门相互关联,进口产品比例和进口产品价格的波动必然对国内各个产业的产品价格产生相应的波及效应.本文应用投入产出的分析方法,构建进口产品价格影响模型,应用1997年和2002年投入产出表,定量研究了进口产品价格的变动对各个产业部门价格变动的波及效应,并进行了进口价格变动的模拟.     

Evaluating impacts of fish stock enhancement and biodiversity conservation actions on the livelihoods of small‐scale fishers on the Beijiang River,China

Inappropriate development and overexploitation have seriously degraded aquatic resources in China. Stakeholders identified three fish stock enhancement and biodiversity conservation scenarios for the Beijiang River: S1, increased fish restocking; S2, no fishing season and habitat conservation; and S3, strict pollution control. Potential impacts of these actions on the livelihoods of fishers were evaluated using applied economic modeling. Baseline costs and benefits came from logbooks from 30 fishers and a survey of 90 households in three villages. The financial net benefit for a household was US$1583 (￥11,160) annually, representing a 142% and 387% return on capital and operating costs, respectively. Larger catches associated with S1 and S2 generated a net benefit of US$1651 and US$1822, respectively. Strict pollution control resulting in higher catches (+20%) and lower operating costs (?20%) would increase the net benefit by 15.9% to US$1835 annually. Pollution control would benefit other resource users and is a prerequisite for ecological restoration. Recommendations for Resource Managers

• Stringent pollution control measures are essential to conserve aquatic biodiversity and enhance the livelihoods of fishers but will require considerable public and private sector investment.
• Enhanced fish stocks in the Beijiang River could benefit poor livelihoods but may not be sufficient to lift households out of poverty, aged fishers require government assistance to diversify their livelihoods, access alternative urban employment, and survive with dignity.
• Adopting the economic modeling approach presented here could enable responsible authorities to simultaneously evaluate fish stock enhancement and biodiversity conservation options.
• Broader application of the approach presented here could help ensure small‐scale inland fisheries are managed sustainably and aquatic ecosystems are restored and protected by 2020, in line with Target 6 of the United Nations’ Convention on Biological Diversity Strategic Plan for Biodiversity.

     

中国的出口和进口计量研究

进出口一直是影响中国经济增长的重要因素,尤其是2005年上半年,净出口对GDP增速贡献非常大.同时,大量的机构将进出口作为判断未来经济增速的关键因素.从计量分析的角度,看看进口与我国工业增加值的关系,看看出口与各个主要贸易伙伴国家经济增长速度以及汇率的关系.     

中国进出口贸易的实证分析

根据我国1998年1月至2005年7月的进出口贸易数据,使用协整分析法检验了进口和出口之间的均衡关系,建立误差修正模型,发现进口和出口的互为Granger原因.实证分析结果表明我国在加入WTO之后,进出口之间的弹性得到了提高,对外贸易机制发生了变化。     

贸易发展对旅游的溢出效应研究——基于中国—东盟的实证检验

贸易和旅游作为"贸易畅通"和"民心相通"的重要内容,在促进经济合作和文化传播等方面发挥着重要作用,然而贸易对旅游溢出效应的探讨尚不充分.本文基于1995-2017年中国—东盟贸易和旅游面板数据,运用拓展引力和门槛效应等模型,探讨贸易发展对旅游的溢出效应.实证结果:1)贸易发展对旅游存在显著溢出效应,且"出口对入境"溢出大于"进口对出境";通过工具变量法、剔除金融危机影响,以及时变性检验表明结果稳健可靠;2)自中国—东盟自贸区筹备、启动、建成,贸易对旅游的溢出效应先增加后减弱;3)不同贸易产品对旅游溢出效应存在异质性,"出口对入境"的溢出效应依次是技术、劳动和资源密集型,"进口对出境"溢出效应依次是劳动、资源、技术密集型.本研究为中国—东盟旅游和贸易合作与政策制定,提供了一个新的视角.     

币值低估下对外贸易对物价水平的影响

从货币数量方程出发,运用汇率理论与对外贸易理论,主要讨论了币值低估时,对外贸易对经济体内物价水平的影响.在外贸情况一定时,经济体内物价水平与币值低估程度正相关;当币值低估程度确定,进出口比例与外贸规模也会对经济体内的通胀大小产生影响,具体表现为:外贸顺差越大,通胀越严重;但贸易逆差时,仍然有可能出现通胀;而若要追求贸易平衡的目标,则外贸规模越大,通胀越严重.同时,一国的币值低估还通过对外贸易对他国的物价水平产生影响.     

