基于熵权理论的模糊风险评估方法在网络系统中的应用

针对信息系统风险评估中过分依赖主观赋值的现象,提出一种基于熵权理论的模糊风险评估方法,并将其应用于校园网络系统风险评估.构建了校园网络系统风险评估的递阶层次结构模型,结合层次分析法和模糊逻辑法对各风险因素的风险值进行分析,评价系统中值得关注的风险因素.在此基础上通过熵权理论计算整个系统的风险度以评价校园网络系统的总体风险情况,通过实例分析表明该方法可行有效.     

配电设备实时故障风险评估方法

现有配电设备故障风险评估方法在因素分析方面不够全面,未能综合考虑天气等环境因素与设备健康状态因素对设备故障风险的影响,且数据来源主要为长期历史数据,缺乏时效性。为解决此问题,本文提出了一种配电设备实时故障风险评估方法,结合天气状况、设备状态两大因素计算配电设备实时故障概率,通过负荷损失量、停电用户数量、负荷重要等级三个因素评估配电设备故障影响程度,并以设备故障概率和故障影响程度为准则建立风险评估模型。通过IEEE-RBTS BUS2算例分析,证明该模型能够有效评估配电设备实时故障风险,对于电力企业优化设备检修工作,提升应急管理水平具有重要的指导意义。     

基于模糊综合判定法地铁深基坑施工安全风险评估

为了对近海砂性土层地铁深基坑进行安全风险评估,建立了地铁车站施工安全风险评估体系,运用模糊层次分析法确定基坑施工风险因素指标的权重,在此基础上,结合灰色关联度法,计算出风险评估系统中总风险层与第一层次因素的关联度,以及第一层次因素与其对应第二层次因素的关联度.实例分析结果表明,基于模糊层次分析法的灰色关联度评价方法能有效降低主观因素的影响,且该方法的运用不受样本量大小的影响,数学处理计算过程简单,为深基坑安全风险评价与风险管理提供参考.     

建设工程项目施工阶段风险的评估与防范

建设工程项目施工阶段风险引发的事故,往往造成重大损失,必须对建设工程项目施工阶段风险进行评估与防范.首先从项目施工阶段风险的影响要素分析入手,明确了风险来源.选取施工图纸不完善等影响因素,通过SPSS进行主成分提取,确定了影响程度较大的因素.其次构建了建设工程项目施工阶段风险评估指标体系,包括项目业主等5个一级指标和施工图纸不完善等26个二级指标,采用了Cov-AHP分析法确定权重,构建了施工阶段模糊综合评判风险评估模型.最后,以银河广场为例,进行实证分析,计算其风险水平,针对施工阶段风险,提出了制定突发事件应急方案等防范措施.研究为企业建设工程项目风险管理提供参考依据.     

基于熵权TOPSIS模型的配电网风险评估实证研究

配电网作为直接面向用户的关键环节,是目前提高供电系统运行水平的关键环节,对配电网进行风险评估具有重要的现实意义.通过实际调研,综合考虑了配电网风险来源的各个因素,由此构建了配电网风险评估指标体系,包含五个一级指标和十九个二级指标.将熵权法和TOPSIS进行有效结合,建立了配电网风险评估模型,并对L市8家供电公司管辖的配电网进行定量分析,验证了所建立的配电网风险评估指标体系和评估模型的合理性与实用性,分析找出配电网风险来源,为配电网的管理提供参考.     

长三角地区省级雾霾影响综合风险评价

为全面评估雾霾天气对经济社会生态的安全状况,基于自然灾害系统理论构造了雾霾危害综合风险评估体系并结合层次分析法和熵权法计算了各子因素权重,采用物元可拓模型计算长三角三省市雾霾危害综合风险的关联系数、判定等级.计算结果表明:上海市综合风险等级判定为严重,江苏省综合风险等级处于轻度,浙江省综合风险等级处于微度,同时使用综合指数法的计算结果验证了结果可信.最后根据三省市各项风险因素的权重大小、风险等级和改变难度综合评价各项风险因素,确定了长三角各省市降低雾霾危害风险水平的关键因素.     

