单轴拉伸条件下细观非均匀性岩石损伤局部化和应力应变关系分析

岩石在拉应力状态下的力学特性不同于压应力状态下的力学特性．利用细观力学理论研究了细观非均匀性岩石拉伸应力应变关系包括:线弹性阶段、非线性强化阶段、应力降阶段、应变软化阶段.模型考虑了微裂纹方位角为Weibull分布和微裂纹长度的分布密度函数为Rayleigh函数时对损伤局部化和应力应变关系的影响,分析了产生应力降和应变软化的主要原因是损伤和变形局部化.通过和实验成果对比分析验证了模型的正确性和有效性．     

纯弯曲矩形截面梁Ⅰ型单边裂纹端部的应力应变场及裂纹失稳扩展临界应力

本应用［１］的分析方法，研究了纯弯曲矩形截面梁Ⅰ型单边裂纹端部的应力应变场，给出了裂纹尖端的应力应变分量和计算裂纹端部弹性变形区和变形强化区宽度的公式以及计算裂纹失稳扩展临界应力的方程组。最用计算实例对裂纹失稳扩展临界应力方程组进行了验证，最大误差不超过０．１８％。     

饱和多孔介质中骨架的应变局部化萌生条件

应用饱和多孔介质控制方程和Liapunov稳定理论,导出了固相应力和有效应力描述的多孔介质骨架应变局部化的萌生条件．不同应力形式表达的多孔介质基体的控制方程,相应的应变局部化萌生条件的表达形式也不尽相同,其原因源于骨架本构中固液两相之间相互作用的不同描述．应用得出的Terzaghi有效应力描述的应变局部化萌生条件,可以理论解释多孔介质中固、液两相不同相对运动出现的破坏方式,如管涌、滑坡和泥石流．应用简单算例说明了应变局部化条件的具体实施方法．     

各向异性材料动态裂纹扩展特性和动态应力强度因子

基于各向异性材料力学,研究了无限大各向异性材料中Ⅲ型裂纹的动态扩展问题．裂纹尖端的应力和位移被表示为解析函数的形式,解析函数可以表达为幂级数的形式,幂级数的系数由边界条件确定．确定了Ⅲ型裂纹的动态应力强度因子的表达式,得到了裂纹尖端的应力分量、应变分量和位移分量．裂纹扩展特性由裂纹扩展速度M和参数alpha反映,裂纹扩展越快,裂纹尖端的应力分量和位移分量越大;参数alpha对裂纹尖端的应力分量和位移分量有重要影响．     

含表面裂纹三维体裂纹尖端应力应变场及应力强度因子计算

本文采用“局部-整体分析法”处理了含表面裂纹三维体断裂分析问题,获得了含表面裂纹三维体裂纹尖端应力应变场包括Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ型的一般解。在此基础上构造了高阶三维奇异元,计算了含表面裂纹平板应力强度因子,探讨了不同板厚、不同板宽对应力强度因子的影响并给出相应的曲线。还在中型计算机上成功地进行了三维有限元断裂分析,并以较少的自由度获得较高的计算精度。     

高速扩展平面应力裂纹尖端的各向异性塑性场

在裂纹尖端的应力分量都只是θ的函数的条件下,利用定常运动方程,Hill各向异性屈服条件及应力应变关系,我们得到高速扩展平面应力裂纹尖端的各向异性塑性场的一般解.将这个一般解用于四种各向异性特殊情形,我们就导出这四种特殊情形的一般解.最后,本文给出X=Y=Z情形的高速扩展平面应力Ⅰ型裂纹尖端的各向异性塑性场.     

纯弯曲矩形截面梁Ⅰ型单边裂纹端部的应力应变场及裂纹失稳扩展临界应力的计算

本文应用文[1]的分析方法,研究了纯弯曲矩形载面梁Ⅰ型单边裂纹端部的应力应变场,给出了裂纹尖端的应力应变分量和计算裂纹端部弹性变形区和变形强化区宽度的公式以及计算裂纹失稳扩展临界应力的方程组。最后用计算实例对裂纹失稳扩展临界应力方程组进行了验证,最大误差不超过0.18%.     

