A problem on simultaneous approximation and a conjecture of Hasson

In 1980, M. Hasson raised a conjecture as follows: Let N≥1, then there exists a function f₀(x)∈C _[−1,1] ^2N , for N+1≤k≤2N, such that p _n ^(k) (f₀,1)→f ₀ ^(k) (1), n→∞, where p_n(f,x) is the algebraic polynomial of best approximation of degree ≤n to f(x). In this paper, a, positive answer to this conjecture is given.     

Periodic points of nonexpansive maps and nonlinear generalizations of the Perron-Frobenius theory

Let and suppose that f : K ⁿ →K ⁿ is nonexpansive with respect to the l ₁-norm, , and satisfies f (0) = 0. Let P ₃(n) denote the (finite) set of positive integers p such that there exists f as above and a periodic point of f of minimal period p. For each n≥ 1 we use the concept of 'admissible arrays on n symbols' to define a set of positive integers Q(n) which is determined solely by number theoretical and combinatorial constraints and whose computation reduces to a finite problem. In a separate paper the sets Q(n) have been explicitly determined for 1 ≤n≤ 50, and we provide this information in an appendix. In our main theorem (Theorem 3.1) we prove that P ₃(n) = Q(n) for all n≥ 1. We also prove that the set Q(n) and the concept of admissible arrays are intimately connected to the set of periodic points of other classes of nonlinear maps, in particular to periodic points of maps g : D _g→D _g, where is a lattice (or lower semilattice) and g is a lattice (or lower semilattice) homomorphism.     

A counterexample in copositive approximation

The present paper gives a converse result by showing that there exists a functionf ∈C _[−1,1], which satisfies that sgn(x)f(x) ≥ 0 forx ∈ [−1, 1], such that {fx75-1} whereE _n ⁽⁰⁾ (f, 1) is the best approximation of degreen tof by polynomials which are copositive with it, that is, polynomialsP withP(x(f(x) ≥ 0 for allx ∈ [−1, 1],E _n(f) is the ordinary best polynomial approximation off of degreen.     

On the solutions of the translation equation in rings of formal power series

We study in this paper solutions of the translation equation in rings of formal power series K[X] where K ∈R, C (so called one-parameter groups or flows), and even, more generally, homomorphisms Ф from an abelian group (G, +) into the group Г(K) of invertible power series in K[X]. This problem can equivalently be formulated as the question of constructing homomorphisms Ф from (G, +) into the differential group Г¹∞ describing the chain rules of higher order of C∞ functions with fixed point 0. In this paper we present the general form of these homomorphisms Ф : G → Г(K) (or L¹∞),Ф = (f_n ⁿ≤1,forwhich f₁ = l, f₂ = ... = f_p+l =0,f_p+2 ≠ 0 for fixed, but arbitrary p ≤ 0 (see Theorem 5, Corollary 6 and Theorem 6). This representation uses a sequence (w _n ^p )_n≥p+2 of universal polynomials in f_p+2 and a sequence of parameters, which determines the individual one-parameter group. Instead of (w _n ^p )_n≥p+2 we may also use another sequence (L _n ^p )_n≥p+2 of universal polynomials, and we describe the connection between these forms of the solutions.     

On linguistic dynamical systems,families of graphs of large girth,and cryptography

The paper is devoted to the study of a linguistic dynamical system of dimension n ≥ 2 over an arbitrary commutative ring K, i.e., a family F of nonlinear polynomial maps f _α : K ⁿ → K ⁿ depending on “time” α ∈ {K − 0} such that f _α ⁻¹ = f _−αM, the relation f _α1 (x) = f _α2 (x) for some x ∈ Kⁿ implies α₁ = α₂, and each map f _α has no invariant points. The neighborhood {f _α (υ)∣α ∈ K − {0}} of an element v determines the graph Γ(F) of the dynamical system on the vertex set Kⁿ. We refer to F as a linguistic dynamical system of rank d ≥ 1 if for each string a = (α₁, υ, α₂), s ≤ d, where α_i + α_i+1 is a nonzero divisor for i = 1, υ, d − 1, the vertices υ _a = f _α1 × ⋯ × f _αs (υ) in the graph are connected by a unique path. For each commutative ring K and each even integer n ≠= 0 mod 3, there is a family of linguistic dynamical systems L_n(K) of rank d ≥ 1/3n. Let L(n, K) be the graph of the dynamical system L_n(q). If K = F_q, the graphs L(n, F_q) form a new family of graphs of large girth. The projective limit L(K) of L(n, K), n → ∞, is well defined for each commutative ring K; in the case of an integral domain K, the graph L(K) is a forest. If K has zero divisors, then the girth of K drops to 4. We introduce some other families of graphs of large girth related to the dynamical systems L_n(q) in the case of even q. The dynamical systems and related graphs can be used for the development of symmetric or asymmetric cryptographic algorithms. These graphs allow us to establish the best known upper bounds on the minimal order of regular graphs without cycles of length 4n, with odd n ≥ 3. Bibliography: 42 titles. Published in Zapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov POMI, Vol. 326, 2005, pp. 214–234.     

环域上一类拟线性椭圆型方程的正径向解的存在性

The existence of positive radial solutions of the equation -din( |Du|p-2Du)=f(u) is studied in annular domains in Rn,n≥2. It is proved that if f(0)≥0, f is somewherenegative in (0,∞), limu→0^ f‘ (u)=0 and limu→∞ (f(u)/u^p-1)=∞, then there is alarge positive radial solution on all annuli. If f(0)≤0 and satisfies certain conditions, then the equation has no radial solution if the annuli are too wide.     

The natural functions on the cotangent bundle of higher order vector tangent bundles over fibered manifolds

For natural numbers r,s,q,m,n with s≥r≤q we determine all natural functions g: T ^*(J ^(r,s,q)(Y, R ^1,1)₀)^*→R for any fibered manifold Y with m-dimensional base and n-dimensional fibers. For natural numbers r,s,m,n with s≥r we determine all natural functions g: T ^*(J ^(r,s) (Y, R)₀)^*→R for any Y as above.     

On the existence of entire functions of boundedl-index andl-regular growth

We prove that, under certain conditions on a positive functionl continuous on [0, +∞], there exists an entire transcendental functionf of boundedl-index such that lnlnM _f(r)lnL(r),r→∞, whereM _f (r)=max {|f(z)|: |z|=r} andL(r)=∫ ₀ ^r l(t)dt. Ifl(r)=r ^p-1 forr≥1, 0<ρ<∞, then there exists an entire functionf of boundedl-index such thatM _f (r)≈r ^p . Lvov University, Lvov. Translated from Ukrainskii Matematicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 48, No. 9, pp. 1166–1182, September, 1996.     

Orthogonal almost locally minimal projections on ℓ 1 n

A projectionP on a Banach spaceX with ‖P‖≤λ₀ is called almost locally minimal if, for every α>0 small enough, the ballB(P,α) in the space of operatorsL(X) does not contain a projectionQ with ‖Q‖≤‖P‖(1–Dα²), whereD=D(λ₀) is a constant independent of ‖P‖. It is shown that, for everyp≥1 and every compact abelian groupG, every translation invariant projection onL _p(G) is almost locally minimal. Orthogonal projections on ℓ ₁ ⁿ are investigated with respect to some weaker local minimality properties. Participant in Workshop in Linear Analysis and Probability, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 1998. Partially supported by the Edmund Landau Center for Research in Mathematical Analysis and Related Areas, sponsored by the Minerva Foundation (Germany).     

On the sets of branch points of mappings more general than quasiregular

It is shown that if a point x ₀ ∊ ℝ ⁿ , n ≥ 3, is an essential isolated singularity of an open discrete Q-mapping f : D → [`(\mathbb R<sup>n</sup>)] \overline {\mathbb {R}^n} , B <sub>f</sub> is the set of branch points of f in D; and a point z <sub>0</sub> ∊ [`(\mathbb Rⁿ)] \overline {\mathbb {R}^n} is an asymptotic limit of f at the point x ₀; then, for any neighborhood U containing the point x ₀; the point z ₀ ∊ [`(f( B<sub>f</sub> ?U ))] \overline {f\left( {B_f \cap U} \right)} provided that the function Q has either a finite mean oscillation at the point x <sub>0</sub> or a logarithmic singularity whose order does not exceed n − 1: Moreover, for n ≥ 2; under the indicated conditions imposed on the function Q; every point of the set [`(\mathbb Rⁿ)] \overline {\mathbb {R}^n} \ f(D) is an asymptotic limit of f at the point x ₀. For n ≥ 3, the following relation is true: [`(\mathbbR<sup>n</sup> )] \f( D ) ì [`(f B_f )] \overline {\mathbb{R}^n } \backslash f\left( D \right) \subset \overline {f\,B_f } . In addition, if ￥ ? f( D ) \infty \notin f\left( D \right) , then the set f B _f is infinite and x₀ ? [`(B_f )] x_0 \in \overline {B_f } .     

