基于自回归XGBoost时序模型的GDP预测实证

GDP是反映一个国家国民收入、居民消费能力和经济发展的重要宏观经济指标,也是制定相关经济政策的重要依据.选择合适的统计方法研究GDP的发展变化规律,进行短期的高精度预测,对我国的宏观经济决策具有重要意义.研究选用基于自回归的XGBoost时序模型对我国1978-2018年GDP进行拟合预测,Rstudio软件运行结果显示,XGBoost时序模型比经典的时间序列预测模型ARIMA模型、BP神经网络模型、贝叶斯时序模型具有更高的预测精度.在此基础上,运用XGBoost时序模型对我国2019-2023年的GDP进行短期预测,研究结果显示,未来5年我国GDP依然保持持续稳定增长趋势.     

基于EMD-GA-BP与EMD-PSO-LSSVM的中国碳市场价格预测

由于碳交易市场价格的波动性大及相互影响关系的复杂性,本文试图构建碳价格长期和短期的最优预测模型。考虑到碳交易价格波动的趋势性和周期性特点,基于经验模态分解算法(EMD)、遗传算法(GA)—神经网络(BP)模型、粒子群算法(PSO)—最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)模型及由它们构建的组合预测模型,对中国碳市场交易价格进行短期预测和长期预测。实证分析中将影响碳交易价格的不同宏观经济因素和碳价格时间序列因素做为输入变量,分别代入组合模型进行预测。研究结果表明,在短期预测中,EMD-GA-BP模型预测效果优于GA-BP模型和PSO-LSSVM模型;而在长期预测中,组合模型EMD-PSO-LSSVM模型预测效果优于只考虑碳价格波动趋势性或周期性预测效果。     

基于组合模型的我国能源需求预测

在信息不完备条件下如何有效预测能源消费总量以把握宏观经济发展趋势,是制定能源规划的基础内容.伴随我国成为全球经济增长重要引擎,能源消费量越来越大,能源安全问题也备受关注.选用灰色系统模型、三次指数平滑模型和BP神经网络模型三种预测模型,应用Shapley值权重分配法确定各预测模型的权重,从而构建组合预测模型并对我国能源消费进行组合预测.在保持过去发展规律基本不变的条件下,2014年能源需求总量为383,718.16万吨标准煤,到2020年将达462,089.33万吨标准煤.2013-2020年能源需求总量年均增长率为3.38%.     

基于变权重组合预测模型的软土路基沉降预测研究

为建立更加符合软土路基沉降的预测模型与方法,以某公路工程实测沉降数据为研究对象,对软土路基沉降规律进行分析基础上,分别建立Logistic模型,双曲线模型,Gompertz模型,乘幂模型和对数模型5种预测模型.将5种单项模型预测值与实测值进行对比分析,得到3种优势模型.以组合预测模型理论为依据,赋予3种优势模型不同权重系数建立变权重组合预测模型.结果表明,模型预测值与实测值拟合程度更好,预测精度和可靠性都显著高于单项预测模型,具有明显的优越性.模型能准确地预测长期沉降,更适合于作为公路软土路基沉降预测模型.     

基于IOWA算子的两类准则下的最优组合预测模型及其应用

传统的组合预测方法中,各单项预测模型的加权系数一般是固定不变的。而事实上,任何一种预测模型的预测精度都会随着预测时点的不同而发生改变。因此变权组合预测模型的研究更有意义和价值。本文在预测有效度和IOWA算子等概念的基础上,建立了以预测有效度和误差平方和为准则的组合预测模型,并给出了模型在实际预测中的应用,结果表明了新模型是一种优性组合预测。     

一种预测轨检车TQI值的等维递补方法

构建灰色模型和ARMA模型的组合模型,并在此基础上构建等维递补模型预测轨检车TQI数据,根据预测数据与实际数据的误差实时调整预测模型.将该模型应用到轨检车TQI数值的预测上,可以分析和预测轨道状态变化趋势,为轨道维修计划的科学制定提供辅助决策.     

财务危机预测主要方法比较研究

本文以我国沪深A股上市公司为研究对象,将被特别处理的ST公司视为财务危机公司,使用多种方法建立了财务危机预测模型,并对各模型的预测准确率、优缺点进行了对比,结果表明,人工智能方法预测准确率更高,遗传算法模型成为最优预测模型。     

基于因子分析法的金融高频已实现波动的预测

金融高频数据的已实现波动(RV)在风险管理中扮演着非常重要的角色,已有大量文献对如何预测资产的已实现波动进行了研究.采用因子分析法来预测RV,探讨了不可观测的金融序列的公共因子在预测已实现波动时所起的作用,并考虑了资产价格中跳跃的影响,建立了基于因子分析法的波动预测模型(F-RV-J).从损失函数、MCS检验和在险价值VaR的预测能力三个方面,将F-RV-J模型与其它常用的预测模型进行了比较,发现F-RV-J模型明显要优于其它波动预测模型.     