Ⅰ阶梯度损伤理论

从热力学基本定律出发,将应变张量、标量损伤变量、损伤梯度作为Helmholtz自由能函数的状态变量,利用本构泛函展开法在自然状态附近作自由能函数的Taylor展开,未引入附加假设,推导出Ⅰ阶梯度损伤本构方程的一般形式．该形式在损伤为0时可退化为线弹性应力-应变本构方程,在损伤梯度为0时可退化为基于应变等效假设给出的线弹性局部损伤本构方程．一维解析解表明,随着应力增大,损伤场逐步由空间非周期解变为关于空间的类周期解,类周期解的峰值区域形成局部化带．局部化带内的损伤变量将不同于局部化带外的损伤变量,由此可以反映出介质的局部化特征．损伤局部化并不是与损伤同时发生,而是在损伤发生后逐渐显现出来,模型的局部化机制开始启动;损伤局部化的宽度同内部特征长度成正比．     

静止平面应力裂纹尖端的静水应力相关理想塑性应力场

在裂纹尖端的应力分量都只是θ的函数的条件下,利用平衡方程和静水应力相关屈服条件,本文导出了静止平面应力裂纹尖端的静水应力相关理想塑性应力场的一般解析表达式.将这些一般解析表达式用于具体裂纹,我们就得到Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型裂纹尖端的静水应力相关理想塑性应力场的解析表达式.     

双材料界面裂纹平面问题的半权函数法

应用半权函数法求解双材料界面裂纹的平面问题．由平衡方程、应力应变关系、界面的连续条件以及裂纹面零应力条件推导出裂尖的位移和应力场,其特征值为lambda及其共轭．设置特征值为lambda的虚拟位移和应力场,即界面裂纹的半权函数A·D2由功的互等定理得到应力强度因子KⅠ和KⅡ以半权函数与绕裂尖围道上参考位移和应力积分关系的表达式．数值算例体现了半权函数法精度可靠、计算简便的特点．     

单轴作用下岩土材料的双重介质本构模型

基于弹塑性力学和损伤力学理论,将岩土材料视为孔隙-裂隙双重介质,假设孔隙介质不发生损伤,而裂隙介质随应变的增加发生损伤,建立了单轴作用下岩土类材料的双重介质本构模型隐式表达式,并利用Newton迭代法得出了材料的全程应力-应变曲线．分析结果表明,岩土材料中裂隙空间展布的多态性（均匀展布、集中展布和随机展布）是岩土材料本构关系千变万化的根本原因．由于双重介质本构模型将岩土材料的弹性主体（孔隙介质部分）和损伤主体（裂隙介质部分）分化开来,对于研究岩土或含损伤材料的破坏具有实用价值和理论意义．     

Efficient evaluation of the material response of tissues reinforced by statistically oriented fibres

For several classes of soft biological tissues, modelling complexity is in part due to the arrangement of the collagen fibres. In general, the arrangement of the fibres can be described by defining, at each point in the tissue, the structure tensor (i.e. the tensor product of the unit vector of the local fibre arrangement by itself) and a probability distribution of orientation. In this approach, assuming that the fibres do not interact with each other, the overall contribution of the collagen fibres to a given mechanical property of the tissue can be estimated by means of an averaging integral of the constitutive function describing the mechanical property at study over the set of all possible directions in space. Except for the particular case of fibre constitutive functions that are polynomial in the transversely isotropic invariants of the deformation, the averaging integral cannot be evaluated directly, in a single calculation because, in general, the integrand depends both on deformation and on fibre orientation in a non-separable way. The problem is thus, in a sense, analogous to that of solving the integral of a function of two variables, which cannot be split up into the product of two functions, each depending only on one of the variables. Although numerical schemes can be used to evaluate the integral at each deformation increment, this is computationally expensive. With the purpose of containing computational costs, this work proposes approximation methods that are based on the direct integrability of polynomial functions and that do not require the step-by-step evaluation of the averaging integrals. Three different methods are proposed: (a) a Taylor expansion of the fibre constitutive function in the transversely isotropic invariants of the deformation; (b) a Taylor expansion of the fibre constitutive function in the structure tensor; (c) for the case of a fibre constitutive function having a polynomial argument, an approximation in which the directional average of the constitutive function is replaced by the constitutive function evaluated at the directional average of the argument. Each of the proposed methods approximates the averaged constitutive function in such a way that it is multiplicatively decomposed into the product of a function of the deformation only and a function of the structure tensors only. In order to assess the accuracy of these methods, we evaluate the constitutive functions of the elastic potential and the Cauchy stress, for a biaxial test, under different conditions, i.e. different fibre distributions and different ratios of the nominal strains in the two directions. The results are then compared against those obtained for an averaging method available in the literature, as well as against the integration made at each increment of deformation.     