棉花双关税后进口价格、期货价格与现货价格的感知及传导研究——基于VAR模型

随着我国棉花市场开放程度逐渐提高,探索国内外棉花价格感知和传导机制也愈显重要.国内外棉花价格传递必然受进出口贸易政策的影响,研究征收双关税后的棉花进口价格与国内期、现货价格之间的传递效应,对完善和优化我国棉花价格传导和形成机制更具现实意义.通过VAR模型、格兰杰因果检验、脉冲响应和方差分解等方法检验和探讨三者间的价格感知及传导机制.研究结果表明:征收双关税后的棉花进口价格、国内棉花期货和现货价格三者存在长期协整关系;双关税能够在一定程度上削弱国际棉价对国内棉价的传递能力,双关税后棉花进口价格不是国内棉价的Granger原因;三者在不同时期受到的冲击方向、力度和时间均有差异,据此提出优化国内棉花市场价格感知与传递机制的对策和建议.     

马歇尔-勒纳条件的实证研究

本文从人民币实际汇率变动是否会对我国贸易收支产生影响出发，基于马歇尔．勒纳条件，对计算贸易弹性常用的OLS回归模型进行了改进，建立了向量自回归误差修正模型来估算我国的国际贸易弹性。实证研究表明：我国进出口需求的价格弹性之和大于1。因此人民币贬值可改善贸易收支；反之升值将使贸易收支恶化。     

Environmental considerations on the optimal product mix

Several types of regulations limit the amount of different emissions that a firm may create from its production processes. Depending on the emission, these regulations could include threshold values, penalties and taxes, and/or emission allowances that can be traded. However, many firms try to comply with these regulations without a systematic plan, often leading not only to emission violations and high penalties, but also to high costs. In this paper, we present two mathematical models that can be used by firms to determine their optimal product mix and production quantities in the presence of several different types of environmental constraints, in addition to typical production constraints. Both models are comprehensive and incorporate several diverse production and environmental issues. The first model, which assumes that each product has just one operating procedure, is a linear program while the second model, which assumes that the firm has the option of producing each product using more than one operating procedure, is a mixed integer linear program. The solutions of both models identify the products that the firm should produce along with their production quantities. These models can be used by firms to quickly analyze several “what if” scenarios such as the impact of changes in emission threshold values, emission taxes, trading allowances, and trading transaction costs.     

Cross-country comparison of the efficiency of the European forest sector and second stage DEA approach

In this paper the relative efficiency of the forest sector of 28 EU/EFTA countries during the period 2010–2015 is assessed using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Three non-discretionary inputs (persons employed, forest available for wood supply and initial growing stock) are considered. The outputs are roundwood production, gross value added and final growing stock. The proposed DEA model not only computes efficiency scores but also improvement targets. The countries with the lowest efficiency scores during the period under study are Greece, Bulgaria and Italy. In the second stage, a fractional regression model is fitted and the factors that have an influence on the estimated efficiency are identified. The factors that have an influence are GDP and belonging to the NORTH Europe and CENTRAL-WEST Europe regions. Quantitative estimates of the partial effects of these factors are provided. The results can contribute in providing guidance towards the best practice in roundwood production.

     

Dynamic fleet scheduling with uncertain demand and customer flexibility

We develop a dynamic fleet scheduling model that demonstrates how a carrier can improve fleet utilization. The fleet scheduling model presented by Lee et?al. (Eur J Oper Res 218(1):261–269, 2012) minimizes (1) a carrier’s fleet size and (2) the penalty associated with the alternative delivery times selected. The model is static since requests are collected over time and processed together. In this paper we present a stochastic, dynamic version of the fleet reduction model. As demand is revealed throughout an order horizon, decisions are made in stages by sampling anticipated demand to avoid recourse penalties in later stages. Based on computational experiments we find the following:

1. Modeling stochasticity improves the quality of solutions relative to the analogous model that does not include stochasticity. Counter-intuitively, an order lead-time distribution in which most loads are requested early can negatively impact optimal solution costs.
2. The stochastic model produces good results without requiring prohibitively large numbers of demand scenarios.
3. Consignees that place orders early in the order horizon are more often assigned their requested delivery times than those who place orders late.