基于顾客低碳行为偏好的选址-路径-库存集成优化模型与算法

针对自愿减排驱动下的顾客低碳行为偏好对选址-路径-库存决策的影响进行研究。首先推导了顾客低碳行为偏好下的市场需求函数和价格函数,并构建了考虑单位产品碳排放量和经济成本的多目标选址-路径-库存优化模型,通过对多目标优化模型的求解可得碳排放量和经济成本间的Pareto解集。在此基础上,定义了碳配额税的概念,可得顾客低碳行为偏好和碳配额税下的总收益函数。最后通过数值分析给出了自愿减排和监管减排两种机制共同作用下的企业减排方案和灵敏度分析。     

基于供应链视角的环境保护税社会分配效应研究

2018年实施的《环境保护税法》确立了排污征税的法律依据。环境保护税会增加成本并沿着供应链向下游逐级转移,从而改变社会分配格局。对此,基于供应链视角研究环境保护税的社会分配效应:首先,分析环境保护税沿着供应链的逐级转移,发现环境保护税会同时减少企业利润和消费者剩余;其次,比较企业利润和消费者剩余的减少程度,发现环境保护税会提高消费者的社会分配地位,也会提高零售企业的社会分配地位,但是会降低制造企业的社会分配地位;最后,比较环境保护税减少的企业利润和消费者剩余与形成的税收收入之间的相对大小,发现环境保护税会导致净社会福利损失,而且税负分担非常不均衡,制造企业承担最多,零售企业次之,消费者最少。     

Optimal Dynamic Investment Policy for Different Tax Depreciation Rates and Economic Depreciation Rates

This paper analyzes the investment policy consequences of incorporating a tax depreciation rate different from the economic depreciation rate. Most often, firms choose their tax depreciation rate in a strategic way. Therefore, it would be a coincidence, should the optimization process lead to a tax depreciation rate that equals the economic depreciation rate. The implications of a difference between tax depreciation rate and economic depreciation rate are investigated in an optimal control model for the determination of the firm investment policy over time.     

Applying stochastic goal programming: A case study on water use planning

A decision support model to help public water agencies allocate surface water among farmers and authorize the use of groundwater for irrigation (especially in Mediterranean dry regions) is developed. This is a stochastic goal programming approach with two goals, the first concerning farm management while the other concerns environmental impact. Targets for both goals are established by the agency. This model yields three reduction factors to decide the different reductions in available surface water, standard groundwater and complementary groundwater that the agency should grant/authorize for irrigation, this depending on if it is a dry or wet year. In drought periods, the model recommends using more groundwater (in percentage) than in wet periods. A case study using year-to-year statistical information on available water over the period 1941–2005 is developed through numerical tables. A step-by-step computational process is presented in detail.     

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND TRADE LIBERALIZATION: THE CASE OF TRANSBOUNDARY POLLUTION FROM CONSUMPTION

Abstract This paper develops a reciprocal market model of international duopoly with transboundary pollution from consumption to examine the effects of bilateral tariff reductions on the equilibrium pollution tax and welfare. I show that tariff reductions induce each country to raise an emission tax and that trade liberalization is welfare improving if the parameter of pollution damages is sufficiently large. These results are in contrast to the case of production‐generated pollution, and I seek the reason for this contrast.     

基于支持向量机和领域知识的纳税评估预警模型

纳税评估是税务稽查的基础和前提,运用科学、合理的评估手段,降低评估风险和成本,提高纳税评估工作的整体效率和效果,成为纳税评估工作的关键问题.在总结纳税评估基本原理的基础上,针对企业的纳税评估问题构建了评估指标体系,提出了将支持向量机(SVM)和领域知识结合建立纳税评估预警模型的方法,首先利用SVM筛选出有涉税疑点的企业,然后在领域知识的指导下结合统计分析方法,进一步找出可疑对象偏离正常统计值的指标,解决了预警模型无疑点指向性的问题,实证分析表明该方法具有较高的可行性.     