Error estimation of grain distribution function recovery for dependent orientations with allowance for grain sizes

The effect of the kernel on the smoothing of orientations in a kernel method was studied, and the influence of dependent orientations and the grain sizes on the resulting distribution was analyzed. Discrete central normal distributions on the group SO(3) were smoothed by the kernel method. This problem is motivated by the development of experimental tools for studying the texture of polycrystalline materials, especially electron microscopy, which makes it possible to measure the orientations of individual grains.     

考虑主应力轴旋转的土体本构关系研究进展

对目前国内外考虑主应力轴旋转的试验研究及本构模型研究进行了总结分析,并对进一步研究提出了相应的建议．基于不同的加载条件,从纯主应力轴旋转和耦合主应力轴旋转两个方面,较全面的描述了主应力轴旋转情况下土体的基本变形特性,并对考虑主应力轴旋转的土体变形试验提出了进一步研究的建议．较为系统地评述了当前较有代表性的考虑主应力轴旋转的土体本构模型（边界面模型、多机构模型、运动硬化模型和广义塑性模型）,得出了广义塑性模型更适合用来描述考虑主应力轴旋转的土体变形特性的结论．总结未来考虑主应力轴旋转的土体本构关系研究的主要方向是:把握主应力轴旋转情况下土体变形的本质特性,建立推理严密、形式简单、适用方便的本构模型,并用来指导工程实践．     

Derivatives of a finite class of orthogonal polynomials related to inverse Gamma distribution

In this work, we consider derivatives of a finite class of orthogonal polynomials with respect to weight function which is related to the probability density function of the inverse gamma distribution over the positive real line. General properties for this derivative class such as orthogonality, Rodrigues’ formula, recurrence relation, generating function and various other related properties such as self-adjoint form and normal form are indicated. The corresponding Gaussian quadrature formulae are introduced with examples. These examples are provided to support the advantages of considering the derivatives class of the finite class of orthogonal polynomials related to inverse gamma distribution. The orthogonality property related to the Fourier transform of the derivative class under discussion is also given.     

A Variational Approach to Dynamic Recrystallization Using Probability Distributions

We investigate a model of dynamic recrystallization in polycrystalline materials. A probability distribution function is introduced to characterize the state of individual grains by grain size and dislocation density. Specifying free energy and dissipation within the polycrystalline aggregate we are able to derive an evolution equation for the probability density function via a thermodynamic extremum principle. Once the distribution function is known macroscopic quantities like average strain and stress can be calculated. For distribution functions which are constant in time, describing a state of dynamic equilibrium, we obtain a partial differential equation in parameter space which we solve using a marching algorithm. Numerical results are presented and their physical interpretation is given. (© 2013 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Fresnel Tomography: A Novel Approach to Wave-Function Reconstruction Based on the Fresnel Representation of Tomograms

We introduce a new type of tomographic probability distribution containing complete information about the density matrix (wave function) related to the Fresnel transform of the complex wave function. We elucidate the relation to the symplectic tomographic probability distribution. We present a multimode generalization of the Fresnel tomography and give examples of applications of the present approach. __________ Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Matematicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 144, No. 2, pp. 384–393, August, 2005.     

不同先验分布下的后验分布确定土力学参数

岩土工程中各土层参数的取值是根据现场及室内试验数据,采用经典统计学方法进行确定的,但这往往忽略了先验信息的作用。与经典统计学方法不同的是,Bayes法能从考虑先验分布的角度结合样本分布去推导后验分布,为岩土参数的取值提供一种新的分析方法。岩土工程勘察可视为对总体地层的随机抽样,当抽样完成时,样本分布密度函数是确定的,故Bayes法中的后验分布取决于先验分布,因此推导出两套不同的先验分布:利用先验信息确定先验分布及共轭先验分布。通过对先验及后验分布中超参数的计算,当样本总体符合N(μ,σ2)正态分布时,对所要研究的未知参数μ和σ展开分析,综合对比不同先验分布下后验分布的区间长度,给出岩土参数Bayes推断中最佳后验分布所要选择的先验分布。结果表明:共轭情况下的后验分布总是比无信息情况下的后验区间短,概率密度函数分布更集中,取值更方便。在正态总体情形下,根据未知参数μ和σ的联合后验分布求极值方法,确定样本总体中最大概率均值μ_max和方差σ_max作为工程设计采用值,为岩土参数取值方法提供了一条新的路径,有较好的工程意义。     

Higher order asymptotic behaviour of partial maxima of random sample from generalized Maxwell distribution under power normalization

In this article, the higher order asymptotic expansions of cumulative distribution function and probability density function of extremes for generalized Maxwell distribution are established under nonlinear normalization. As corollaries, the convergence rates of the distribution and density of maximum are obtained under nonlinear normalization.