湍流边界层内准流向发卡涡生成的数值模拟

采用根据共振三波理论模型建立的初始准二维流场和直接数值模拟方法,对湍流边界层近壁区流向涡的生成进行了研究．计算得到了准流向发卡涡和次生准流向涡结构的生成过程及其主要特征,讨论了它们的产生机理．作为相干结构的主要特征,利用共振三波理论模型对流向涡结构生成与演化过程的研究为湍流边界层内相干结构的研究与流动控制提供了新的途径和思路．     

边界层流中当地感受性过程的数值研究

边界层流中当地感受性问题的研究对层流向湍流转捩过程的预测与控制起着非常关键的作用,尤其是对边界层内诱导产生三维Tollmien-Schlichting(T-S)波成因过程的探讨具有更加重要的理论意义.采用高精度、高分辨率变间距的紧致有限差分方法,直接数值模拟了在自由来流湍流与二维壁面局部粗糙相互作用下边界层内的当地感受性问题.数值计算发现,在自由来流湍流与二维壁面局部粗糙作用下,边界层内诱导形成的当地感受性过程是真实存在的;且被激发的一组三维T-S波波包沿流向发展的过程中流向涡结构将逐渐形成,其强度将越演越烈.数值结果还显示,边界层内被诱导产生当地感受性过程的波长转换机制仅使流向波数发生改变,而展向波数保持不变;以及自由来流湍流运动方向的改变将决定三维T-S波波包的传播方向,但其传播速度的大小都近似为无穷远来流速度的1/3.另外,还建立了自由来流湍流的强度和运动方向以及二维壁面局部粗糙的长度和高度与边界层内的当地感受性问题之间的关系等.这一课题的深入研究,将在进一步理解和认识层流向湍流转捩的理论机制,以及湍流的形成机理等方面均起到十分重要的作用.     

后掠翼边界层定常横流涡的非线性演化

横流失稳是后掠翼边界层主要的失稳形式.实验和数值研究发现在后掠翼边界层转捩之前,有一段较长的非线性幅值饱和阶段,因此线性稳定性不能有效预测横流失稳转捩过程,所以研究横流涡的非线性演化过程就极为必要.以NLF(2)-0415翼型为研究模型,在来流Mach数为0.8、后掠角为45°、攻角为-4°的条件下,用扰动方程计算了定常横流涡非线性演化过程.结果显示非平行性起着更加不稳定的作用.当基本波的幅值到达0.1时,非线性作用开始明显.横流涡经历了非线性幅值饱和过程,涡的形状呈现半蘑菇状,涡的涡轴与边界层外缘无粘势流平行.饱和涡使得原有流场发生极大的扭曲,流向速度和展向剖面出现了拐点.     

计算可压缩边界层转捩及湍流的一种新方法——PSE＋DNS

提出了一种计算可压缩边界层转捩及湍流的新方法,它尤其适用于从小扰动开始的转捩及湍流计算.在层流阶段,直至转捩中的breakdown开始前,用抛物化稳定性方程(PSE)计算.然后用直接数值模拟(DNS)计算转捩过程和湍流,其入口条件是用PSE方法在该处得到的扰动.在两个测试算例中,包括亚音速和超音速边界层,此法得到的转捩位置和湍流都与只用DNS计算整个过程所得的一致.使用该方法的优点在于计算量比只用DNS方法小得多.     

零攻角小钝头钝锥高超音速绕流边界层的稳定性分析和转捩预报

研究了零攻角小钝头圆锥高超音速边界层的稳定性及转捩预测问题．小钝头的球头半径为0.5 mm,锥的半锥角为5°,来流马赫数为6．采用直接数值模拟方法得到了钝锥的基本流场,利用线性稳定性理论分析了等温壁面和绝热壁面条件下的第一、第二模态不稳定波,并用“e-N”方法对转捩位置进行了预测．在没有实验给出N值的情况下,暂取N为10．研究发现,壁面温度条件对于转捩位置有较大影响．绝热边界层的转捩位置比等温边界层的靠后．且尽管高马赫数下第二模态波的最大增长率远大于第一模态波的最大增长率,但绝热边界层的转捩位置是由第一模态不稳定波决定的．研究方法应能推广到有攻角的三维边界层流动的转捩预测．     

湍流边界层近壁区相干结构起因的研究

利用流动稳定性理论中的一般共振三波的概念,提出了一种湍流边界层近壁区相干结构产生机理的理论模型。由此所得的相干结构的空间形态,展向尺度,传播速度等都与数值模拟所得结果相近。特别是计算了多数是不对称的各种流向涡对环量差的概率密度分布曲线,得到了与数值模拟结果相比基本满意的结果。     

二维超音速边界层中三波共振和二次失稳机制的数值模拟研究

通过直接数值模拟的方法,探讨在超音速边界层的转捩问题中,是否存在和不可压缩流情况相似的产生亚谐波的机制．结果表明,三波共振和二次失稳这两种机制都存在．讨论了这两种机制在层流至湍流的转捩中的重要性是否的确很大的问题．     