基于Choquet模糊积分的非线性组合预测及其应用

预测模型有多种,各种预测模型有其特点和优势,我们需要建立一种博采众长的组合预测模型。本文利用Choquet模糊积分作为组合算子,给出一种基于模糊积分的非线性组合预测模型,该模型既能反映各种预测模型的“重要性”,又能反映各个预测模型之间的交互作用,并用此模型给出中国卫生总费用的预测。     

带税基的个人所得税分位回归预测模型

为了突破税收预测常用分析思路及方法的局限,更全面的反映数据全貌和回归信息,提出带税基的个人所得税分位回归预测模型.即以分位回归为基础模型,兼顾时间和税基因素,完成预测模型的构建,为预测领域提供一种新工具.利用1994-2014年的个人所得税和城镇居民人均可支配收入数据,以不带税基和带税基的模型为参照,比较所提出模型对2014年的预测效果,并给出2015年个人所得税的预测情况.研究发现,分位回归预测模型与线性回归模型揭示的变量间关系规律吻合,仍然保持较高的预测精度,对数据的展示更为详实,尤其在中段分位处,城镇居民人均可支配收入对个人所得税的影响表现的较为突出.     

Optimal control in a macroeconomic problem

The Pontryagin maximum principle is used to develop an original algorithm for finding an optimal control in a macroeconomic problem. Numerical results are presented for the optimal control and optimal trajectory of the development of a regional economic system. For an optimal control satisfying a certain constraint, an invariant of a macroeconomic system is derived.     

The Use of Models for Environmental Forecasting and Corporate Planning

This paper presents briefly, the forecasting and planning activities which have evolved over the years in Esso Petroleum Company. It describes three computer models developed in the Corporate Planning Department for these activities an econometric model for short-term environmental forecasting and economic analysis; a horizon year optimization model for long-range corporate objectives setting; and a multi-time period simulation model for financial forecasting and planning both in short and long term. The structure, use and limitations of each of the models are discussed.     

Tactical sales forecasting using a very large set of macroeconomic indicators

Tactical forecasting in supply chain management supports planning for inventory, scheduling production, and raw material purchase, amongst other functions. It typically refers to forecasts up to 12 months ahead. Traditional forecasting models take into account univariate information extrapolating from the past, but cannot anticipate macroeconomic events, such as steep increases or declines in national economic activity. In practice this is countered by using managerial expert judgement, which is well known to suffer from various biases, is expensive and not scalable. This paper evaluates multiple approaches to improve tactical sales forecasting using macro-economic leading indicators. The proposed statistical forecast selects automatically both the type of leading indicators, as well as the order of the lead for each of the selected indicators. However as the future values of the leading indicators are unknown an additional uncertainty is introduced. This uncertainty is controlled in our methodology by restricting inputs to an unconditional forecasting setup. We compare this with the conditional setup, where future indicator values are assumed to be known and assess the theoretical loss of forecast accuracy. We also evaluate purely statistical model building against judgement aided models, where potential leading indicators are pre-filtered by experts, quantifying the accuracy-cost trade-off. The proposed framework improves on forecasting accuracy over established time series benchmarks, while providing useful insights about the key leading indicators. We evaluate the proposed approach on a real case study and find 18.8% accuracy gains over the current forecasting process.     

ARMS: An automated resource management system for British Telecommunications plc

Accurate demand forecasting combined with resource planning is critical to a company’s performance and profitability. This paper describes ARMS (automated resource management system), an integrated system developed for the customer service operations of British Telecommunications plc to help with the operational/tactical planning and deployment of the company’s 20,000-strong field engineer workforce. ARMS integrates a forecasting tool with a resource planning tool and a resource balancing tool providing an end-to-end automated resource management solution for the organisation. OR techniques are used throughout the system, including ARIMA for forecasting, constraint satisfaction for problem modelling, heuristic search for problem solving thus demonstrating the value and relevance of OR in solving today’s business problems.     

Forecasting Loss Given Default models: impact of account characteristics and the macroeconomic state

On the basis of two data sets containing Loss Given Default (LGD) observations of home equity and corporate loans, we consider non-linear and non-parametric techniques to model and forecast LGD. These techniques include non-linear Support Vector Regression (SVR), a regression tree, a transformed linear model and a two-stage model combining a linear regression with SVR. We compare these models with an ordinary least squares linear regression. In addition, we incorporate several variants of 11 macroeconomic indicators to estimate the influence of the economic state on loan losses. The out-of-time set-up is complemented with an out-of-sample set-up to mitigate the limited number of credit crisis observations available in credit risk data sets. The two-stage/transformed model outperforms the other techniques when forecasting out-of-time for the home equity/corporate data set, while the non-parametric regression tree is the best performer when forecasting out-of-sample. The incorporation of macroeconomic variables significantly improves the prediction performance. The downturn impact ranges up to 5% depending on the data set and the macroeconomic conditions defining the downturn. These conclusions can help financial institutions when estimating LGD under the internal ratings-based approach of the Basel Accords in order to estimate the downturn LGD needed to calculate the capital requirements. Banks are also required as part of stress test exercises to assess the impact of stressed macroeconomic scenarios on their Profit and Loss (P&L) and banking book, which favours the accurate identification of relevant macroeconomic variables driving LGD evolutions.     

