有限位移理论线弹性动力学二类和三类混合变量的最小势作用量原理和驻值余作用量原理及其应用

两个新的概念,即势作用量的概念和余作用量的概念被引入弹性动力学变分原理中.根据势作用量的概念,最小作用量原理（即Hamilton原理）被改称为最小势作用量原理.根据余作用量的概念,首次提出了驻值余作用量原理.考虑边界条件的变化并应用有限位移理论的功的互等定理,导出了以位移和应力为变分变量的二类混合变量的最小势作用量原理及驻值余作用量原理.应用应变势能密度与应力余能密度的关系式于上述二类混合变量作用量原理,导出了以位移、应力和应变为变分变量的三类混合变量的相关作用量原理.最后,应用拉氏乘子法给出了广义势作用量原理及广义余作用量原理,并且应用大挠度梁二类混合变量最小势作用量原理计算了一悬臂梁的受迫振动.     

一般力学中三类变量的广义变分原理

应用对合变换,将两类变量的广义变分原理的驻值条件变换为三类变量的基本方程.按照广义力和广义位移之间的对应关系,将各基本方程乘上相应的虚量,代数相加,然后积分,进而建立了完整系统的三类变量的广义变分原理.应用这种凑合法,建立了非完整系统的三类变量的广义变分原理.作为例子,将一般力学中的三类变量的广义变分原理和两类变量的广义变分原理推广应用于弹性动力学中.最后,讨论了有关的问题.     

大位移非线性弹性理论的变分原理和广义变分原理

在前文中[1],作者首次提出了大位移非线性弹性力学的位能原理和余能原理,以及各种完全的和不完全的广义变分原理.但在约束条件和欧拉条件上,证明和叙述都不很明确,有时甚至把原来应该是欧拉方程的误认为是约束条件,如余能驻值原理中,应力位移关系原应是欧拉方程,但把它当作了变分约束条件.这就是说:我们把余能驻值原理约束得超过了必要的要求.还有,在所有变分原理中,应力应变关系式都是不参加变分的约束条件,亦即,他们是从已定应力导出应变或从已定应变导出应力的约束条件.这一点,在文[1](1979)中,并未明确指出.本文并将用高阶拉氏乘子法,导出更一般的广义变分原理(1983)[2].本文使用V.V.Novozhilov的有关非线性弹性力学的成果(1958)[3].     

含多个任意参数的广义变分原理及换元乘子法

弹性力学变分原理的泛函变换可分为三种格式:Ⅰ、放松格式,Ⅱ、增广格式,Ⅲ、等价格式. 根据格式Ⅲ,提出含多个任意参数的广义变分原理及其泛函表示式,其中包括:以位移u为一类泛函变量的多参数广义变分原理;以位移u和应力σ为二类泛函变量的多参数广义变分原理;以位移u和应变ε为二类泛函变量的多参数广义变分原理;以位移u应变ε和应力σ为三类泛函变量的多参数广义变分原理.由这些原理可得出等价泛函一系列新形式,此外,通过参数的合理选择,可构造出一系列有限元模型. 本文还讨论了拉氏乘子法“失效”问题,指出“失效”现象产生的原因,提出乘子法“恢复有效”的作法——换元乘子法.     

