一个带有增加量价格折扣的两货栈库存模型

已有的确定性两货栈(其中一个是自己货栈(OW);另一个是租用货栈(RW))库存模型通常不考虑增加量价格折扣,然而在实际生活中,增加量价格折扣却是促使库存管理者加大订货量的一个重要原因.本文通过考虑增加量价格折扣而将两货栈系统作了进一步扩展,在采用间隔式运输模式运送RW的物品到OW的情形下,建立了一个带有增加量价格折扣并允许短缺的两货栈库存模型,提供了一种寻求最优库存策略的简单方法.     

允许缺货且带数量折扣的腐烂物质库存模型

在短缺量拖后率是等待时间的负指数函数、订购成本是批量的线性函数的条件下,建立了带数量折扣的腐烂物质库存模型,目标是优化总平均利润.在给定销售价格的情况下,证明了库存系统的最优补货策略存在且唯一;且若采用最优补货策略,平均利润函数是销售价格的凹函数;最后给出了模型的算法,并用数值例子说明了模型和算法的有效性.     

基于信用支付和现金折扣的变质物品库存模型

本文在供应商提供给零售商定期信用支付和现金折扣情况下,研究了零售商的变质物品最优库存问题。基于信用支付和现金折扣的两种支付条件下,分四种情况建立库存模型,并给出了寻求变质物品最优订购周期和最优付款时间的有效算法。最后,给出算例以及最优解,以说明本模型及求解过程。     

一类跳扩散需求存贮系统(s,S)库存控制策略研究

考虑的是连续检查库存,需求为一个常时间函数和-个复合Poison跳扩散随机过程的和的存贮系统最优库存控制问题.基于期望折扣成本最小建立了无穷时间区间具有固定订购成本的最优库存模型,确定可采用(s,S)策略进行库存控制,给出了最优(s,S)策略的充要条件--HJB方程Ⅰ、Ⅱ.我们采用"猜测"的方法确定了最优(s,S)策略对应的值函数形式,建立了确定库存参数的最优化模型.     

需求与库存水平相关的供应链量折扣协调模型

考虑由一个供应商和一个零售商构成的供应链系统,零售商的市场需求依赖于该产品的库存水平,研究了利用批量折扣实现供应链完美协调的问题.首先,我们得出了在分散式系统下供应链无法实现完美协调,讨论了供需双方的最优决策.其次,作为stackelberg的主导方,供应商提供批量折扣计划,得出了此折扣计划实现系统完美协调的条件,分别给出了实现完美协调和不能实现完美协调时的批量折扣计划.最后分析了需求函数中的参数和产品的成本对实现供应链系统完美协调的影响.     

库存理论(四)

4.2基于稳态分析的随机库存模型 前面讨论的多阶段随机库存模型中利用了动态规划的最优化原理,把问题的求解化为一个多阶段决策过程.一般来讲,其求解是很困难的.本段从另外的角度来考虑.假定讨论的是无限时段,由库存水平(随机过程)的稳态分析,根据所采用的定货策略对系统加上费用结构,然后对稳态下单位时间系统运行的期望总平均费用(或折扣费用)求极小,用这种方法来求出最优策略中的参数. 我们先从最简单的随机模型开始. 4.2.1单个需求连续盘点的随机库存模型 假定α)相邻单个需求之间的时间间隔X1, X2,…独立同分布X,有分布F(x),密度f(x)…     

多周期多产品采购量分配优化模型

为了解决随机需求与价格折扣并存条件下的多周期多产品采购量分配问题,建立了相应的多目标混合整数随机规划模型.该模型的特点是:①模型的约束条件中兼具确定性和随机性;②通过累计需求和累计采购量表示多周期的库存持有成本;③通过约束条件方程式准确地表现随机需求和价格折扣两大假设条件.针对该模型的特殊结构,提出了一种适用的求解策略:首先,通过把机会约束转化为确定性等价类,从而将多目标混合整数随机规划模型转化为确定型多目标混合整数规划模型;然后,采用目标规划法求得问题的满意解.此外,通过应用算例说明了模型的有效性和可行性.     

