考虑高频数据影响的BEKK模型的估计及其应用

多维资产的协方差阵在投资组合中扮演着重要角色,如何估计和预测资产的协方差阵是统计领域的一大热点问题.将基于高频数据的已实现协方差阵(RCOV)和双频已实现协方差阵(TSCOV)应用到BEKK模型的估计过程中,提出了考虑高频数据影响的BEKK-RCOV和BEKK-TSCOV模型,这两类模型将高频数据引入到协方差阵估计过程中的同时,还可以对协方差阵直接进行预测,避免了预测模型的选择困难问题,并且提高了协方差阵的估计效率.通过实证研究发现:BEKK-RCOV和BEKK-TSCOV模型估计和预测效果明显优于BEKK模型,将其应用在投资组合时,使投资者获得了更高的收益.     

基于混合频率数据的大维协方差阵的估计及其应用

大维数据给传统的协方差阵估计方法带来了巨大的挑战,数据维度和噪声的影响使得协方差阵的估计较为困难.在文章的研究中,将高频数据和低频数据相结合,提出了基于混合频率数据的协方差阵的估计和预测模型——MFD模型,MFD模型在解决了维数诅咒的同时还考虑了过去市场信息对协方差阵的影响,动态地估计和预测了未来的协方差阵.通过实证研究发现:较基于低频数据和高频数据的协方差阵估计和预测模型而言,MFD模型明显提高了高维协方差阵的估计和预测效率;并且将其应用在投资组合时,投资者获得了更高的投资收益和经济福利.     

高维投资组合风险的估计

在大数据时代,如何估计高维投资组合的风险是金融机构面临的一大难题.针对这一难题,文章主要做了两方面研究:首先,将非线性收缩法和QuEST函数应用到BEKK模型中,提出BEKK-NS模型,以估计和预测在资产组合中扮演着重要角色的资产协方差阵.该模型同时适用于估计正态分布和厚尾分布数据的协方差阵,并且能够很好地解决维数诅咒问题,提高协方差阵的估计效率.其次,构造了基于循环分块bootstrap方法的极限误差U(α)来评价高维投资组合的风险.通过模拟和实证研究发现:BEKK-NS模型明显优于BEKK,将其应用在投资组合时,降低了组合风险,使得投资者获得了更高的收益;并且极限误差U(α)非常接近于真实的误差,由其构造的组合风险的置信区间较为精确.     

基于因子分析法的金融高频已实现波动的预测

金融高频数据的已实现波动(RV)在风险管理中扮演着非常重要的角色,已有大量文献对如何预测资产的已实现波动进行了研究.采用因子分析法来预测RV,探讨了不可观测的金融序列的公共因子在预测已实现波动时所起的作用,并考虑了资产价格中跳跃的影响,建立了基于因子分析法的波动预测模型(F-RV-J).从损失函数、MCS检验和在险价值VaR的预测能力三个方面,将F-RV-J模型与其它常用的预测模型进行了比较,发现F-RV-J模型明显要优于其它波动预测模型.     

两类多元GARCH模型的预测绩效和组合VaR的研究

运用V aR模型对股票组合进行风险测度的关键之一是得到组合条件协方差矩阵.而经典的多元GARCH模型来求解波动率面临着估计参数过多,计算量庞大的问题.因此,使用正交GARCH模型和CCC模型来估算波动率,并以沪深两市A股市场上四个行业的65只股票为样本,使用RM SE和M AD指标比较这些模型的预测能力,求得股票组合的V aR,得出前者效率高和后者预测能力略高的结论.     

一般M-V模型中的有效证券组合及无套利分析

本文研究了协方差阵奇异时一般M-V模型中的有效证券组合, 得到了证券市场存在有效证券组合的充要条件, 并给出了有效证券组合的通解和有效前沿的性质. 最后, 本文还在奇异协方差阵下进行了无套利分析, 得到了证券市场无套利的充要条件, 从而证明了Szeg\"{o}的猜想.     