高超音速零攻角尖锥边界层转捩的机理

先计算出高超音速零攻角尖锥边界层的定常层流流场．然后在计算域的入口引入两组有限幅值的T-S波扰动,对空间模式的转捩过程进行了直接数值模拟．分析了转捩过程的机理,发现平均流剖面稳定性的变化是其关键．并进一步讨论了不同模态初始扰动在高超音速尖锥边界层中的演化规律．     

小攻角高超声速钝锥边界层中不同扰动对转捩的影响

为了研究上游不同扰动对转捩位置的影响,针对来流Ma=6,攻角1°,半锥角5°的钝锥边界层的转捩进行了数值模拟．首先研究了边界层中小扰动的演化,与流动稳定性理论进行了对比,结果表明:在所考虑的流场中,流动稳定性线性理论可以对扰动的增长率做出一个较好的预测．在此基础上,研究了不同扰动对转捩位置的影响．计算给出了在两种不同频率分布的扰动情况下,转捩位置沿周向的分布．结果表明,转捩位置沿周向分布与入口扰动的幅值和频率有关．某子午面的转捩位置由该处的最不稳定波在入口的幅值决定．根据大多数风洞中背景扰动的特性,解释了小攻角圆锥转捩实验中背风面先转捩,迎风面后转捩的现象．同时,还解释了在背风面附近转捩位置“凹陷”的现象．     

PSE在边界层中预测转捩位置的应用

层流到湍流的转捩是自然界和各项工程实践中广泛存在的现象,层流和湍流的性质大不相同．因此,预测转捩位置是流体力学中的重要理论和实际问题．针对不可压缩边界层,入口加入展向等幅值型和展向波包型两类扰动,展向等幅值型扰动是由一个二维波(2-D)和两个三维波(3-D)组成,使用抛物化稳定性方程(PSE)的方法来研究扰动的演化和预测转捩位置,并且与数值模拟的结果相比较．结果表明,PSE可以研究扰动的演化和预测转捩位置,同时其计算比数值模拟快得多．     

On the dynamics in a transitional boundary layer

IntroductionIll 1883 Professor Osborne Reynolds published in Philosopl1ical Transactions of the RoyalSociety the outcomes of his flow visua1ization at Manchester. These had shown that whetherthe flow in a pipe was direct to sinuous (or, as nowadays we would say, laminar to turbulent)depended on its Reynolds number. Transition from Iaminar to turbuIent flow becomes animportant probIem i1l fluid mechanics, which has attracted the interest of investigators fOrmore than l00 years. The partic…     

Transient cavitating flow structure and acoustic analysis of a hydrofoil with whalelike wavy leading edge

In this paper, the open source software OpenFOAM is used to perform a numerical investigation of the cavitating flow around a modified NACA63₄-021 hydrofoil with bioinspired, wavy leading edge, with particular emphasis on study of the interactions between the cavitation and the streamwise vortices and the far-field radiation noise. A modified k-ω shear-stress transport (SST) model coupled with the Schnerr-Sauer cavitation model and the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) acoustic analogy approach are introduced to the simulation. The transient cavitation structure and the streamwise vortices are captured well and the results show significant interactions between the cavitation and the streamwise vortices. Cavitation can promote fragmentation of the streamwise vortices, while the streamwise vortices cause cavitation inception to occur earlier and bind the cavitation within the trough region by changing the pressure distribution on the hydrofoil. The transformation of the FW-H equation's solution indicates that the monopole noise is directly related to the cavitation volume acceleration and the dipole noise is related to the mechanical force of the hydrofoil on fluids and the rate at which this force changes. The collapse of cavitation cloud and the collision of the re-entrant jet and main flow will cause violent fluctuation of the mechanical force thus produce instantaneous extreme dipole noise values, while the monopole noise is relatively strong in the cavitation collapse stage due to significant cavitation volume acceleration. The time domain hydroacoustic characteristics are similar for the modified hydrofoil and the baseline hydrofoil.     

Numerical exploration of new features on three-dimensional transition of a cylinder wake

The three-dimensional transition of the wake flow behind a circular cylinder is studied in detail by direct numerical simulations using 3D incompressible N-S equations for Reynolds number ranging from 200 to 300. New features and vortex dynamics of the 3D transition of the wake are found and investigated. At Re = 200, the flow pattern is characterized by mode A instability. However, the spanwise characteristic length of the cylinder determines the transition features. Particularly for the specific spanwise charac-     

Large eddy simulation of coherent structures in rectangular methane non-premixed flame

Large eddy simulation of a three-dimensional spatially developing transitional free methane non-premixed flame is performed. The solver of the governing equations is based upon a projection method. The Smagorinsky model is utilized for the turbulent subgrid scale terms. A global reaction mechanism is applied for the simulation of methane/air combustion. Simulation results clearly illustrate the coherent structure of the rectangular non-premixed flame, consisting of three distinct zones in the near field. Periodic characteristics of the coherent structures in the rectangular non-premixed flame are discussed. The predicted structure of the flame is in good agreement with the experimental results. Distributions of species concentrations across the flame surfaces are illustrated and typical flame structures in the far field are analyzed. Local mass fraction analysis and flow visualization indicate that the black spots of the flames are due to strong entrainment of oxygen into the central jet by streamwise vortices, and breaking up of the flame is caused by an enormous amount of entrainment of streamwise vortices as well as stretching of spanwise vortices at the bottom of the flame.     

