Local conservation laws,symmetries, and exact solutions for a Kudryashov‐Sinelshchikov equation

In this paper, we consider a Kudryashov‐Sinelshchikov equation that describes pressure waves in a mixture of a liquid and gas bubbles taking into consideration the viscosity of liquid and the heat transfer between liquid and gas bubbles. We show that this equation is rich in conservation laws. These conservation laws have been found by using the direct method of the multipliers. We apply the Lie group method to derive the symmetries of this equation. Then, by using the optimal system of 1‐dimensional subalgebras we reduce the equation to ordinary differential equations. Finally, some exact wave solutions are obtained by applying the simplest equation method.     

Complex Lie symmetries for scalar second-order ordinary differential equations

A scalar complex ordinary differential equation can be considered as two coupled real partial differential equations, along with the constraint of the Cauchy–Riemann equations, which constitute a system of four equations for two unknown real functions of two real variables. It is shown that the resulting system possesses those real Lie symmetries that are obtained by splitting each complex Lie symmetry of the given complex ordinary differential equation. Further, if we restrict the complex function to be of a single real variable, then the complex ordinary differential equation yields a coupled system of two ordinary differential equations and their invariance can be obtained in a non-trivial way from the invariance of the restricted complex differential equation. Also, the use of a complex Lie symmetry reduces the order of the complex ordinary differential equation (restricted complex ordinary differential equation) by one, which in turn yields a reduction in the order by one of the system of partial differential equations (system of ordinary differential equations). In this paper, for simplicity, we investigate the case of scalar second-order ordinary differential equations. As a consequence, we obtain an extension of the Lie table for second-order equations with two symmetries.     

准坐标下非完整力学系统的Lie对称性和守恒量

研究准坐标下非完整系统的Ｌｉｅ对称性,首先,对准坐标下非完整力学系统定义无限小变换生成元,由微分方程在无限小变换下的不变性,建立Ｌｉｅ对称性的确定方程,得到结构方程并求出守恒量;其次,研究上述问题的逆问题;根据已知积分求相应的Ｌｉｅ对称性,举例说明结果的应用。     

A new conservation theorem

A general theorem on conservation laws for arbitrary differential equations is proved. The theorem is valid also for any system of differential equations where the number of equations is equal to the number of dependent variables. The new theorem does not require existence of a Lagrangian and is based on a concept of an adjoint equation for non-linear equations suggested recently by the author. It is proved that the adjoint equation inherits all symmetries of the original equation. Accordingly, one can associate a conservation law with any group of Lie, Lie-Bäcklund or non-local symmetries and find conservation laws for differential equations without classical Lagrangians.     

扩充偏微分方程(组)守恒律和对称的辅助方程方法及微分形式吴方法的应用

首先,我们给出了引入伴随方程(组)扩充原方程(组)的策略使给定偏微分方程(组)的扩充方程组具有对应泛瓯即,成为Lagrange系统的方法,以此为基础提出了作为偏微分方程(组)传统守恒律和对称概念的一种推广-偏微分方程(组)扩充守恒律和扩充对称的概念;其次,以得到的Lagrange系统为基础给定了确定原方程(组)扩充守恒律和扩充对称的方法,从而达到扩充给定偏微分方程(组)的首恒律和对称的目的;第三,提出了适用于一般形式微分方程(组)的计算固有守恒律的方法;第四,实现以上算法过程中,我们先把计算(扩充)守恒律和对称问题均归结为求解超定线性齐次偏微分方程组(确定方程组)的问题.然后,对此关键问题我们提出了用微分形式吴方法处理的有效算法;最后,作为方法的应用我们计算确定了非线性电报方程组在内的五个发展方程(组)的新守恒律和对称,同时也说明了方法的有效性.     

Classification of Discrete Symmetries of Ordinary Differential Equations

A simple method for determining all discrete point symmetries of a given differential equation has been developed recently. The method uses constant matrices that represent inequivalent automorphisms of the Lie algebra spanned by the Lie point symmetry generators. It may be difficult to obtain these matrices if there are three or more independent generators, because the matrix elements are determined by a large system of algebraic equations. This paper contains a classification of the automorphisms that can occur in the calculation of discrete symmetries of scalar ordinary differential equations, up to equivalence under real point transformations. (The results are also applicable to many partial differential equations.) Where these automorphisms can be realized as point transformations, we list all inequivalent realizations. By using this classification as a look-up table, readers can calculate the discrete point symmetries of a given ordinary differential equation with very little effort.     

Conservation laws for a variable coefficient nonlinear diffusion–convection–reaction equation

We find the Lie point symmetries of a class of second-order nonlinear diffusion–convection–reaction equations containing an unspecified coefficient function of the independent variable t and determine the subclasses of these equations which are nonlinearly self-adjoint. By using a general theorem on conservation laws proved recently by N.H. Ibragimov we establish conservation laws corresponding to the aforementioned Lie point symmetries, one by one, for the simultaneous system of the original equation together with its adjoint equation through a formal Lagrangian. Particularly, for the nonlinearly self-adjoint subclasses, we construct conservation laws for the corresponding equations themselves.     

Lie symmetries and conservation laws of the Fokker-Planck equation with power diffusion

We concentrate on Lie symmetries and conservation laws of the Fokker-Planck equation with power diffusion describing the growth of cell populations. First, we perform a complete symmetry classification of the equation, and then we find some interesting similarity solutions by means of the symmetries and the variable coefficient heat equation. Local dynamical behaviors are analyzed via the solutions for the growing cell populations. Second, we show that the conservation law multipliers of the equation take the form Λ=Λ(t,x,u), which satisfy a linear partial differential equation, and then give the general formula of conservation laws. