含内生结构突变的STR模型检验及应用研究

文章研究了含内生结构突变的平滑转换(STR)模型的检验问题,依据特殊一一般一特殊的建模原则给出了检验过程及对应的检验统计量SupLM,Monte Carlo模拟表明各检验统计量的检验功效较高。文章提出的建模过程和检验统计量能检测出非线性和结构突变同时或者单独一种存在时的情形。结构突变或者非线性特征越明显,相应的检验统计量功效越高,相对而言,针对结构突变的检验功效高于非线性检验功效。最后,应用含结构突变的ESTR模型探讨了人民币对美元汇率的收益变化特征,发现新汇改以来汇率收益序列不单有结构突变,也存在非线性。     

空间误差模型的多个异常值得分检验

本文研究了空间误差模型(SEM)中多个异常值的检验问题,基于均值漂移模型和方差加权模型这两种异常值模型给出了得分检验统计量的具体形式及其渐近分布。并应用实例分析验证了检验统计量的有效性,最后给出了修正模型的方法。     

媒体信息量异常或有害股票收益

本文借助一个独特的数据样本,运用媒体对股票的剩余关注度模型,实证研究异常媒体信息量与股票收益之间的关系,以期为投资者进行投资决策提供一定的参考和指导。研究发现:异常媒体信息量越大,该股票在下一个月的平均收益率越低,存在媒体效应;由此所构造的零投资组合经CAPM模型、FF三因素模型和Car-hart四因素模型调整后,均能获取显著的超额收益,结果具有稳健性。此外,实证结果还表明媒体效应所带来的超额收益源于媒体信息量异常大的股票组合的显著低收益,本文认为,这种不对称现象产生的原因可能更多的是由投资者情绪导致的股票价格对媒体报道的过度反应,并进而导致较低的期望收益。     

Meta回归模型的异常值识别及其修正

基于异常值对异质性参数和回归系数估计同时影响的这一新视角下,文章利用方差加权异常值模型(variance-weight outlier model,VWOM)研究了随机效应Meta回归模型的多个异常值识别及其修正问题。首先,推导出Meta回归VWOM分别使用ML和REML估计方法的Score (SC)检验统计量,并考虑Meta回归VWOM的三种扰动方式,包括全局方差扰动,个体方差扰动和随机误差扰动,证明了三种方差扰动的SC检验统计量是等价的。其次,基于异常值对异质性参数和回归系数估计同时影响的考虑,提出了随机效应Meta回归方差加权异常值修正模型(variance-weight outlier modified model,VWOMM),并给出了VWOMM参数的ML和REML估计迭代算法并进行数值求解。此外,通过随机模拟分析验证了SC检验统计量的尺度和功效。最后,利用两个不同类型效应量异常值识别及其处理的实例分析结果,表明了Meta回归VWOM的SC检验统计量识别效果较为显著,VWOMM能有效改善模型拟合程度,为识别和处理复杂数据的异常值提供了一种新的思路和方法。     

一类相合的分位点型检验

广义非参数似然比检验统计量是一类很广的统计量,包含了众多重要的检验统计量,如Anderson-Darling(AD)等.利用Rubin的随机经验分布函数替代经验分布函数的方法,得到了广义非参数似然比检验统计量的新版本,构造了新的检验统计量.由于新的检验统计量在给定样本下仍然是随机变量,选择了它的分位点和期望作为检验统计量,分别称之为分位点型检验统计量和期望型检验统计量.在简单假设情况下,证明了分位点型检验统计量和期望型检验统计量在固定备择下的相合性.模拟结果显示,在某些备择下,新的检验的功效明显高于原有的基于经验分布函数的检验的功效.     

PLS情绪指数对中国股市风险收益关系的影响研究

从行为金融学角度研究投资者情绪对中国股市风险收益关系的影响,或有助于更好的解释风险收益关系.采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)构建新的投资者情绪综合指数,同时在对风险的度量中运用个股平均相关性代替总体方差来度量市场风险.研究结果表明PLS情绪指数比常用的主成分分析法所构建的情绪指数及单个情绪代理变量能更好的解释股市收益;平均相关性比市场波动更适合作为市场风险的度量指标;投资者情绪对风险收益关系有显著影响,其中在低情绪期风险和收益之间的相关性不显著,而高情绪期风险和收益之间呈现显著的负相关关系.由实证结果可知中国股市投资者存在非理性行为,应从行为金融的角度去考虑资产定价,同时对各指标的准确度量更有利于完善行为资产定价理论.     

