碳交易规制下的制造商减排外包模式选择:定制vs订购?

研究碳交易规制下制造商减排服务外包时供应链各成员的最优决策和绩效问题,对比分析了定制和订购两种减排模式下的供应链博弈均衡和供应链成员绩效。研究发现,在碳交易规制下,定制和订购两种减排合作模式下供应链成员均存在最优决策。在定制模式下,单位产品的初始排放量和制造商的减排成本系数提高一定会降低最优产量、单位产品减排量和减排服务价格,减排服务商的减排成本系数提高会降低最优产量和单位产品减排量,但不一定会降低减排服务价格;在订购模式下单位产品初始排放量、制造商和减排服务商的成本系数对企业决策的影响不一定如此。当需求函数满足均匀分布时,无论制造商和减排服务商的减排效率如何,订购模式对减排服务商更有利,定制模式对制造商更有利,但供应链系统总利润的高低与制造商的减排成本系数有关。     

竞争市场下考虑再制造产品售后服务的供应链运营策略

在同时生产新产品和再制造产品的原始制造企业(企业1)与生产具有替代性产品的企业(企业2)构成竞争关系下的供应链系统中,探讨供应链在不同售后服务策略下供应链的运营策略,分析在竞争市场下供应链定价策略和再制造产品的售后服务对定价策略及供应链中各企业利润的影响。揭示再制造产品售后服务对定价策略和供应链各企业最优利润的影响。得到如下主要研究结论:(1)当制造企业为再制造产品提供售后服务时,再制造产品销售量增加,新产品和竞争替代产品销售量降低;有趣的是新产品和再制造产品的市场零售价格同时增加,竞争替代产品的市场零售价格降低。(2)制造企业为再制造产品提供售后服务时的利润总是大于没有售后服务时的利润,且不受单位产品生产成本影响。同时当单位产品生产成本较高时,制造企业为再制造产品提供售后服务策略会带来竞争对手企业利润增加。这些结论对具有再制造产品供应链如何提供再制造产品售后服务具有一定指导作用和管理启示。     

竞合模式下考虑低碳产品推广补贴的供应链博弈研究

在制造商向零售商提供低碳产品推广补贴的背景下,考虑一个主导制造商和两个跟随零售商构成的供应链,研究两个零售商竞争与合作情况下的供应链减排及低碳产品推广决策,运用Stackelberg博弈理论分别构建了竞争模式、合作模式的模型,得到最优减排水平、低碳产品推广投入及低碳产品推广成本分摊比例.通过比较分析发现:两种模式的最优减排水平不变;与竞争模式相比,合作模式下零售商低碳产品推广投入更低,利润更大,而制造商分摊比例更大,利润更小;当竞争系数大于两个零售商低碳产品推广敏感系数之和时,整个供应链的利润更高,通过谈判协调,可以提高双方的利润.最后运用算例验证了模型的有效性.     

两阶段闭环供应链的新产品和再制造产品最优定价模型

以一个制造商和一个零售商组成的两阶段闭环供应链为研究对象,通过考虑废旧产品的回收、再制造、再销售以及新产品和再制造产品竞争等因素,建立集中供应链系统和分散供应链系统的数学模型,研究新产品和再制造产品的最优定价策略.研究结果表明当新产品的制造成本和再制造产品的制造成本满足一定条件时,决策者为了实现利润最大化才进行再制造活动.最后通过算例验证了上述结论,并进一步分析了回收率和替代系数对供应链总利润及各成员利润的影响.     