Inversion and characterization of the hemispherical transform

Explicit inversion formulas are obtained for the hemispherical transform(FΜ)(x) = Μ{y ∃S ⁿ :x. y ≥ 0},x ∃S ⁿ, whereS ⁿ is thendimensional unit sphere in ℝⁿ⁺¹,n ≥ 2, and Μ is a finite Borel measure onS ⁿ. If Μ is absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesgue measuredy onS ⁿ, i.e.,dΜ(y) =f(y)dy, we write(F f)(x) = ∫ _{x.y> 0} f(y)dy and consider the following cases: (a)f ∃C ^∞(Sⁿ); (b)f ∃ L^p(S ⁿ), 1 ≤ p < ∞; and (c)f ∃C(Sⁿ). In the case (a), our inversion formulas involve a certain polynomial of the Laplace-Beltrami operator. In the remaining cases, the relevant wavelet transforms are employed. The range ofF is characterized and the action in the scale of Sobolev spacesL _p ^γ (Sⁿ) is studied. For zonalf ∃ L¹(S ²), the hemispherical transformF f was inverted explicitly by P. Funk (1916); we reproduce his argument in higher dimensions. Partially sponsored by the Edmund Landau Center for Research in Mathematical Analysis, supported by the Minerva Foundation (Germany).     

On simultaneous approximation to a differentiable function and its derivative by inverse Pal-Type interpolation polynomials

Let ξ_{n −1} < ξ_{n −2} < ξ_{n − 2} < ... < ξ₁ be the zeros of the the (n−1)-th Legendre polynomial P_n−1(x) and −1=x_n<x_n−1<...<x₁=1, the zeros of the polynomial . By the theory of the inverse Pal-Type interpolation, for a function f(x)∈C _[−1,1] ¹ , there exists a unique polynomial R_n(x) of degree 2n−2 (if n is even) satisfying conditions R_n(f, ξ_k) = f (ε_k) (1 ⩽ k ⩽ n −1); R¹ _n(f,x_k)=f¹(x_k)(1≤k≤n). This paper discusses the simultaneous approximation to a differentiable function f by inverse Pal-Type interpolation polynomial {R_n(f, x)} (n is even) and the main result of this paper is that if f∈C _[1,1] ^r , r≥2, n≥r+2, and n is even then |R¹ _n(f,x)−f¹(x)|=0(1)|W_n(x)|h(x)·n^3−r·E_2n−r−3(f^(r)) holds uniformly for all x∈[−1,1], where .     

Laurent-Padé approximants to four kinds of Chebyshev polynomial expansions. Part II: Clenshaw-Lord type approximants

Laurent-Padé (Chebyshev) rational approximantsP _m (w, w ⁻¹)/Q _n (w, w ⁻¹) of Clenshaw-Lord type [2,1] are defined, such that the Laurent series ofP _m /Q _n matches that of a given functionf(w, w ⁻¹) up to terms of orderw ^±(m+n) , based only on knowledge of the Laurent series coefficients off up to terms inw ^±(m+n) . This contrasts with the Maehly-type approximants [4,5] defined and computed in part I of this paper [6], where the Laurent series ofP _m matches that ofQ _n f up to terms of orderw ^±(m+n ), but based on knowledge of the series coefficients off up to terms inw ^±(m+2n). The Clenshaw-Lord method is here extended to be applicable to Chebyshev polynomials of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th kinds and corresponding rational approximants and Laurent series, and efficient systems of linear equations for the determination of the Padé-Chebyshev coefficients are obtained in each case. Using the Laurent approach of Gragg and Johnson [4], approximations are obtainable for allm≥0,n≥0. Numerical results are obtained for all four kinds of Chebyshev polynomials and Padé-Chebyshev approximants. Remarkably similar results of formidable accuracy are obtained by both Maehly-type and Clenshaw-Lord type methods, thus validating the use of either.     

On inner dilatations of the mappings with unbounded characteristic

For the mappings f:D ? D￠,  D,  D￠ ì \mathbbRⁿ f:D \to D',\,\,D,\,\,D' \subset {\mathbb{R}^n} , n ≥ 2, satisfying certain geometric conditions in the fixed domain D, we have proved estimates of the form K _I (x, f) ≤ Q(x) almost everywhere, where K _I (x, f) is the inner dilatation of f at a point x, and Q(x) is a fixed real-valued function responsible for the “control” over a distortion of the families of curves in D at a mapping f.     

Piecewise Monotone Pointwise Approximation

Let r, k, s be three integers such that , or We prove the following: Proposition. Let Y:={y _i } _i=1 ^s be a fixed collection of distinct points y _i ∈ (-1,1) and Π (x):= (x-y ₁ ). ... .(x-y _s ). Let I:=[-1,1]. If f ∈ C ^(r) (I) and f'(x)Π(x) ≥ 0, x ∈ I, then for each integer n ≥ k+r-1 there is an algebraic polynomial P _n =P _n (x) of degree ≤ n such that P _n '(x) Π (x) ≥ 0 and $$ \vert f(x)-P_n(x) \vert \le B\left(\frac{1}{n^2}+\frac{1}{n}\sqrt{1-x^2}\right)^r \omega_k \left(f^{(r)};\frac{1}{n^2}+\frac{1}{n}\sqrt{1-x^2}\right) \legno{(1)}$$ for all x∈ I, where ω _k (f ^(r) ;t) is the modulus of smoothness of the k -th order of the function f ^(r) and B is a constant depending only on r , k , and Y. If s=1, the constant B does not depend on Y except in the case (r=1, k=3). In addition it is shown that (1) does not hold for r=1, k>3. March 20, 1995. Dates revised: March 11, 1996; December 20, 1996; and August 7, 1997.     