奇异协方差阵及不同借贷利率下均值—方差模型的解析解

随着金融资产种类的增加,特别是考虑大规模投资组合问题时,很可能出现资产间的多重共线性或相关性,从而出现协方差阵奇异的情况。然而,目前关于投资组合的均值—方差分析大都是在协方差阵正定的条件下得到的,因此,不适用于奇异协方差阵的情形。针对这一问题,利用广义逆矩阵研究了协方差阵奇异时的均值—方差投资组合模型,在不同借贷利率条件下得到了前沿组合和组合前沿的解析解,突破了传统方法中要求协方差阵可逆的限制,推广了经典Markowitz模型。     

大维协方差阵的估计及其应用

大维数据给传统的协方差阵估计方法带来了巨大的挑战,数据维度和噪声的影响不容忽视.首先以风险因子为自变量,对股票收益率建立线性回归模型;然后通过引入惩罚函数将取值非常接近的回归系数归为一组,近而来估计大维数据的协方差阵,提出了基于回归聚类算法的分块模型(BM-CAR),模型克服了传统的稀疏协方差阵估计的弊端.通过模拟和实证研究发现:较因子协方差阵估计方法而言,BM-CAR明显提高了大维协方差阵的估计效率;并且将其应用在投资组合时,投资者获得了更高的收益和经济福利.     

ARIMA时间序列模型和BP神经网络组合预测在铁路客座率中的应用

首先利用python3.5对铁路客座率原始数据进行预处理,然后利用ARIMA时间序列和BP神经网络进行单一的模型预测,得出单一预测模型的均方误差.在组合预测求解时,先求出ARIMA时间序列模型的误差向量E_1和BP神经网络的预测误差为E_2,由于这两种预测方法是相互独立的,因此误差向量E_1和E_2线性无关且组合预测误差向量为E=(E_1,E_2),得出组合预测平方和的形式为J-W~TEW,然后根据组合预测误差平方和最小的原则来确定权值w_1,w_2,最后求解凸二次规划问题得到权值并求出组合预测模型和均方误差.通过比较单一模型预测和组合预测的均方误差,得出结论:组合预测模型的精确度高于单一预测模型的精确度.     

基于ARIMA-DGM-BP组合模型的喀什地区GDP预测

组合模型的预测效果一般优于单一模型的预测效果.利用ARIMA模型,DGM(1,1)模型以及BP神经网络构建ARIMR-DGM-BP组合预测模型,给出了建立该组合模型的基本思路.利用喀什地区2000-2018年GDP的相关数据资料,建立了ARIMR-GM-BP和ARIMR-DGM-BP组合模型并对预测的效果进行了统计分析,结果表明ARIMR-DGM-BP组合模型的预测效果优于ARIMR-GM-BP组合模型.最后运用本文的组合预测模型对喀什地区2019-2021年GDP进行预测.     

Bayesian shrinkage prediction for the regression problem

We consider Bayesian shrinkage predictions for the Normal regression problem under the frequentist Kullback-Leibler risk function.Firstly, we consider the multivariate Normal model with an unknown mean and a known covariance. While the unknown mean is fixed, the covariance of future samples can be different from that of training samples. We show that the Bayesian predictive distribution based on the uniform prior is dominated by that based on a class of priors if the prior distributions for the covariance and future covariance matrices are rotation invariant.Then, we consider a class of priors for the mean parameters depending on the future covariance matrix. With such a prior, we can construct a Bayesian predictive distribution dominating that based on the uniform prior.Lastly, applying this result to the prediction of response variables in the Normal linear regression model, we show that there exists a Bayesian predictive distribution dominating that based on the uniform prior. Minimaxity of these Bayesian predictions follows from these results.     

Robust portfolio optimization: a conic programming approach

The Markowitz Mean Variance model (MMV) and its variants are widely used for portfolio selection. The mean and covariance matrix used in the model originate from probability distributions that need to be determined empirically. It is well known that these parameters are notoriously difficult to estimate. In addition, the model is very sensitive to these parameter estimates. As a result, the performance and composition of MMV portfolios can vary significantly with the specification of the mean and covariance matrix. In order to address this issue we propose a one-period mean-variance model, where the mean and covariance matrix are only assumed to belong to an exogenously specified uncertainty set. The robust mean-variance portfolio selection problem is then written as a conic program that can be solved efficiently with standard solvers. Both second order cone program (SOCP) and semidefinite program (SDP) formulations are discussed. Using numerical experiments with real data we show that the portfolios generated by the proposed robust mean-variance model can be computed efficiently and are not as sensitive to input errors as the classical MMV??s portfolios.     