A multi-objective optimal allocation model for irrigation water resources under multiple uncertainties

This paper proposed a multi-objective optimal water resources allocation model under multiple uncertainties. The proposed model integrated the chance-constrained programming, semi-infinite programming and integer programming into an interval linear programming. Then, the developed model is applied to irrigation water resources optimal allocation system in Minqin’s irrigation areas, Gansu Province, China. In this study, the irrigation areas’ economic benefits, social benefits and ecological benefits are regarded as the optimal objective functions. As a result, the optimal irrigation water resources allocation plans of different water types (surface water and groundwater) under different hydrological years (wet year, normal year and dry year) and probabilities are obtained. The proposed multi-objective model is unique by considering water-saving measures, irrigation water quality impact factors and the dynamic changes of groundwater exploitable quantity in the irrigation water resources optimal allocation system under uncertain environment. The obtained results are valuable for supporting the adjustment of the existing irrigation patterns and identify a desired water-allocation plan for irrigation under multiple uncertainties.     

The optimal progressive income tax: The existence and the limit tax rates

The purpose of this paper is to consider the problem of optimal income taxation in the domain of a progressive (convex) income tax function. This paper proves the existence of an optimal tax function and proves that the optimal marginal and average tax rates tend asymptotically to 100 percent as the income level becomes arbitrarily high.     

纳税最优的工资奖金分配方案研究

根据我国现行的税法,个人所得税纳税采用九级累进税率.年工资和年终奖在速算扣除数个数上存在不同,使得对于相同的税前年收入,如果采用不同的年工资和年终奖分配方案会产生不同的税后实际所得.通过简化变量和缩小有效解区域,以及一系列严格的数学推导,得到了任意年收入下,月工资和年终奖的最优分配方案,使得在现有税制下,纳税额最小,税后收入最大.这个最优方案避免了税金负效应现象,保证了纳税公平性,有利于国家税务监管,企业员工薪金分配和个人纳税筹划;具有广阔的应用前景.     

Revenue recycling of a CO2 tax: Results from a general equilibrium model for Switzerland

This paper combines a recent proposal by the Swiss government for a CO₂ tax with a policy that uses the tax revenues to lower the pre-existing marginal labor income tax rates, and examines the efficiency and distribution effects of such a revenue recycling policy. The investigation, based on a large-scale general equilibrium model, contrary to other studies, indicates that an environmental tax reform involves negative gross cost, that is, increases welfare even when environmental benefits are not accounted for. The simulation results further show that the adverse distributional effects of a pure CO₂ tax are neutralized or even reversed when tax revenues finance cuts of existing taxes.We thank Tom Rutherford, Reto Schleiniger and two anonymous referees for helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper. Financial support by the Federal Agency for Energy under the SOEFF program is gratefully acknowledged. The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not represent the opinions of the granting agency.     

小波随机耦合模型在三江平原井灌区地下水位预测中的应用

近些年来,由于水田面积迅速增加,导致三江平原井灌水稻区地下水位普遍下降,"吊泵"、局部超采现象时有发生.为解决上述问题,以853农场为例,对实测地下水埋深资料进行差分处理,采用小波理论和随机水文学方法建立了逐月地下水埋深小波随机耦合模型,精度检验结果表明,模型有效性和可靠性较高.预测结果表明,若仍然采用过去的地下水开采模式,853农场未来地下水埋深将会持续下降,因此当地应加强地下水资源的科学管理.该模型揭示了区域地下水动态变化规律,为853农场乃至整个三江平原地下水资源的可持续利用提供了科学依据.     