A characteristic property of spheres

Summary We prove: Let S be a closed n-dimensional surface in an(n+1)-space of constant curvature (n ≥ 2); k₁ ≥ ... ≥ k_n denote its principle curvatures. Let φ(ξ₁, ..., ξ_n) be such that . Then if φ(k₁, ..., k_n)=const on S and S is subject to some additional general conditions (those(II ₀) or(II) n^o 1), S is a sphere. To Enrico Bompiani on his scientific Jubilee     

Extremal probabilities for Gaussian quadratic forms

 Denote by Q an arbitrary positive semidefinite quadratic form in centered Gaussian random variables such that E(Q)=1. We prove that for an arbitrary x>0, inf _Q P(Q≤x)=P(χ² _n /n≤x), where χ _n ² is a chi-square distributed rv with n=n(x) degrees of freedom, n(x) is a non-increasing function of x, n=1 iff x>x(1)=1.5364…, n=2 iff x[x(2),x(1)], where x(2)=1.2989…, etc., n(x)≤rank(Q). A similar statement is not true for the supremum: if 1<x<2 and Z ₁ ,Z ₂ are independent standard Gaussian rv's, then sup_0≤λ≤1/2 P{λZ ₁ ² +(1−λ)Z ₂ ² ≤x} is taken not at λ=0 or at λ=1/2 but at 0<λ=λ(x)<1/2, where λ(x) is a continuous, increasing function from λ(1)=0 to λ(2)=1/2, e.g. λ(1.5)=.15…. Applications of our theorems include asymptotic quantiles of U and V-statistics, signal detection, and stochastic orderings of integrals of squared Gaussian processes. Received: 24 June 2002 / Revised version: 26 January 2003 Published online: 15 April 2003 Research supported by NSA Grant MDA904-02-1-0091 Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): Primary 60E15, 60G15; Secondary 62G10     

The smallest degree sum that yields potentially Kr,r-graphic sequences

We consider a variation of a classical Turán-type extremal problem as follows: Determine the smallest even integer σ(K_r,r,n) such that every n-term graphic sequence π = (d₁,d₂,...,d_n) with term sum σ(π) = d₁ + d₂ + ... + d_n ≥ σ(K_r,r,n) is potentially K_r,r-graphic, where K_r,r is an r × r complete bipartite graph, i.e. π has a realization G containing K_r,r as its subgraph. In this paper, the values σ(K_r,r,n) for even r and n ≥ 4r² - r - 6 and for odd r and n ≥ 4r² + 3r - 8 are determined.     

Distributions of Points in <Emphasis Type="Italic">d</Emphasis> Dimensions and Large <Emphasis Type="Italic">k</Emphasis>-Point Simplices

We consider a variant of Heilbronn’s triangle problem by investigating for a fixed dimension d≥2 and for integers k≥2 with k≤d distributions of n points in the d-dimensional unit cube [0,1] ^d , such that the minimum volume of the simplices, which are determined by (k+1) of these n points is as large as possible. Denoting by Δ _k,d (n), the supremum of this minimum volume over all distributions of n points in [0,1] ^d , we show that c _k,d ⋅(log n)^1/(d−k+1)/n ^k/(d−k+1)≤Δ _k,d (n)≤c _k,d ′/n ^k/d for fixed 2≤k≤d, and, moreover, for odd integers k≥1, we show the upper bound Δ _k,d (n)≤c _k,d ″/n ^{k/d+(k−1)/(2d(d−1))}, where c _k,d ,c _k,d ′,c _k,d ″>0 are constants. A preliminary version of this paper appeared in COCOON ’05.     

On rigidity of Clifford torus in a unit sphere

We extend the scalar curvature pinching theorems due to Peng-Terng, Wei-Xu and Suh-Yang. Let M be an n-dimensional compact minimal hypersurface in S n+1 satisfying Sf 4 f_3~2 ≤ 1/n S~3 , where S is the squared norm of the second fundamental form of M, and f_k =sum λ_i~k from i and λ_i (1 ≤ i ≤ n) are the principal curvatures of M. We prove that there exists a positive constant δ(n)(≥ n/2) depending only on n such that if n ≤ S ≤ n + δ(n), then S ≡ n, i.e., M is one of the Clifford torus S~k ((k/n)~1/2 ) ×S~...