Numerical exploration of new features on three-dimensional transition of a cylinder wake

The three-dimensional transition of the wake flow behind a circular cylinder is studied in detail by direct numerical simulations using 3D incompressible N-S equations for Reynolds number ranging from 200 to 300. New features and vortex dynamics of the 3D transition of the wake are found and investigated. At Re = 200, the flow pattern is characterized by mode A instability. However, the spanwise characteristic length of the cylinder determines the transition features. Particularly for the specific spanwise characteristic length linear stable mode may dominate the wake in place of mode A and determine the spanwise phase difference of the primary vortices shedding. At Re = 250 and 300 it is found that the streamwise vortices evolve into a new type of mode’“dual vortex pair mode” downstream. The streamwise vortex structures switch among mode A, mode B and dual vortex pair mode from near wake to downstream wake. At Re = 250, an independent low frequency f _m in addition to the vortex shedding frequency f _s is identified. Frequency coupling between f _m and f _s occurs. These result in the irregularity of the temporal signals and become a key feature in the transition of the wake. Based on the formation analysis of the streamwise vorticity in the vicinity of cylinder, it is suggested that mode A is caused by the emergence of the spanwise velocity due to three dimensionality of the incoming flow past the cylinder. Energy distribution on various wave numbers and the frequency variation in the wake are also described.     

Choreographies in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-vortex Problem

We consider the equations of motion of n vortices of equal circulation in the plane, in a disk and on a sphere. The vortices form a polygonal equilibrium in a rotating frame of reference. We use numerical continuation in a boundary value setting to determine the Lyapunov families of periodic orbits that arise from the polygonal relative equilibrium. When the frequency of a Lyapunov orbit and the frequency of the rotating frame have a rational relationship, the orbit is also periodic in the inertial frame. A dense set of Lyapunov orbits, with frequencies satisfying a Diophantine equation, corresponds to choreographies of n vortices. We include numerical results for all cases, for various values of n, and we provide key details on the computational approach.     

Magnetic effect on the formation of longitudinal vortices in natural convection flow over a rotating heated flat plate

A numerical study of magnetic effect on the formation of longitudinal vortices in natural convection flow over a rotating heated flat plate is presented. The onset position characterized by the local Grashof number, depends on the rotational Reynolds number, the Prandtl number, the Hartmann number, and the wave number. The Coriolis force and the Lonertz force have significant effects on the formation of longitudinal vortices and the associated instability. Positive rotation stabilizes the flow on the rotating flat surface. On the contrary, a negative rotation destabilizes the flow. The flow is found more stable as the value of Hartmann number increases. The numerical data show reasonable agreement with the experimental results with the case of thermal instability in natural convection over a flat plate heated from below.     

Numerical study of multiple periodic flow states in spherical Couette flow

The supercritical flow states of the spherical Couette flow between two concentric spheres with the inner sphere rotating are investigated via direct numerical simulation using a three-dimensional finite difference method. For comparison with experiments of Nakabayashi et al. and Wimmer, a narrow gap and a medium gap with clearance ratio β=0.06 and 0.18 respectively are considered for the Reynolds number range covering the first Hopf bifurcation point. With adequate initial conditions and temporary imposition of small wave-type perturbation, multiple periodic flow states with three different pair numbers of spiral Taylor-Görtler (TG) vortices have been simulated successfully for β=0.06, of which the 1-pair and 2-pair of spiral TG vortices are newly obtained. Three different periodic flow states with shear waves, Stuart vortices or wavy outflow boundary, have been obtained for β=0.18. Analysis of the numerical results reveals these higher flow modes in terms of fundamental frequency, wave number and spatial structure.     

Periodic, aperiodic and chaotic motion of drift wave vortices in a circular region

The modulated point vortex model associated with the Hasegawa-Mima equation is used to study the dynamical behavior of drift wave vortices in a bounded region. When a circle is taken as the boundary of the region, the potential for the vortices can be constructed with the aid of the circle theorem which replaces the boundary by the mirror images of the vortices inside the circle and ensures that the potential for the vortices is zero on the boundary. Periodic, aperiodic and chaotic motions are realized depending on the number of vortices and the magnitude of the value of the diamagnetic drift which breaks the rotational symmetry and has a tendency to drive vortices into chaotic motion.