需求拉动型供应链突发风险传递模型

研究突发事件风险在需求拉动型供应链中传递的效应和规律。以博弈论思想为指导,分析了突发事件风险在需求拉动型供应链中传递的过程,建立了相应的风险传递模型,计算了供应链双方利润的需求风险弹性系数。研究表明:供应链双方利润与市场容量呈正相关,与价格敏感系数呈负相关;突发事件引起的市场容量变化对供应链双方利润的影响要远大于价格弹性系数变化对供应链双方利润的影响;无论供应链成本如何变化,供应链各方利润对需求总量和需求倾向的各风险弹性系数恒大于1,说明下游需求的小幅变动可能引起上游利润的大幅变动,证明了牛鞭效应的存在。     

异质性生鲜农产品供应链的差别定价与协调策略

在单一供应商生产的两种产品存在替代性,需求受自身价格、新鲜度以及替代品价格共同影响的条件下,研究了受数量损耗影响的生鲜农产品供应链的定价策略及协调问题.比较分析了集中式与分散式决策下的最优策略,讨论了竞争替代系数以及可控的新鲜度和数量损耗率对最优决策的影响,进而给出了继续提升系统总利润的决策空间和顾客共赢的决策范围.并设计了"利润共享契约"对供应链进行协调,当契约参数在一定范围内变化时,该契约能实现供应商、零售商和顾客三方的共赢,供应商也拥有继续提升系统总利润的动力.     

政府补贴下的绿色供应链定价与协调机制研究

研究考虑政府对绿色产品的补贴,对制造商和零售商组成的二级绿色闭环供应链构建集中决策和以制造商为主导的Stackelberg博弈模型.研究发现在以制造商为主导决策下,企业生产的绿色度、相关定价以及供应链利润均没有达到最优.在此基础上,以集中决策下的整体利润为目标,提出了收入共享成本共担契约协调,得到最优的协调比例.并通过算例和参数敏感性分析,验证了相关推论的正确性和使用契约的有效性.研究表明,当政府单位补贴、绿色度敏感系数和回收价敏感系数越大,绿色产品研发投入系数和价格敏感系数越小时,各企业利润越大.     

零售商主导的双渠道供应链BOPS定价与服务合作

从线下零售商提供服务的角度出发,考虑消费者线下额外消费,对零售商主导的双渠道供应链中基准模式和BOPS模式下销量计入线下方案和线上单位补偿方案构建渠道整合模型,分析消费者比例、额外消费以及服务敏感度对供应链成员决策及利润的影响.研究发现:1)在基准模式和销量计入线下方案下,最优零售价格和最优服务水平随着线上消费者比例的增加而增大;而在线上单位补偿方案下,二者随线上消费者比例的变化受BOPS类消费者比例的影响;2)仅在线上单位补偿方案下最优零售价格与额外消费相关,与直觉不同的是单位补偿额不总是和额外消费呈负相关,相关性受服务敏感度影响,单位补偿额可以根据批发价格的大小来调节供应链成员利润分配;3)当BOPS类消费者较多时,最优服务水平和最优零售价格在线上单位补偿方案下最大,基准模式下次之,销量计入线下方案下最小;4)当产品的线下需求远远超过线上需求,且产品的服务敏感度较低时,线上单位补偿方案下供应链整体收益最高,且此时零售商和供应商优先选择单位补偿方案,其他情况基准模式下供应链利润最大,企业可以根据产品市场特性选择合适的销售方案.     

随机弹性需求下供应链销售价格与提前期联合决策及协调机制

研究了市场需求随机且对销售价格及提前期敏感的条件下,供应链如何制定最优的销售价格、提前期以及库存因子使得利润最大化。首先,分析了集中决策与分散决策供应链的最优决策,发现集中决策与分散决策模式下的提前期与库存因子是相同的,但分散决策下的销售价格更高、期望利润更低,且分散决策与集中决策供应链的利润之比随着需求对价格的敏感程度的增大而增大。然后建立了收入共享与成本分担的协调机制,并分析了其最优决策。研究发现,协调决策机制可以有效地压缩提前期,并能同时使供应链达到帕累托改进,但不能达到完美协调,而且还发现协调决策下制定的最优销售价格比分散决策要低。最后通过数值计算对三种供应链决策模式下的绩效进行了比较分析,结果表明供应链利润随着需求方差增大而减小,提前期压缩程度随着材料成本承担比例增大而增大。上述结论可以为企业制定销售价格与提前期决策以及企业间的协调提供有益的指导。     