供应链整合维度间互动关系研究

本文旨在研究供应链整合各维度间的关系以优化企业资源配置,找出供应链整合各维度间互动关系和相互作用机理,利用104家样本企业的调查数据,通过因子分析降维,找出各整合维度的公共因子,使用多元线性回归方法分析各维度间的关系,为避免研究完全由数据驱使,采用MATLAB软件对维度间的关系进行曲线拟合,并结合机理分析对研究模型进行修正,研究发现信息共享在每个整合维度中均为关键因素,整合因素之间动态互动,企业动态监控各维度中整合因素的整合程度以有效提高企业资源配置的效率。     

考虑风险传导情形的供应风险评估方法

针对考虑风险传导情形的供应风险评估问题,提出了一种基于贝叶斯网络的供应风险评估方法。该方法中,通过识别引起供应链中各节点企业供应风险的关键风险因素,构建一个贝叶斯网络,并依据贝叶斯公式计算考虑风险传导情形下供应风险的发生概率,在此基础上,对考虑风险传导的供应风险进行评估。最后,通过一个算例说明了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于熵权-Vague集赋权可拓模型的地铁车站施工安全性评价研究

地铁施工风险因素具有多样性和复杂性,为准确评价风险因素对地铁车站施工安全性的影响,从施工环境、施工人员及管理、施工机械设备以及施工技术四个维度确定风险指标,建立施工安全性评价指标体系,综合采用熵权法和Vague集理论,对评价指标进行权重计算,并且结合物元可拓模型对地铁车站施工安全性进行评价.最后通过实例应用表明:该模型适用于地铁车站施工安全性评价,具有良好的针对性、客观性和可操作性.     

儿童伤害住院费用ARIMA预测模型研究

目的拟合适合儿童伤害住院费用时间序列资料的预测模型。方法采用ARIMA模型对住院费用进行模型拟合。结果模型拟合得到的最优模型为ARIMA(0,1,1)×(0,1,1)2×(0,1,1)12模型,该模型预测2005年的平均住院费将为2849.7元,2006年的平均住院费将达到3117.7元。结论ARIMA模型适用于儿童伤害住院费用时间序列模型拟合以及费用预测,预测结果显示在没有外来干预因素影响的情况下,儿童因伤害住院的住院费用将会延续2004年以前的上升趋势持续上涨。     

面向战略型消费者的产品创新与定价策略

考虑垄断制造商面向战略型消费者时的产品创新与定价问题。运用消费者效用理论和博弈论等方法,构建静态和动态定价下制造商和消费者两期决策模型并求解分析。结果表明,消费者是否购买以及何时购买产品取决于升级换代产品的价格阈值。与静态定价相比较,动态定价能使制造商获得更多期望收益,但会降低消费者剩余、弱化制造商的产品创新积极性,并且这种弱化现象在产品价值折扣系数较高的情况下尤为明显。战略消费者购买行为对制造商的产品创新、期望收益和消费者剩余的影响,不仅依赖于制造商选择何种定价策略,还取决于产品价值折扣系数的大小。研究结论为消费者的产品购买和升级换代提供了理论建议,为企业的产品创新和定价提供了决策参考。     

考虑零售商保鲜和消费者效用的生鲜农产品供应链协调

针对消费者对生鲜农产品新鲜度要求更高但零售商单独保鲜能力有限的问题,从提高消费效用角度出发,构建了受生鲜农产品新鲜度和价格影响的消费者时变效用函数,建立了由零售商和供应商组成的两级生鲜农产品供应链利润模型,采用Stackberg博弈方法分析了分散式决策下供应商的最优保鲜努力和零售商的最优定价,并同集中式决策下供应链系统的最优决策进行比较。由于分散式决策下零售商的保鲜努力较小,因此给出了能够实现生鲜农产品供应链协调的“保鲜成本分担+收益共享”契约。在此基础上,以同时实现供应链协调和提高消费者整体效用为目标,进一步确定了协调契约所在的区间范围。最后通过算例证明了协调契约的有效性。     

Evaluation of the warranty cost of a product with type III stochastic dependence between components

This paper analyses respectively the expected warranty costs from the perspectives of the manufacturer and the consumer. For a two-component series system with stochastic dependence between components, both the non-renewing free replacement policy and the renewing replacement policy are examined. It is assumed that whenever component 1 fails, a random damage to component 2 is occurred while a component 2 failure causes the system failure. Component 2 fails when its total accumulative damage exceeds a pre-determined level L. By considering the consumer’s behavior and the product service time, the warranty costs allocations between the manufacturer and the consumer are presented. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the applicability of the methodology. It is proved that, independent of the type of the warranty policy, the failure interaction between components impacts the manufacturer profits and the consumer costs. The initial warranty length has also an impact on the product quality preferences to both the consumer and the manufacturer.     

Impact of demographic and economic variables on financial policy purchase timing decisions

This paper investigates the extent to which consumers' demographic factors influence their financial policy purchasing behaviours and also explores how the external economic environment affects consumers' propensities to purchase financial products. The Cox proportional hazard model is used to explore these issues. The results suggest that consumer decisions on the timing of financial product purchases are largely explained by changes in the economic environment in terms of stock market, the housing market, average earnings, consumer confidence, and interest rates. The influence of customer demographic factors is also important but secondary.     