到货不确定的多商品多阶段多折扣的采购与存储问题

考虑一个制造商和多个供应商的采购与存储问题。多个供应商分别提供多种原材料，采用一种折扣方案，或单品全量折扣，或总量全量折扣，或混合全量折扣。制造商根据供应商提供的原材料品种和折扣方案，考虑不能按时到货的情况下，确定订货量，制定运输和仓储方案，以最小化总体运营成本。受运输过程中多种因素的影响，到货时间存在一定的不确定性，由此引出调货问题。用模糊随机变量表示到货率，建立相应的模糊随机数学优化模型，通过建立模糊随机期望值模型的方法将不确定的模糊随机优化模型转化为确定的混合整数非线性规划模型。给出求解该问题的算法——基于核搜索的启发式算法，对算例求解并证明了算法的可行性与有效性。通过数值实验，对相关参数进行分析，给出其经济解释，为管理者决策提供参考。     

带短期价格折扣和允许两次特殊补货的库存决策模型

针对供应商提供短期价格折扣且允许零售商两次特殊补货的库存系统, 建立了以零售商库存效益最大化为目标的库存决策模型, 分析了模型的性质, 根据经济订单批量补货决策下补货时间点与折扣时段的关系, 确定了零售商在不同补货策略下的库存效益增值函数. 据此给出零售商相应的最优补货策略函数表达式, 提出了该模型的一个全局优化算法, 并通过数值算例验证了模型和算法的有效性与可行性.     

变换核估计在未知需求分布函数条件下多阶段库存控制策略中的应用研究

传统的多阶段库存控制主要致力于库存持有以及过多库存的经济性研究.随机库存模型经常假定需求分布已知,这样可以产生容易解决的方案.但随着销售信息的不断更新,需求分布函数的参数常常未知.这样传统的多阶段库存模型很难产生最优的库存控制策略.当前文献对未知需求分布函数条件下的多阶段库存管理问题研究得不多,当需求分布函数随时间变化,是个多阶段随机规划问题,通常情况难以直接进行求解.针对一般非平稳需求,还缺少有效的库存管理方法.本文致力于变换核估计和优化理论相结合的方法研究未知需求分布函数条件下多阶段库存控制策略,提供一条多阶段库存控制的新思路.可以很好地确定各阶段的最优订货点、最高库存、最低库存等来达到整个系统的最优,从而节省更多的成本,达到营运资本的永久性减少、更高的销售量和客户满意度,从而增加企业的竞争力.     

An integrated model for lot sizing with supplier selection and quantity discounts

Good inventory management is essential for a firm to be cost competitive and to acquire decent profit in the market, and how to achieve an outstanding inventory management has been a popular topic in both the academic field and in real practice for decades. As the production environment getting increasingly complex, various kinds of mathematical models have been developed, such as linear programming, nonlinear programming, mixed integer programming, geometric programming, gradient-based nonlinear programming and dynamic programming, to name a few. However, when the problem becomes NP-hard, heuristics tools may be necessary to solve the problem. In this paper, a mixed integer programming (MIP) model is constructed first to solve the lot-sizing problem with multiple suppliers, multiple periods and quantity discounts. An efficient Genetic Algorithm (GA) is proposed next to tackle the problem when it becomes too complicated. The objectives are to minimize total costs, where the costs include ordering cost, holding cost, purchase cost and transportation cost, under the requirement that no inventory shortage is allowed in the system, and to determine an appropriate inventory level for each planning period. The results demonstrate that the proposed GA model is an effective and accurate tool for determining the replenishment for a manufacturer for multi-periods.     

Optimal ordering and pricing policy with supplier quantity discounts and price-dependent stochastic demand

We study a joint ordering and pricing problem for a retailer whose supplier provides all-unit quantity discount for the product. Both generalized disjunctive programming model and mixed integer nonlinear programming model are presented to formulate the problem. Some properties of the problem are analysed, based on which a solution algorithm is developed. Two numerical examples are presented to illustrate the problem, which are solved by our solution algorithm. Managerial analysis indicates that supplier quantity discount has much influence on the ordering and pricing policy of the retailer and more profit can be obtained when the supplier provides quantity discount.     