面向网络外部性特征产品的供应链动态竞争策略研究

当产品具有网络外部性的特征时,该产品的规模收益特征对利润、产品价格和需求等因素都会产生重大影响。首先,通过将网络规模建立为网络成本投入的微分方程,分别构建了分散与集中式决策下的动态供应链模型。其次,以供应链的利润最大化为前提,利用微分博弈导出生产量、批发价、零售价和投入努力值的最优策略。结论表明:在生命周期的前部分,集中决策情形的供应链系统利润和产品价格低于分散决策情形,但越往后,其价格和利润都将逐步超过分散决策情形,且差距越来越大。     

产能限制下单向替代产品供应链生产、订货与定价研究

考虑一个产能受限的制造商和一个零售商组成的二级供应链上供需双方信息不完全对称的情景,研究具有单向替代的两种产品生产、订货及响应性定价的供应链决策问题,把问题建立成一个三阶段博弈模型。理论分析得出不同条件下制造商的最优产量及零售商的最优订货和定价决策。通过算例验证了供应链上的最优决策及其条件,灵敏度分析表明制造商产能、潜在市场需求及其方差、替代品的价格敏感系数在一定范围内增大有利于供应链系统及各成员利润增加,被替代产品的价格敏感系数增大可能会导致供应链及制造商利润下降。     

Price and lead time decisions in dual-channel supply chains

Manufacturers today are increasingly adopting a dual channel to sell their products, i.e., the traditional retail channel and an online direct channel. Empirical studies have shown that service quality (we focus on the delivery lead time of the direct channel) even goes beyond product price as one of the major factors influencing consumer acceptance of the direct channel. Delivery lead time has significant effects on demand, profit, and pricing strategy. However, there is scant literature addressing the decision on the promised delivery lead time of a direct channel and its impact on the manufacturer’s and retailer’s pricing decisions. To fill this gap, we examine the optimal decisions of delivery lead time and prices in a centralized and a decentralized dual-channel supply chain using the two-stage optimization technique and Stackelberg game, and analyze the impacts of delivery lead time and customer acceptance of a direct channel on the manufacturer’s and retailer’s pricing behaviours. We analytically show that delivery lead time strongly influences the manufacturer’s and the retailer’s pricing strategies and profits. Our numerical studies reveal that the difference between the demand transfer ratios in the two channels with respect to delivery lead time and direct sale price, customer acceptance of the direct channel, and product type have great effects on the lead time and pricing decisions.     

Inventory competition in a dual-channel supply chain with delivery lead time consideration

Aimed at the inventory competition of perishable products in a dual-channel supply chain with consideration of the delivery lead time in the online direct channel, we extend the Newsvendor model considering stock-out-based consumer switching behavior to include the delivery lead time. We examine the retailer's optimal order quantity decision in the retail channel and the manufacturer's optimal inventory level decision in the online direct channel, explore the manufacturer's optimal delivery lead time decision in the online direct channel, discuss the impact of the product price and consumer switching behavior on the optimal decisions of supply chain members, and compare the optimal decisions between decentralized and centralized scenarios. The results show that, compared with the centralized scenario, at least one of the supply chain members will overstock in the decentralized scenario and that consumers in the online direct channel enjoy a shorter delivery lead time and hence better service in the decentralized scenario. Finally, we present numerical examples to analyze the impact of relevant parameters on the supply chain members’ profits and the supply chain efficiency.     

