From phenomena of synchronization to exact synchronization and approximate synchronization for hyperbolic systems

In this survey paper, the synchronization will be initially studied for infinite dimensional dynamical systems of partial differential equations instead of finite dimensional systems of ordinary differential equations,and will be connected with the control theory via boundary controls in a finite time interval. More precisely,various kinds of exact boundary synchronization and approximate boundary synchronization will be introduced and realized by means of fewer boundary controls for a coupled system of wave equations with Dirichlet boundary controls. Moreover, as necessary conditions for various kinds of approximate boundary synchronization, criteria of Kalman's type are obtained. Finally, some prospects will be given.     

Spectral smoothed boundary methods: The role of external boundary conditions

The spectral smoothed boundary method (SSBM) is a recently proposed numerical method to approximate the solution of partial differential equations in irregular domains with no‐flux boundary conditions by means of Fourier spectral methods. In this article we explore the robustness and accuracy of the scheme under variations of the artificial boundary conditions that must be imposed on the boundary of the enlarged domain in which the problem is solved. As a test model, we present quantitative numerical results based on a problem of propagation of waves of electrical activity in cardiac tissue for which the method is relevant. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2006     

一类波动方程耦合系统具Dirichlet边界控制的部分精确边界同步性

作者对具有Dirichlet边界控制的一类波动方程耦合系统提出了部分精确边界同步性的概念,并对其进行了深入的讨论,得到了实现部分精确边界同步性的充要条件.同时对部分同步态进行了讨论,得到了部分同步态不依赖于边界控制的一个充分条件.     

On the generalized exact boundary synchronization for a coupled system of wave equations

In this paper, we deliver a normalized synchronization transformation to study the generalized exact boundary synchronization for a coupled system of wave equations with Dirichlet boundary controls. The clear relationship among the generalized exact boundary synchronization, the exact boundary null controllability, and the generalized exactly synchronizable states is precisely obtained. This approach gives further a forthright decomposition for the generalized exact boundary synchronization problem, whereby, we gain directly the determination of generalized exactly synchronizable states.     

Optimal control computation for parabolic systems with boundary conditions involving time delays

In this paper, we consider a class of optimal control problems involving a second-order, linear parabolic partial differential equation with Neumann boundary conditions. The time-delayed arguments are assumed to appear in the boundary conditions. A necessary and sufficient condition for optimality is derived, and an iterative method for solving this optimal control problem is proposed. The convergence property of this iterative method is also investigated.On the basis of a finite-element Galerkin's scheme, we convert the original distributed optimal control problem into a sequence of approximate problems involving only lumped-parameter systems. A computational algorithm is then developed for each of these approximate problems. For illustration, a one-dimensional example is solved.     

Incorporating boundary conditions in a stochastic volatility model for the numerical approximation of bond prices

In this paper, we consider a two-factor interest rate model with stochastic volatility, and we assume that the instantaneous interest rate follows a jump-diffusion process. In this kind of problems, a two-dimensional partial integro-differential equation is derived for the values of zero-coupon bonds. To apply standard numerical methods to this equation, it is customary to consider a bounded domain and incorporate suitable boundary conditions. However, for these two-dimensional interest rate models, there are not well-known boundary conditions, in general. Here, in order to approximate bond prices, we propose new boundary conditions, which maintain the discount function property of the zero-coupon bond price. Then, we illustrate the numerical approximation of the corresponding boundary value problem by means of an alternative direction implicit method, which has been already applied for pricing options. We test these boundary conditions with several interest rate pricing models.     

Exact Synchronization for a Coupled System of Wave Equations with Dirichlet Boundary Controls

In this paper, the exact synchronization for a coupled system of wave equations with Dirichlet boundary controls and some related concepts are introduced. By means of the exact null controllability of a reduced coupled system, under certain conditions of compatibility, the exact synchronization, the exact synchronization by groups, and the exact null controllability and synchronization by groups are all realized by suitable boundary controls.     

Synchronisation exacte dʼun système couplé dʼéquations des ondes par des contrôles frontières de Dirichlet

In this Note, the exact synchronization for a coupled system of wave equations with Dirichlet boundary controls and some related concepts are introduced. By means of the exact null controllability of a reduced coupled system, under certain conditions of compatibility, the exact synchronization, the exact synchronization by groups, and the exact null controllability and synchronization by groups are all realized by suitable boundary controls.     

Induced generalized exact boundary synchronizations for a coupled system of wave equations

Taking a coupled system of wave equations with Dirichlet boundary controls as an example,by splitting and merging some synchronization groups of the state variables cor-responding to a given generalized synchronization matrix,this paper introduces two kinds of induced generalized exact boundary synchronizations to better determine its generalized exactly synchronizable states.     

Exponential synchronization of fuzzy cellular neural networks with mixed delays and general boundary conditions

In this paper, we study exponential synchronization of delayed reaction-diffusion fuzzy cellular neural networks with general boundary conditions. By using Sobolev inequality techniques and constructing suitable Lyapunov functional, some sufficient conditions are given to ensure the exponential synchronization of the drive-response delayed fuzzy cellular neural networks with general boundary conditions. Finally, an example is given to verify the theoretical analysis.     