服务贸易出口退税政策优化及国际竞争力评价

服务贸易出口退税政策事关服务贸易逆差的缩小及国际竞争力的提升。为探索我国服务贸易出口退税政策的优化方式及其对服务贸易国际竞争力的影响程度,文章构建中国服务贸易出口退税动态可计算一般均衡模型(ET-DCGE),对建筑服务业、旅游业、金融业、咨询业和其他服务业设计包括零税率、免税向零税率过渡和增加退税率档次等方式的出口退税政策优化模拟方案。结果显示,在全部实行零税率政策下,服务业贸易逆差降低程度和国际竞争力提升程度最大。     

宏观税负与经济增长关系的影响分析

本文讨论了近些年来我国宏观税负的发展态势,就最优税负问题进行了理论探讨,并运用时间序列模型等,讨论了税负与经济增长的影响关系,及行业、地区间的税负差异问题。     

基于时间序列法的国税月度收入预测模型研究

研究了基于时间序列方法的国税月度收入预测. 通过采用Box-Jenkins的ARIMA模型, 结合国税月度收入数据, 分析并提出了一套针对月度税收收入的预测研究框架, 包括对税收预测模型的拟合、检验、预测、评价、动态修正等主要环节的处理方法. 在该研究框架的指导下, 以增值税、海关代征税和营业税为例, 对2006年各月的税收收入进行了模拟预测, 月度税收收入预测的平均相对误差分别控制在5.47\%, 8.63\%和2.37\%. 最后给出了在实际应用中动态修正税收预测模型的建议, 并简要讨论了时间序列方法在税收预测中面临的问题.     

调控房价的营业税征收效果模型分析

本文以房产税收政策为背景条件,建立了征收房地产交易营业税的效用模型,分析了在征收营业税条件下,个人房产投资对房价上涨的最低期望值,以及营业税征政策对调控房价的作用.     

Effect of pollution tax on population in a polluted environment

This paper establishes a mathematical model to study the long behavior of a single‐species population living in a polluted environment. In this paper, we suppose that pollution tax is imposed on toxicant emitters if their emission crosses the permissible limit, limit up to which there is no harm to the population. Some sufficient conditions for the persistence of the population are obtained. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cost-based pricing model with value-added tax and corporate income tax for a supply chain network

This article aims to propose the short-term cost-based pricing method of supply chain network with the consideration of value-added tax (VAT) and corporate income tax. First, the average cost function of each business unit in supply chain network is given, and the average cost function is taken as the monotone mapping in n-dimensional space. According to Kantorovich theorem, the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium point where the cost equals the income is discussed. When the demand function satisfies certain conditions, there generally exist many equilibrium points for cost-based pricing. Moreover, the iteration method for finding one of the equilibrium solutions is given. Then, tax burden of producers and consumers is described and illustrated with an example.     

油价波动和资源环境补偿视角下石油资源税率研究——基于山东省数据

油价、资源与环境统筹管理政策缺失导致石油资源外部性问题日益严重,从油价波动和资源环境补偿视角出发研究石油资源税率是解决石油资源外部性,实现对油价、资源与环境统筹管理的关键。基于山东省2000~2013年石油资源开采行业数据,根据使用者成本法测算山东省石油开采行业的资源耗减成本,发现当前资源税费比率应提高14%;根据生态补偿标准模型测算生态环境成本,结合大量实地调研,指出生态环境补偿水平应从目前补偿水平的22%逐步提高至完全补偿生态环境成本。然后,根据价值对等原则构建资源生态环境补偿方程,探索性地计算了基于油价波动的石油资源税率,发现当油价处于(23~52)、(52~78)、(78~115)美元/桶的油价区间时,在7%折现率下分别对应17.51%、18.84%、19.04%的补偿税率,得出结论:当前条件下将资源税费与环境补偿费用合并征收,需要将补偿税率逐步提高至15%~20%。最后,从税率确定、计征方式以及监管体系三方面提出了执行对策。     

On a risk model with Markovian arrivals and tax

A risk model with Markovian arrivals and tax payments is considered.When the insurer is in a profitable situation,the insurer may pay a certain proportion of the premium income as tax payments. First,t...     

财政腐败的宏观经济分析:一个理论框架

建立了一个考虑税收腐败和公共支出腐败的经济增长模型,从理论上探讨财政腐败行为及其影响.主要结论归纳:第一,财政腐败降低私人资本的回报率,使厂商的生产力下降,就整体而言阻碍了经济增长.第二,最优税率可能大于或小于Barro的最优税率,取决于征税效率和寻租引发的行政成本,第三,两种类型的公共支出隐含着不同程度的腐败机会,以...