基于高频波动率模型与R-vine copula的行业资产组合风险测度研究

相较于低频波动率模型,高频波动率模型在单资产的波动和风险预测中均取得了更好效果,因此如何将高频波动率模型引入组合风险分析具有重要的理论和现实意义。本文以沪深300指数中的6种行业高频数据为例,运用滚动时间窗技术建立9类已实现波动率异质自回归(HAR-RV-type)模型刻画行业指数波动,同时使用R-vine copula模型描述行业资产间相依结构,进一步结合均值-CVaR模型优化行业资产组合投资比例,构建组合风险的预期损失模型,并通过返回测试比较不同风险模型的精度差异。研究结果表明:将HAR族高频波动率模型引入组合风险分析框架,能够有效预测行业资产组合风险状况;高频波动率预测的准确性将进而影响组合风险测度效果,跳跃、符号跳跃变差以及符号正向、负向跳跃变差均有助于提高行业组合风险的预测精度。     

奇异协方差阵下有效前沿及有效组合的解析解

利用广义逆矩阵研究了协方差阵奇异时的投资组合问题,突破了传统方法中要求协方差阵可逆的限制,得到了证券市场存在有效组合的充要条件,并给出了有效前沿和有效组合的解析解,成功地推广了经典Markowitz模型,同时还将有助于证券组合有效子集的深入研究.     

Regularizing Portfolio Risk Analysis: A Bayesian Approach

It is important for a portfolio manager to estimate and analyze portfolio volatility, to keep the portfolio’s risk within limit. Though the number of financial instruments in the portfolio can be very large, sometimes more than thousands, daily returns considered for analysis are only for a month or even less. In this case rank of portfolio covariance matrix is less than full, hence solution is not unique. It is typically known as the “ill-posed” problem. In this paper we discuss a Bayesian approach to regularize the problem. One of the additional advantages of this approach is to analyze the source of risk by estimating the probability of positive ‘conditional contribution to total risk’ (CCTR). Each source’s CCTR would sum up to the portfolio’s total volatility risk. Existing methods only estimate CCTR of a source, and does not estimate the probability of CCTR to be significantly greater (or less) than zero. This paper presents Bayesian methodology to do so. We propose a simple Monte Carlo (MC) approach to achieve our objective, which can be paralleled. Estimation of various risk measures, such as Value at Risk and Expected Shortfall, becomes a by-product of this Monte-Carlo approach.     

高频视角下中国股市动态VaR预测模型研究

如何充分挖掘交易数据中有价值的信息对金融风险管理极其重要,现有研究中基于低频波动模型的风险测度方法几乎已经做到了极致,而能达到的预测效果却并不稳健,对高频波动模型的研究相对比较匮乏。那么高频模型能否从高频数据中挖掘出更有价值的信息以便用于风险管理之中呢？本研究通过建立12个低频和9个高频波动模型对上证综指进行样本外动态VaR的滚动预测发现,高频模型相对于低频模型具有更好的稳定性,并且在多数情况下高频模型优于低频模型;多头与空头的风险预测效果具有显著差异,多头风险在高风险情况下高频模型表现出色,低风险情况下并不理想,空头风险则在所有情况下都表现较好。     

Randomly generating portfolio-selection covariance matrices with specified distributional characteristics

In portfolio selection, there is often the need for procedures to generate “realistic” covariance matrices for security returns, for example to test and benchmark optimization algorithms. For application in portfolio optimization, such a procedure should allow the entries in the matrices to have distributional characteristics which we would consider “realistic” for security returns. Deriving motivation from the fact that a covariance matrix can be viewed as stemming from a matrix of factor loadings, a procedure is developed for the random generation of covariance matrices (a) whose off-diagonal (covariance) entries possess a pre-specified expected value and standard deviation and (b) whose main diagonal (variance) entries possess a likely different pre-specified expected value and standard deviation. The paper concludes with a discussion about the futility one would likely encounter if one simply tried to invent a valid covariance matrix in the absence of a procedure such as in this paper.