指数分布样本中异常数据检验的有效性

本文讨论指数样本中异常数据检验的有效性,证明了Fisher型统计量在异常值检验中的某种优良性。用随机模拟方法比较了Fisher统计量,Epstoin统计量和Dixon统计量在指数样本异常值检验中的功效。     

考虑非期望规模收益的创新型企业并购决策

根据创新型企业持续创新发展的需要, 针对创新型企业并购决策问题, 提出一种考虑到非期望产出的规模收益的并购决策方法.首先, 基于仅限于期望产出的企业规模收益判断方法, 建立包含非期望产出的GDEA模型与WY-DEA模型; 其次, 利用GDEA模型判断弱WY-DEA有效并购方案的规模收益不变、递增、递减或拥挤四种状态; 然后, 在剔除规模收益拥挤的并购方案基础上, 利用交叉效率模型为被收购企业选择最优的收购方; 最后, 以算例说明方法的可行性与优势.     

选择资产组合的EP-MV模型及最优解的解析表示

本文提出了存在无风险资产贷出或借入时的有效投资组合模型(EP-MV模型)，研究了不允许卖空(投资比例非负)约束条件下，EP-MV优化模型的算法，给出了有效投资组合投资比例的解析表示．在资产收益由多因素模型产生的基础上，得到了资产与有效投资组合的期望收益及风险的估计，便于实际应用．     

单向分类随机效应模型的异常值检测

本文研究平衡的单向分类随机效应模型中单个异常值的检验问题,在随机效应的异常均值滑动模型下,导出异常值的检验统计量及其精确分析,并证明了该检验的一致最优无偏性,另外,对于误差变量的异常均值滑动模型,提出了一个近似的检验过程,并运用随机模拟给出该检验的临界值表,最后,对一组模拟数据进行说明。     

Twenty years of linear programming based portfolio optimization

Markowitz formulated the portfolio optimization problem through two criteria: the expected return and the risk, as a measure of the variability of the return. The classical Markowitz model uses the variance as the risk measure and is a quadratic programming problem. Many attempts have been made to linearize the portfolio optimization problem. Several different risk measures have been proposed which are computationally attractive as (for discrete random variables) they give rise to linear programming (LP) problems. About twenty years ago, the mean absolute deviation (MAD) model drew a lot of attention resulting in much research and speeding up development of other LP models. Further, the LP models based on the conditional value at risk (CVaR) have a great impact on new developments in portfolio optimization during the first decade of the 21st century. The LP solvability may become relevant for real-life decisions when portfolios have to meet side constraints and take into account transaction costs or when large size instances have to be solved. In this paper we review the variety of LP solvable portfolio optimization models presented in the literature, the real features that have been modeled and the solution approaches to the resulting models, in most of the cases mixed integer linear programming (MILP) models. We also discuss the impact of the inclusion of the real features.     

TSD-consistent performance assessment of mutual funds

This paper presents three new data envelopment analysis-based approaches to assess the relative efficiency of mutual funds (MFs). Each model considers an appropriate risk measure as input and an appropriate return measure as output. The risk and return measures have been chosen so that the proposed models are consistent with third-order stochastic dominance (TSD) rules. This means that the MFs found efficient by the proposed models are also, in a necessity condition sense, TSD efficient and therefore of highest consideration for all non-satiated, risk averse investors that also have decreasing absolute risk aversion. The proposed approach is illustrated with real data on a set of Spanish MFs and compared with existing approaches from the literature based on Mean–Variance and Mean–Variance–Skewness models.     

Likelihood robust optimization for data-driven problems

We consider optimal decision-making problems in an uncertain environment. In particular, we consider the case in which the distribution of the input is unknown, yet there is some historical data drawn from the distribution. In this paper, we propose a new type of distributionally robust optimization model called the likelihood robust optimization (LRO) model for this class of problems. In contrast to previous work on distributionally robust optimization that focuses on certain parameters (e.g., mean, variance, etc.) of the input distribution, we exploit the historical data and define the accessible distribution set to contain only those distributions that make the observed data achieve a certain level of likelihood. Then we formulate the targeting problem as one of optimizing the expected value of the objective function under the worst-case distribution in that set. Our model avoids the over-conservativeness of some prior robust approaches by ruling out unrealistic distributions while maintaining robustness of the solution for any statistically likely outcomes. We present statistical analyses of our model using Bayesian statistics and empirical likelihood theory. Specifically, we prove the asymptotic behavior of our distribution set and establish the relationship between our model and other distributionally robust models. To test the performance of our model, we apply it to the newsvendor problem and the portfolio selection problem. The test results show that the solutions of our model indeed have desirable performance.     