A boundary only procedure for time-dependent diffusion equations

In the recent literature, the boundary element method (BEM) is extensively used to solve time-dependent partial differential equations. However, most of these formulations yield algorithms where one has to include all interior points in the computation process if finite difference procedures are used to approximate the temporal derivative. This obviously restricts the advantages of the BEM, which is mainly considered to be a boundary only algorithm for time-independent problems. A new algorithm is demonstrated here, which extends the boundary only nature of the method to time-dependent partial differential equations. Using this procedure, one can reduce the finite difference time integration algorithm, generated in a standard manner, to a boundary only process. The proposed method is demonstrated with considerable success for diffusion problems. Results obtained in these applications are presented comparatively with analytical and other boundary element time integration procedures. The algorithm proposed may utilize several coordinate functions in the secondary reduction phase of the formulation. A summary of such functions is described here and performances of these functions are tested and compared in three applications. It is shown that some coordinate functions perform better than others under certain conditions. Using these results, we propose a general coordinate function, which may be used with satisfactory results in all parabolic partial differential equation applications.     

Bernstein Ritz‐Galerkin method for solving an initial‐boundary value problem that combines Neumann and integral condition for the wave equation

In this article, the Ritz‐Galerkin method in Bernstein polynomial basis is implemented to give an approximate solution of a hyperbolic partial differential equation with an integral condition. We will deal here with a type of nonlocal boundary value problem, that is, the solution of a hyperbolic partial differential equation with a nonlocal boundary specification. The nonlocal conditions arise mainly when the data on the boundary cannot be measured directly. The properties of Bernstein polynomial and Ritz‐Galerkin method are first presented, then Ritz‐Galerkin method is used to reduce the given hyperbolic partial differential equation to the solution of algebraic equations. Illustrative examples are included to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the technique presented in this article. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2010     

Discrete weighted least-squares method for the Poisson and biharmonic problems on domains with smooth boundary

In this article a discrete weighted least-squares method for the numerical solution of elliptic partial differential equations exhibiting smooth solution is presented. It is shown how to create well-conditioned matrices of the resulting system of linear equations using algebraic polynomials, carefully selected matching points and weight factors. Two simple algorithms generating suitable matching points, the Chebyshev matching points for standard two-dimensional domains and the approximate Fekete points of Sommariva and Vianello for general domains, are described. The efficiency of the presented method is demonstrated by solving the Poisson and biharmonic problems with the homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions defined on circular and annular domains using basis functions in the form satisfying and in the form not satisfying the prescribed boundary conditions.     

The approximately synchronizable state for a kind of coupled system of wave equations

This paper deals with the approximately synchronizable state by groups for a kind of coupled system of wave equations with Dirichlet boundary controls. So far, the approximate boundary synchronization for a kind of coupled system of wave equations has already been deeply studied; however, the study on the approximately synchronizable state still needs to be done in details. In this paper, we will give some results on the determination of approximately synchronizable state by groups and the attainable set of them.     

Approximate deconvolution boundary conditions for large eddy simulation

We introduce new boundary conditions for large eddy simulation. These boundary conditions are based on an approximate deconvolution approach. They are computationally efficient and general, which makes them appropriate for the numerical simulation of turbulent flows with time-dependent boundary conditions. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the new boundary conditions in a simplified linear setting.     

Exact boundary controllability of partial nodal profile for network of strings

Based on the theory of exact boundary controllability of nodal profile for hyperbolic systems, the authors propose the concept of exact boundary controllability of partial nodal profile to expand the scope of applications. With the new concept, we can shorten the controllability time, save the number of controls, and increase the number of charged nodes with given nodal profiles. Furthermore, we introduce the concept of in-situ controlled node to deal with a new situation that one node can be charged and controlled simultaneously. The minimum number of boundary controls on the entire tree-like network is determined by using the concept of ‘degree of freedom of charged nodes’ introduced. And the concept of ‘control path’ is introduced to appropriately divide the network, so that we can determine the infimum of controllability time. General frameworks of constructive proof are given on a single interval, a star-like network, a chain-like network and a planar tree-like network for linear wave equation(s) with Dirichlet, Neumann, Robin and dissipative boundary conditions to establish a complete theory on the exact boundary controllability of partial nodal profile.     

Singular boundary method for 3D time-harmonic electromagnetic scattering problems

A frequency domain singular boundary method is presented for solving 3D time-harmonic electromagnetic scattering problem from perfect electric conductors. To avoid solving the coupled partial differential equations with fundamental solutions involving hypersingular terms, we decompose the governing equation into a system of independent Helmholtz equations with mutually coupled boundary conditions. Then the singular boundary method employs the fundamental solutions of the Helmholtz equations to approximate the scattered electric field variables. To desingularize the source singularity in the fundamental solutions, the origin intensity factors are introduced. In the novel formulation, only the origin intensity factors for fundamental solutions of 3D Helmholtz equations and its derivatives need to be considered which have been derived in the paper. Several numerical examples involving various perfectly conducting obstacles are carried out to demonstrate the validity and accuracy of the present method.     

Fredholm property of boundary value problems for a fourth-order elliptic differential-operator equation with operator boundary conditions

In a Hilbert space H, we study the Fredholm property of a boundary value problem for a fourth-order differential-operator equation of elliptic type with unbounded operators in the boundary conditions. We find sufficient conditions on the operators in the boundary conditions for the problem to be Fredholm. We give applications of the abstract results to boundary value problems for fourth-order elliptic partial differential equations in nonsmooth domains.     

Determination of generalized exact boundary synchronization matrix for a coupled system of wave equations

For a coupled system of wave equations with Dirichlet boundary controls, this paper deals with the possible choice of its generalized synchronization matrices so that the admissible generalized exact boundary synchronizations for this system are obtained.     

Method for studying boundary value problems with nonlinear boundary conditions

A constructive approach to the determination of an approximate solution of a boundary value problem with nonlinear boundary conditions g[z (0), z (T)]=0 is proposed. Existence of the exact solution is proved, and error estimates for the constructed approximate solution are provided.Translated from Ukrainskii Matematicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 42, No. 7, pp. 951–957, July, 1990.