高阶拉氏乘子法和弹性理论中更一般的广义变分原理

作者曾指出[1],弹性理论的最小位能原理和最小余能原理都是有约束条件限制下的变分原理采用拉格朗日乘子法,我们可以把这些约束条件乘上待定的拉氏乘子,计入有关变分原理的泛函内,从而将这些有约束条件的极值变分原理,化为无条件的驻值变分原理.如果把这些待定拉氏乘子和原来的变量都看作是独立变量而进行变分,则从有关泛函的驻值条件就可以求得这些拉氏乘子用原有物理变量表示的表达式.把这些表达式代入待定的拉氏乘子中,即可求所谓广义变分原理的驻值变分泛函.但是某些情况下,待定的拉氏乘子在变分中证明恒等于零.这是一种临界的变分状态.在这种临界状态中,我们无法用待定拉氏乘子法把变分约束条件吸收入泛函,从而解除这个约束条件.从最小余能原理出发,利用待定拉氏乘子法,企图把应力应变关系这个约束条件吸收入有关泛函时,就发生这种临界状态,用拉氏乘子法,从余能原理只能导出Hellinger-Reissner变分原理[2],[3],这个原理中只有应力和位移两类独立变量,而应力应变关系则仍是变分约束条件,人们利用这个条件,从变分求得的应力中求应变.所以Hellinger-Reissner变分原理仍是一种有条件的变分原理.     

非线性弹性体的弹性动力学变分原理

本文根据文献[1],对非线性应力应变关系的弹性体,导出了弹性动力学问题的变分原理和广义变分原理,提出了混合位移协调元和混合应力协调元的瞬时广义变分原理.     

有限位移理论线弹性力学二类和三类混合变量的变分原理及其应用

提出了有限位移理论线弹性力学二类混合变量和三类混合变量的变分原理.考虑已知边界条件的变化并应用有限位移理论的功的互等定理,在导出上述两类变分原理的过程中起到了关键作用和桥梁作用.首先,考虑已知位移边界条件的变化和应用功的互等定理,导出了二类混合变量的最小势能原理.用类似的方法,导出了二类混合变量的驻值余能原理.应用应变能密度和应力余能密度的关系式于上述两个变分原理,得到三类混合变量的变分原理.然后,给出了二类和三类混合变量的虚功原理和虚余功原理.同时,应用拉氏乘子法导出了广义变分原理.以一个算例说明了在某些情况下拉氏乘子法会失效,介绍了构成广义变分原理泛函的半逆法.最后,应用二类混合变量最小势能原理计算了一大挠度悬臂梁的弯曲.     

弹性厚板的分区广义变分原理

本文提出弹性厚板分区广义变分原理,其要点如下:1.各分区可任意定为势能区或余能区.分区势能、分区余能、分区混合变分原理是它的三种特殊形式.2.每个分区中独立变分变量的个数可任意规定.每个分区可定为单类变量区、二类变量区或三类变量区.3.每个交界线上的位移和力的连接条件可以放宽.这个原理为非协调元的厚板有限元法提供理论基础.各种厚板有限元模型可看作这个原理的特殊应用.特别是弹性厚板分区混合变分原理的提出为分区混合有限元法应用于厚板问题打下了基础.     

弹性理论中各种变分原理的分类

本文按弹性理论中各种变分原理的约束条件的不同,对所有变分原理进行分类.我们在前文中业已指出,应力应变关系这样的约束条件是不能用拉氏乘子法解除的.剩下的可能约束条件共有四种:(1)平衡方程,(2)应变位移关系,(3)边界外力已知的边界条件,和(4)边界位移已知的边界条件.弹性理论的各种变分原理中,有的只有一种约束条件,有的有两种或三种,最多只能有四种约束条件.这样一共可能有15种变分原理,但是每种变分原理既可以用应变能A表示,又可以用余能B表示.这样,我们一共应有30种形式完全不同的变分原理,我们全部列出了这三十种形式的变分原理.     

对偶变量块体混合元及其位移元的收敛性和精度分析

弹性力学Hamilton正则方程和Hamilton混合元的等效刚度系数矩阵,均具有直观的辛特性.基于H R变分原理和弹性力学保辛理论建立的对偶变量块体混合元,其等效刚度系数矩阵同样具有直观的辛特性.根据对偶变量块体混合元列式,可直接建立问题的控制方程,进行混合法求解.同时,通过对偶变量块体混合元列式可以导出对偶变量块体位移元列式,建立问题的控制方程后,可先求位移的解.数值实例表明:线性8结点对偶变量块体位移减缩积分元的各力学量的收敛速度均衡、收敛过程稳定、结果精度高,其应力变量的收敛速度与传统的20结点位移协调减缩积分元接近.对偶变量块体位移元具有普适性.     