Wholesale price rebate vs. capacity expansion: The optimal strategy for seasonal products in a supply chain

We consider a supply chain in which one manufacturer sells a seasonal product to the end market through a retailer. Faced with uncertain market demand and limited capacity, the manufacturer can maximize its profits by adopting one of two strategies, namely, wholesale price rebate or capacity expansion. In the former, the manufacturer provides the retailer with a discount for accepting early delivery in an earlier period. In the latter, the production capacity of the manufacturer in the second period can be raised so that production is delayed until in the period close to the selling season to avoid holding costs. Our research shows that the best strategy for the manufacturer is determined by three driving forces: the unit cost of holding inventory for the manufacturer, the unit cost of holding inventory for the retailer, and the unit cost of capacity expansion. When the single period capacity is low, adopting the capacity expansion strategy dominates as both parties can improve their profits compared to the wholesale price rebate strategy. When the single period capacity is high, on the other hand, the equilibrium outcome is the wholesale price rebate strategy.     

考虑即时采购价格的物流服务供应链优化

物流服务市场的不确定性会影响物流服务供应链的服务水平和收益。在考虑随机即时采购价格以及基础物流提供商在正常情况和应急情况下具有不同物流能力投资成本的情形下,引入期权机制研究不确定市场环境下物流服务供应链的优化决策,以提高物流服务供应链柔性和降低市场不确定性带来的风险。构建物流服务供应链的期权契约模型,采用Stackelberg博弈理论和优化算法分析和求得物流服务集成商的最优期权采购和即时采购策略,以及基础物流提供商的最优物流能力投资策略。结果表明即时采购价格将影响基础物流提供商和物流服务集成商的决策。最后通过数值分析研究即时采购价格的不确定程度对物流服务集成商和提供商的优化策略和利润的影响。     

A spatiotemporal Data Envelopment Analysis (S-T DEA) approach: the need to assess evolving units

We consider a two-stage supply chain with one supplier and one manufacturer. The manufacturer faces a Poisson demand process where the arrival rate depends on the selling price, the announced delivery time, and the delivery reliability defined as the probability of satisfying the announced delivery time. Such a demand model generalizes the works in the literature by simultaneously considering the above three demand sensitivity factors. The main purpose of this paper is to study the equilibrium decisions in the supply chain with an all-unit quantity discount contract. We consider four scenarios regarding whether the leadtime standard, the delivery reliability standard, and the manufacturer’s capacity are endogenous, and whether the manufacturer’s production cost is its private information. We find that an all-unit quantity discount scheme can coordinate the supply chain for most cases. Managerial insights are observed regarding the impact of the three demand sensitivity factors. For example, the breakpoint in an optimal quantity discount contract always increases with the delivery reliability sensitivity under an exogenous delivery reliability, but may decrease under an endogenous delivery reliability; with asymmetric information, a higher variance of the manufacturer’s unit production costs leads to a lower unit wholesale price for the low-cost manufacturer.     

Price markdown scheme in a multi-echelon supply chain in a high-tech industry

This paper studies the price markdown scheme in a supply chain that consists of a supplier, a contract manufacturer (CM), and a buyer (retailer). The buyer subcontracts the production of the final product to the CM. The CM buys the components from the supplier and charges the buyer a service fee for the final product produced. The price markdown is made possible by the supplier with the development of new manufacturing technologies that reduce the production cost for the sourced component. Consequently, the buyer adjusts the retail price in order to possibly stimulate stronger demand that may benefit both the supplier and the buyer. Under this scenario, we identify the optimal discount pricing strategies, capacity reservation, and the stocking policies for the supplier and the buyer. We also investigate the optimal inventory decision for the CM to cope with the price discount by considering both demand and delivery uncertainties. Our results suggest that higher production cost accelerates the effects of higher price sensitivity on lowering the optimal capacity and stocking policies in the supply chain. The effect of mean demand error on the optimal prices is relatively marginal compared with that from price sensitivity. We also found that increasing the standard deviation of the random demand does not necessarily increase the stocking level as one would predict. The results show that delivery uncertainty plays an important role in the inventory carried beyond the price break. We discuss potential extensions for future research.