Using copulas to model repeat purchase behaviour – An exploratory analysis via a case study

We develop a model of the evolution of inter-purchase times for a consumer-packaged product. After the introduction of the product, a consumer waits to make the initial purchase, then either waits to repurchase or decides not to. A repurchasing consumer repeats this decision process. The components of the model are the repurchase probability and the density function of the time to repurchase at each stage of the purchasing cycle. Issues of interest are: the strength of the dependency between successive repurchase times; the number of repeat purchases before stability occurs; the effects of consumer characteristics on inter-purchase times. The model of individual purchasing behaviour can be transformed via simulation to produce sales time series for a given population. As an example, the model is estimated for a product using Australian panel data. The accuracy of the model’s prediction is compared with an existing model.     

消费者偏好、市场准入与产品安全水平:基于双寡头两阶段博弈模型分析

考虑消费者产品安全偏好和产品安全水平等因素,针对采取不同产品安全战略的两个寡头制造商,建立了两阶段博弈模型:第一阶段为两制造商选择各自的产品安全度水平,第二阶段为两产品制造商确定各自的产品价格。通过数值仿真重点讨论了消费者产品安全偏好支付系数和产品安全市场准入值两参数变化带来的影响。结果表明:消费者安全偏好支付系数提高时,两制造商利润均增加;产品安全准入值提高时,低价战略采取者的利润下降;主动安全战略采取者利润增加。所得结论对于产品安全管理中政府及不同类型制造商的决策具有参考价值和指导意义。     

Designing win-win financial loan products for consumers and businesses

With the many possible designs that a financial company can offer to a consumer (eg terms, price, quality, features), a company can identify win-win products for both the consumer and the company. A key to identifying win-win products is to explicitly integrate the consumer's preferences for price and quality with the company's preferences for profit and market share. This paper builds a model that identifies the set of win-win products by integrating the preferences of buyer and seller. For any product not in this set, there is at least one product in the set that is better for both buyer and seller. The company's preferences are then used to select the optimal offer from the win-win set. Our development logically derives the results by focusing on financial products (eg loans, mortgages, credit cards) to consumers in the multitrillion dollar retail credit business.     

消费者异质性下基础产品及其附加品的供应链定价策略研究

建立一个由制造商和销售商组成的二级供应链模型,在销售商向消费者销售制造商基础产品的同时提供可选附加品的供应链多产品定价背景下研究了制造商及销售商的定价策略。以消费者对附加品价值增值存在的异质性将基础产品及其附加品的消费市场细分为基础产品单独消费市场及产品共同消费市场。基于市场细分比例以及附加品价值增值程度,讨论了不同条件下制造商及销售商的定价策略以及所形成的供应链定价均衡,分析了产品定价均衡与市场细分比例、附加品价值增值程度之间的关系。     

SAA-regularized methods for multiproduct price optimization under the pure characteristics demand model

Utility-based choice models are often used to determine a consumer’s purchase decision among a list of available products; to provide an estimate of product demands; and, when data on purchase decisions or market shares are available, to infer consumers’ preferences over observed product characteristics. These models also serve as a building block in modeling firms’ pricing and assortment optimization problems. We consider a firm’s multiproduct pricing problem, in which product demands are determined by a pure characteristics model. A sample average approximation (SAA) method is used to approximate the expected market share of products and the firm profit. We propose an SAA-regularized method for the multiproduct price optimization problem. We present convergence analysis and numerical examples to show the efficiency and the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Heterogeneity and increasing returns may drive socio-economic transitions

There are clear benefits associated with a particular consumer choice for many current markets. For example, as we consider here, some products might carry environmental or ‘green’ benefits. Some consumers might value these benefits while others do not. However, as evidenced by myriad failed attempts of environmental products to maintain even a niche market, such benefits do not necessarily outweigh the extra purchasing cost. The question we pose is, how can such an initially economically-disadvantaged green product evolve to hold the greater share of the market? We present a simple mathematical model for the dynamics of product competition in a heterogeneous consumer population. Our model preassigns a hierarchy to the products, which designates the consumer choice when prices are comparable, while prices are dynamically rescaled to reflect increasing returns to scale. Our approach allows us to model many scenarios of technology substitution and provides a method for generalizing market forces. With this model, we begin to forecast irreversible trends associated with consumer dynamics as well as policies that could be made to influence transitions.