ON A THEOREM OF A.A. LYAPUNOV

Abstract

In this note we obtain some extensions and an approximation of the Lyapunov convexity theorem by means of the bilinear integration of a set-valued function. The integration is performed successively with respect to a non-atomic, a direct sum and a Darboux vector measure. The necessary counterexamples are provided.     

A Priori and A Posteriori: A Bootstrapping Relationship

The distinction between a priori and a posteriori knowledge has been the subject of an enormous amount of discussion, but the literature is biased against recognizing the intimate relationship between these forms of knowledge. For instance, it seems to be almost impossible to find a sample of pure a priori or a posteriori knowledge. In this paper, it will be suggested that distinguishing between a priori and a posteriori is more problematic than is often suggested, and that a priori and a posteriori resources are in fact used in parallel. We will define this relationship between a priori and a posteriori knowledge as the bootstrapping relationship. As we will see, this relationship gives us reasons to seek for an altogether novel definition of a priori and a posteriori knowledge. Specifically, we will have to analyse the relationship between a priori knowledge and a priori reasoning, and it will be suggested that the latter serves as a more promising starting point for the analysis of aprioricity. We will also analyse a number of examples from the natural sciences and consider the role of a priori reasoning in these examples. The focus of this paper is the analysis of the concepts of a priori and a posteriori knowledge rather than the epistemic domain of a posteriori and a priori justification.     

有限群的一个类函数的模构造

本文研究了有限群上的一个类函数.通过计算它和不可约特征标的内积,证明了它是特征标并且通过复群代数的中心的正则表示给出了它的一个模构造.     

A REMARK ON A BMO MARTINGALE

Let M = (Mt,Ft) be a uniformly integrable continuous martingale with MO = 0. For1 5 p < cot we setIIMllBMO. = '3p II[E[IMoo ~ MTIplFT]]'/Pll.,where the supremum is taken over all stopping times T.Set BMO. = {M: IIMllBMO. < co}. It is well known that BMO. = BMO, (VI S p 5 q).F'urthermore, all 11.llBMO. norms are equivalent andIIi ~~if;llMllBMO. = SUP T P(T < co)i'where the supremum is taken over all stopping times T satisfying P(T < co) > 0. In the laterwe shall simply …     

NAMING A COLUMN ON A SPREADSHEET

Spreadsheets use a meaningful algebra-like notation which, research suggests, can support pupils in developing an understanding of variables. This paper discusses the activity of Year 8 pupils who were taught to name a column on a spreadsheet, and who were asked to reflect upon their activity in a stimulated recall interview. More specifically, it considers the pupils' understanding of notation, such as 'A2' and 'm', which they used when constructing spreadsheet formulae. It is suggested that experience of naming columns may help pupils to develop a clearer sense of the notation as a variable, and to make links between their spreadsheet activity and use of standard algebraic notation [1].     

A SOLUTION OF A GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM PROBLEM

Under the framework of a real Hilbert space, we introduce a new iterative method for finding a common element of the set of solution of a general equilibrium problem and the set of fixed points of a nonexpansive semigroup. Moreover, a numerical example is presented. This example grantee the main result of the paper.     

简化摩擦接触问题的对称弱超内罚间断Galerkin方法的先验和后验误差估计

本文讨论了简化摩擦接触问题的一类对称弱超内罚间断Galerkin方法.首先,在能量范数意义下得到最优先验误差估计.进一步,我们推导了一类残量型后验误差估计子,并证明了它的可靠性和有效性.     

一类中心循环的有限p-群的自同构群的研究

本文研究了一类中心循环的有限p-群G的自同构群.利用在G的导群上作用平凡的自同构以及环上的辛群和正交群,确定了G的自同构群的结构,这推广了Bornand的相应结果.     

论射影平坦空间的一个特征

<正> §1.如所周知,黎曼空间中关于平面公理的嘉当(E.Cartan)定理可以拓广到更一般的空间中去,满足平面公理的 m 维黎曼空间在它的每点容有∞~(m-1)张全测地超曲面.柏尔特拉米(Beltrami)给出常曲率空间的另一特征,只有常曲率空间才能与欧氏空     

A RIEMANN-HILBERT PROBLEM IN A RIEMANN SURFACE

One of the inspirations behind Peter Lax’s interest in dispersive integrable systems, as the small dispersion parameter goes to zero, comes from systems of ODEs discretizing 1-dimensional compressible gas dynamics [17]. For example, an understanding of the asymptotic behavior of the Toda lattice in different regimes has been able to shed light on some of von Neumann’s conjectures concerning the validity of the approximation of PDEs by dispersive systems of ODEs. Back in the 1990s several authors have worked on the long time asymptotics of the Toda lattice [2, 7, 8, 19]. Initially the method used was the method of Lax and Levermore [16], reducing the asymptotic problem to the solution of a minimization problem with constraints (an "equilibrium measure" problem). Later, it was found that the asymptotic method of Deift and Zhou (analysis of the associated Riemann-Hilbert factorization problem in the complex plane) could apply to previously intractable problems and also produce more detailed information. Recently, together with Gerald Teschl, we have revisited the Toda lattice; instead of solutions in a constant or steplike constant background that were considered in the 1990s we have been able to study solutions in a periodic background. Two features are worth noting here. First, the associated Riemann-Hilbert factorization problem naturally lies in a hyperelliptic Riemann surface. We thus generalize the Deift-Zhou "nonlinear stationary phase method" to surfaces of nonzero genus. Second, we illustrate the important fact that very often even when applying the powerful Riemann-Hilbert method, a Lax-Levermore problem is still underlying and understanding it is crucial in the analysis and the proofs of the Deift-Zhou method!     