Portfolio-optimization models for small investors

Since 2010, the client base of online-trading service providers has grown significantly. Such companies enable small investors to access the stock market at advantageous rates. Because small investors buy and sell stocks in moderate amounts, they should consider fixed transaction costs, integral transaction units, and dividends when selecting their portfolio. In this paper, we consider the small investor’s problem of investing capital in stocks in a way that maximizes the expected portfolio return and guarantees that the portfolio risk does not exceed a prescribed risk level. Portfolio-optimization models known from the literature are in general designed for institutional investors and do not consider the specific constraints of small investors. We therefore extend four well-known portfolio-optimization models to make them applicable for small investors. We consider one nonlinear model that uses variance as a risk measure and three linear models that use the mean absolute deviation from the portfolio return, the maximum loss, and the conditional value-at-risk as risk measures. We extend all models to consider piecewise-constant transaction costs, integral transaction units, and dividends. In an out-of-sample experiment based on Swiss stock-market data and the cost structure of the online-trading service provider Swissquote, we apply both the basic models and the extended models; the former represent the perspective of an institutional investor, and the latter the perspective of a small investor. The basic models compute portfolios that yield on average a slightly higher return than the portfolios computed with the extended models. However, all generated portfolios yield on average a higher return than the Swiss performance index. There are considerable differences between the four risk measures with respect to the mean realized portfolio return and the standard deviation of the realized portfolio return.     

Development and application of consumer credit scoring models using profit-based classification measures

This paper presents a new approach for consumer credit scoring, by tailoring a profit-based classification performance measure to credit risk modeling. This performance measure takes into account the expected profits and losses of credit granting and thereby better aligns the model developers’ objectives with those of the lending company. It is based on the Expected Maximum Profit (EMP) measure and is used to find a trade-off between the expected losses – driven by the exposure of the loan and the loss given default – and the operational income given by the loan. Additionally, one of the major advantages of using the proposed measure is that it permits to calculate the optimal cutoff value, which is necessary for model implementation. To test the proposed approach, we use a dataset of loans granted by a government institution, and benchmarked the accuracy and monetary gain of using EMP, accuracy, and the area under the ROC curve as measures for selecting model parameters, and for determining the respective cutoff values. The results show that our proposed profit-based classification measure outperforms the alternative approaches in terms of both accuracy and monetary value in the test set, and that it facilitates model deployment.     

Self-weighted generalized empirical likelihood methods for hypothesis testing in infinite variance ARMA models

This paper develops the generalized empirical likelihood (GEL) method for infinite variance ARMA models, and constructs a robust testing procedure for general linear hypotheses. In particular, we use the GEL method based on the least absolute deviations and self-weighting, and construct a natural class of statistics including the empirical likelihood and the continuous updating-generalized method of moments for infinite variance ARMA models. The self-weighted GEL test statistic is shown to converge to a \(\chi ^2\)-distribution, although the model may have infinite variance. Therefore, we can make inference without estimating any unknown quantity of the model such as the tail index or the density function of unobserved innovation processes. We also compare the finite sample performance of the proposed test with the Wald-type test by Pan et al. (Econom Theory 23:852–879, 2007) via some simulation experiments.     

Testing the equality of error distributions from k independent GARCH models

In this paper we study the problem of testing the null hypothesis that errors from $k$ independent parametrically specified generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models have the same distribution versus a general alternative. First we establish the asymptotic validity of a class of linear test statistics derived from the $k$ residual-based empirical distribution functions. A distinctive feature is that the asymptotic distribution of the test statistics involves terms depending on the distributions of errors and the parameters of the models, and weight functions providing the flexibility to choose scores for investigating power performance. A Monte Carlo study assesses the asymptotic performance in terms of empirical size and power of the three-sample test based on the Wilcoxon and Van der Waerden score generating functions in finite samples. The results demonstrate that the two proposed tests have overall reasonable size and their power is particularly high when the assumption of Gaussian errors is violated. As an illustrative example, the tests are applied to daily individual stock returns of the New York Stock Exchange data.     

Optimal Security Liquidation Algorithms

This paper develops trading strategies for liquidation of a financial security, which maximize the expected return. The problem is formulated as a stochastic programming problem that utilizes the scenario representation of possible returns. Two cases are considered, a case with no constraint on risk and a case when the risk of losses associated with trading strategy is constrained by Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) measure. In the first case, two algorithms are proposed; one is based on linear programming techniques, and the other uses dynamic programming to solve the formulated stochastic program. The third proposed algorithm is obtained by adding the risk constraints to the linear program. The algorithms provide path-dependent strategies, i.e., the fraction of security sold depends upon price sample-path of the security up to the current moment. The performance of the considered approaches is tested using a set of historical sample-paths of prices.     

The participation puzzle with reference-dependent expected utility preferences

Expected utility theory with a smooth utility function predicts that, when allocating wealth between a risky and a riskless asset, investors allocate a positive amount to the risky asset whenever its expected return exceeds the riskless rate of return. A large number of people invest none of their wealth in risky assets, though, leading to the ”participation puzzle.” This paper explores whether the participation puzzle can be addressed when the utility function has a kink at the reference wealth level. It shows that when the reference wealth level is initial wealth increased by the riskless rate of return, there exists a range of expected excess returns for the risky asset for which the investor takes no position. Moreover, this range of expected excess returns is described by comparing a common performance measure of stock returns, the Omega Function, to a function of preference parameters. However, if the reference wealth level is any other constant, the usual expected utility prediction holds and investors allocate at least some of their wealth to the risky asset whenever it has a positive expected excess return.