加权马尔科夫链在鄂尔多斯市年降水量预测中的应用

鄂尔多斯市是内蒙古自治区重要的农牧渔业生产区.本文采用样本均值—标准差分级法,将鄂尔多斯市11个气象站1961-2019年的年降水量序列划分为丰水年、偏丰水年、平水年、偏枯水年,枯水年5个状态;以年降水量序列各阶自相关系数rk为权值,建立了加权马尔科夫预测模型,对鄂尔多斯市2017年、2018年、2019年的年降水量数值和所处状态进行预测.结果显示相对误差分别为1.3%,6.9%,4.5%,预测精度较高,方法得当.于是利用精度检验后的加权马尔科夫模型预测了鄂尔多斯市2020年降水量为312.81mm,划分为平水年.同时利用马尔科夫模型的遍历性,讨论了鄂尔多斯市年降水量的极限分布和丰枯状态重现期.研究结果表明,鄂尔多斯市59a来降水过程中枯水年、偏枯水年、平水年、偏丰水年、丰水年5种状态出现的概率分别为0.1358、0.1941、0.3693、0.1926、0.1083,即出现平水年的可能性最大,重现期为2.71a;出现丰水年的可能性最小,重现期为9.23a.上述研究结果与降水量序列及所处状态是保持一致的,由此可见利用加权马尔科夫链预测鄂尔多斯地区的年降水量是可行且有效的.     

Operational Research and Corporate Planning in Railway Management

The current corporate planning process in Westrail is described and the roles played by operational research and mathematical modelling identified. They do not include forecasting the future. Instead of the "predict and prepare paradigm" a planning approach that tries to design the future has been adopted. The organisation is described in terms of how it has evolved, what it now is, and the key features of its environment. The three stages of planning are described-strategic, tactical and operational. These provide the means for management control of the railway. Environmental assessments linked to goal setting activities are incorporated within the planning process. The significance of operational research in planning, in particular mathematical modelling, is also described. Instead of finding problems to which existing techniques can be applied, O.R. is used to provide effective operational and planning systems as a means of assisting management to design the future for the organisation.     

A dynamic logistics model for medical resources allocation in an epidemic control with demand forecast updating

This paper presents a dynamic logistics model for medical resources allocation that can be used to control an epidemic diffusion. It couples a forecasting mechanism, constructed for the demand of a medicine in the course of such epidemic diffusion, and a logistics planning system to satisfy the forecasted demand and minimize the total cost. The forecasting mechanism is a time discretized version of the Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered model that is widely employed in predicting the trajectory of an epidemic diffusion. The logistics planning system is formulated as a mixed 0–1 integer programming problem characterizing the decision making at various levels of hospitals, distribution centers, pharmaceutical plants, and the transportation in between them. The model is built as a closed-loop cycle, comprising forecast phase, planning phase, execution phase, and adjustment phase. The parameters of the forecast mechanism are adjusted in reflection of the real data collected in the execution phase by solving a quadratic programming problem. A numerical example is presented to verify efficiency of the model.     

The Use of the Concept of Entropy in System Modelling

The concept of "entropy" is widely used in the physical sciences and, recently, has aroused interest in the social sciences, especially in building models of urban and regional systems to be used for planning purposes. Most papers referring to the concept focus on the particular model being developed; this paper focuses on the concept itself. The first section is an introductory one which explains the use of system models in planning processes. In the second section, four views are presented of entropy: as related to probability and uncertainty; as a statistic of a probability distribution; in relation to Bayesian inference; and as a measurable system property. In the third part of the paper, the types of application of the concept are discussed in turn, and a number of other applications of the concept of "entropy" outside the usual physical science range are noted. The final section is a summary and concluding discussion, including a comparison of the approach of the statistician and entropy maximizer to system modelling.     

中美双边航空运输市场组合预测研究

预测应用研究表明,组合预测可以综合利用各单项预测方法所提供的信息,是提高预测精度的有效途径.本文在平均发展速度预测法、指数趋势预测以及灰色预测方法的基础上建立组合预测模型,采用熵值法确定组合权系数,预测了2006年至2010年中美间航空运输周转量、中美间航空客运量及货运量.