A fully variational algorithmic formulation for wrinkling at finite strains

This contribution is concerned with an efficient novel algorithmic formulation for wrinkling at finite strains. In contrast to previously published numerical implementations, the advocated method is fully variational. More precisely, the parameters describing wrinkles or slacks, together with the unknown deformation mapping, are computed jointly by minimizing the potential energy of the considered mechanical system. Furthermore, the wrinkling criteria are naturally included within the presented variational framework. The presented approach allows to employ three–dimensional constitutive models directly, i.e., plane stress conditions characterizing membranes are variationally enforced by minimizing the potential energy with respect to the transversal strains. Since the proposed formulation for wrinkling in membranes is fully variational, it can be conveniently combined with other variational methods (based on energy minimization). As an example, a variationally consistent framework for finite strain plasticity theory is considered. More precisely, the minimization principle characterizing wrinkling in elastic membranes and that describing plasticity in inelastic solids are coupled leading to a novel variational approach for inelastic membranes. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Stress distribution near a reinforced elliptical hole in a spherical shell at the elastoplastic stage of deformation

On the basis of Lagrange's variational equation the authors obtained nonlinear resolvent equations and coefficients taking into account the effect of a reinforcing element (a rod) on the state of stress and strain of a spherical shell weakened by a curvilinear (elliptical) hole. The article explains the method of numerical investigation of the inelastic state of the shell based on the application of the variational difference method in combination with the method of elastic solutions. The inelastic state of a shell with a reinforced hole was numerically investigated.Kiev. Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Prikladnaya Mekhanika, No. 21, pp. 80–83, 1990.     

Structural theory of elastomeric composites based on fiber systems — Invariant description

A three-dimensional theory of elastomeric composites with elastomeric matrices reinforced by systems of fibers is presented. The theory is based on a structural approach in which the matrix and the reinforcement of the composite are considered separately without reduction to a medium having continuously changing characteristics. The approach is based on the idea of a vector field of macroscopic displacements given by the positions of the axial lines of the fibers in the curret (deformed) configuration of the composite. The vector field determines the current macroscopic configuration, the tensor fields of the measures of macroscopic strain, and the field of the macroscopic stress tensor in the composite. The displacement, strain, and stress fields in the elastomeric matrix and the fibers of the reinforcing systems are regarded as derivatives of the field of macroscopic displacements of the medium. Relations are presented to describe the kinematics of the fibers in the current configuration of the composite, including the evolution of their orientation and the frequency of their planar and spatial distribution. Equations are obtained for the macroscopic motion of the fiber-reinforced matrix, and the dynamic variational principle that governs this motion is established. The elastic macroscopic potential of the matrix is found and related to the components of the macroscopic stress tensor. The procedure to be followed in constructing the constitutive equations of the composite is described. The proposed system of equations, relations, and algorithms is closed and can be used to solve problems involving the deformation of products made of fiber-reinforced elastomers and the creation of elastomeric composite products, based on fiber systems, that possess the requisite properties.     

Nonlinear models of suspension bridges

Nonlinear variational equations describing one type of suspension bridges are proposed and studied. The variational equations describe the behaviour of road bed, main cables and cable stays. The road bed is described by two functions connected with vertical and horizontal deformation of any cross section. The main cable is considered to be perfectly flexible and inextensible. The cable stays only resist tensile forces. The variational equations are derived from the principle of minimum potential energy. The existence of solution is based on the Brouwer Fixed Point Theorem. The local uniqueness and continuous dependence on the data represented by gravitational forces acting on the road bed are studied. The local results are based on the Implicit Function Theorem for Banach spaces. A certain stability criterion for suspension bridges is formulated and this criterion indicates how to influence the stability of suspension bridges.     