对Baker~[1]-Mahler~[2]一个定理的注记

<正> 对任意实数x,定义‖x‖=max(x-[x],[x]+1-x).设a_1,…,a_(k-1)是互不相等的非零整数,a是适合(a,a_1,…,a_(k-1)=1的正整数,r是正整数.置     

A CRACK PROBLEM WITH A BROKEN LINE INTERFACE

§０．ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＣｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｂｌｅｐｌａｎｅｃｒａｃｋｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｏｆｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｍｅｄｉａｆｏｒｔｈｅｃａｓｅｉｎｗｈｉｃｈｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅｉｓａｎｉｎｆｉｎｉｔｅｓｔｒａｉｇｈｔｌｉｎｅｗｅｒｅｓｔｕｄｉｅｄ...     

A new characterization of A 5

Let G be a group and τ _e (G) the set of numbers of elements of G of the same order. In this paper, by τ _e (G), we give a new characterization of A ₅, where A ₅ is the alternating group of degree 5. We get the theorem following: Theorem. Let G be a group, ${G\cong A_5}$ if and only if τ _e (G) = τ _e (A ₅) = {1, 15, 20, 24}.     

A case for combinatorics: A research commentary

In this commentary, we make a case for the explicit inclusion of combinatorial topics in mathematics curricula, where it is currently essentially absent. We suggest ways in which researchers might inform the field’s understanding of combinatorics and its potential role in curricula. We reflect on five decades of research that has been conducted since a call by Kapur (1970) for a greater focus on combinatorics in mathematics education. Specifically, we discuss the following five assertions: 1) Combinatorics is accessible, 2) Combinatorics problems provide opportunities for rich mathematical thinking, 3) Combinatorics fosters desirable mathematical practices, 4) Combinatorics can contribute positively to issues of equity in mathematics education, and 5) Combinatorics is a natural domain in which to examine and develop computational thinking and activity. Ultimately, we make a case for the valuable and unique ways in which combinatorics might effectively be leveraged within K-16 curricula.     

Nonnegative Rank Factorization of a Nonnegative Matrix A with A A ≥0

In this article we obtain a nonnegative rank factorization of nonnegative matrices A satisfying one or both of the following conditions: (i) AA † ≥0 (ii) A † A ≥0, thus providing a new set of conditions that guarantee the existence of a nonnegative least-squares solution of a linear system. Indeed, the characterization of such matrices improves some of the previous known conditions for the existence of a nonnegative least-squares solution of a linear system.     

A LYAPUNOV-TYPE INEQUALITY FOR A PERIODIC BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM OF A FRACTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

In this paper, we establish a Lyapunov-type inequality for fractional differential periodic boundary-value problems. As applications, a necessary condition is obtained to ensure the existence and uniqueness of nontrivial solutions to this problem.     

ON SOLVABILITY OF A BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM FOR A NONHOMOGENEOUS BIHARMONIC EQUATION WITH A BOUNDARY OPERATOR OF A FRACTIONAL ORDER

This paper is concerned with the solvability of a boundary value problem for a nonhomogeneous biharmonic equation. The boundary data is determined by a differential operator of fractional order in the Riemann-Liouville sense. The considered problem is a generalization of the known Dirichlet and Neumann problems.     

A theorem of Yu. A. Aminov

We give a simple proof of a somewhat stronger theorem of Yu. A. Aminov concerning a lower estimate of the diameter of a surface immersed in R, this estimate being a function of the mean curvature of the surface and of its Ricci curvature. Translated from Zapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov Leningradskogo Otdeleniya Matematicheskogo Instituta im. V. A. Steklova AN SSSR, Vol. 45, pp. 53–55, 1974.     

A reinforcement-depletion urn model: A contiguity case

Summary An urn contains balls ofs different colors. The problem of the reinforcement of a specified color and random depletion of balls has been considered by Bernard (1977,Bull. Math. Biol.,39, 463–470) and Shenton (1981,Bull. Math. Biol.,43, 327–340), (1983,Bull. Math. Biol.,45, 1–9). Here we consider a special relation between a reinforcement and depletion, leading to a hypergeometric distribution. Research sponsored in part by the Applied Mathematical Sciences Research Program, Office of Energy Research, U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-840R21400 with the Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc.     

关于一个扰动非线性薛定谔方程的注记

本文讨论了一个扰动非线性薛定谔方程对于Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ波的一类同宿轨道，证明了这类轨道是不存在的。