数量折扣契约下基于成本分担的供应链突发事件协调应对

突发事件会增加供应链成本,如何进行成本分担是决定供应链能否协调应对突发事件的重要因素.用参数分别描述市场需求剧增时增加的生产成本和市场需求剧减时发生的多余产品处理成本,在数量折扣契约基础上,研究突发事件发生后制造商的最优批发价格和零售商的最优订货量,分析其影响因素比较突发事件发生前后包括市场剧增与市场剧减两种情况下的差异,并给出了数值算例.结果表明,成本分担系数和市场需求分布及其变化都会影响最优批发价格和最优订货量,只要根据市场需求变化相应调整契约参数并合理分担由突发事件增加的成本,通过数量折扣契约供应链就能够协调应对突发事件.     

Optimal order size to take advantage of a one-time discount offer with allowed backorders

In this paper, we develop an inventory model for determining the optimal ordering policies for a buyer who operates an inventory policy based on an EOQ-type model with planned backorders when the supplier offers a temporary fixed-percentage discount and has specified a minimum quantity of additional units to purchase. A distinguishing feature of the model is that both fixed and linear backorder costs are included, whereas previous works include only the linear backordering cost. A numerical study is performed to provide insight into the behavior of the model.     

An optimization approach for supply chain management models with quantity discount policy

Owing to the difficulty of treating nonlinear functions, many supply chain management (SCM) models assume that the average prices of materials, production, transportation, and inventory are constant. This assumption, however, is not practical. Vendors usually offer quantity discounts to encourage the buyers to order more, and the producer intends to discount the unit production cost if the amount of production is large. This study solves a nonlinear SCM model capable of treating various quantity discount functions simultaneously, including linear, single breakpoint, step, and multiple breakpoint functions. By utilizing the presented linearization techniques, such a nonlinear model is approximated to a linear mixed 0–1 program solvable to obtain a global optimum.     

基于数量折扣合同和缺货损失的EOQ模型的改进

经济订购批量模型假定需求率、单位持有成本、订货成本为常数下得到总成本最低的订购批量,这些参数常数化的假设在现实中通常难以满足.假定需求和订货费为不确定的、库存成本包括年固定成本(与订货量无关)和年可变成本(与订货量有关),用三角模糊数表示年需求和订货费,通过引入数量折扣合同来量化单位产品进价,分别在不允许缺货和考虑缺货损失两种情况下得到最佳订货量.最后的算例表明了模型的合理性.     

Polynomial cases of the economic lot sizing problem with cost discounts

In this paper we study the economic lot sizing problem with cost discounts. In the economic lot sizing problem a facility faces known demands over a discrete finite horizon. At each period, the ordering cost function and the holding cost function are given and they can be different from period to period. There are no constraints on the quantity ordered in each period and backlogging is not allowed. The objective is to decide when and how much to order so as to minimize the total ordering and holding costs over the finite horizon without any shortages. We study two different cost discount functions. The modified all-unit discount cost function alternates increasing and flat sections, starting with a flat section that indicates a minimum charge for small quantities. While in general the economic lot sizing problem with modified all-unit discount cost function is known to be NP-hard, we assume that the cost functions do not vary from period to period and identify a polynomial case. Then we study the incremental discount cost function which is an increasing piecewise linear function with no flat sections. The efficiency of the solution algorithms follows from properties of the optimal solution. We computationally test the polynomial algorithms against the use of CPLEX.     

Integrated inventory model with quantity discount and price-sensitive demand

Quantity discount has been a subject of study for a long time; however, little is known about its effect on integrated inventory models when price-sensitive demand is placed. The objective of this study is to find the optimal pricing and ordering strategies for an integrated inventory system when a quantity discount policy is applied. The pricing strategy discussed here is one in which the vendor offers a quantity discount to the buyer. Then, the buyer will adjust his retail price based on the purchasing cost, which will influence the customer demand as a result. Consequently, an integrated inventory model is established to find the optimal solutions for order quantity, retail price, and the number of shipments from vendor to buyer in one production run, so that the joint total profit incurred has the maximum value. Also, numerical examples and a sensitivity analysis are given to illustrate the results of the model.