A variational approach to optimal control problems for elastic body motions

The initial-boundary problem for the linear theory of elasticity is considered. Based on the method of integrodifferential relations a new dynamical variational principle in which displacement, stress, and momentum functions are varied is proposed and discussed. To minimize the nonnegative functional under initial, boundary, and partial differential constraints arising in this approach a regular algorithm for approximation of the unknown functions is worked out. The algorithm gives us the possibility to estimate explicitly the local and integral quality of obtained numerical solutions. An effective numerical method for the optimization problems of controlled motions of elastic bodies with quadratic objective functionals is developed. As example, the 3D problems of optimal longitudinal motions of a rectilinear elastic prism with a quadratic cross section are considered for the terminal total mechanical energy to be minimized. The numerical results and their error estimates are presented and discussed. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Modelling of the forced motions of an elastic beam using the method of integrodifferential relations

A variational approach to the numerical modelling of forced lateral motions of an Euler–Bernoulli elastic beam is developed for a number of linear boundary conditions using the method of integrodifferential relations. A class of linear boundary actions is considered. A family of quadratic functionals, connecting the displacement field of points of the beam with the bending-moment functions in the cross section and the momentum density is proposed. Variational formulations of the original initial-boundary value problem on the motion of the beam are given and the necessary conditions for the functionals introduced to be stationary are analysed. The integral and local quality characteristics of the admissible approximate solutions are determined. The relation between the variational problems, formulated for the beam model, with the classical Hamilton–Ostrogradskii variational principles is demonstrated. An algorithm for constructing approximate systems of ordinary differential equations is developed, the solution of which yields stationary (minimum) values of the functionals introduced on a specified set of displacement fields, moments and momenta. Examples of calculations of the displacements for an elastic beam and an analysis of the quality of the numerical solutions obtained are presented.     

具有对角线化的一致质量矩阵的动力有限元和弹塑性撞击计算

在EPIC[1、2]、NONSAP[3]等弹塑性撞击计算的有限元程序中,都有一些共同的弱点.所有这些程序,都采用静力学问题中常用的简单线性形状函数来描写各位移分量.在这样的有限元法中,应变和应力分量在每一有限元中都是常量.但在运动方程中,应力分量都是以它们的空间导数的形式出现的.于是,在采用了线性形状函数来表达的位移分量以后,应力分量对运动方程的贡献必恒等于零.克服这种困难的一般方法是通过虚位移原理,把运动方程化为能量关系的变分形式,从而建立既作用在结点上而又在每一有限元内自相平衡的人为内力平衡系统.把施加在某一结点上的所有相邻有限元的人为内力的作用叠加在一起,就能计算这一结点的加速度.但是从虚位移原理化为能量关系的变分形式时,要求位移和应力在积分域内处处连续.也就是说,要求位移和应力有限元都是协调的.我们很易看到,线性形状函数所描述的位移有限元是连续协调的,但其有关的应力分量在有限元界面上,则并不连续.所以,这样的有限元处理,是否收敛并无把握,即使从近似角度看,也是难以令人满意的.而且,为了计算结点的加速度,我们还应该有建立质量矩阵的计算规则.目前有两种计算方法:一种是集总(lumped)质量法,另一种是一致(consistent)质量法[4].     

Nonlinear bending and buckling for strain gradient elastic beams

Nonlinear bending of strain gradient elastic thin beams is studied adopting Bernoulli–Euler principle. Simple nonlinear strain gradient elastic theory with surface energy is employed. In fact linear constitutive relations for strain gradient elastic theory with nonlinear strains are adopted. The governing beam equations with its boundary conditions are derived through a variational method. New terms are considered, already introduced for linear cases, indicating the importance of the cross-section area, in addition to moment of inertia in bending of thin beams. Those terms strongly increase the stiffness of the thin beam. The non-linear theory is applied to buckling problems of thin beams, especially in the study of the postbuckling behaviour.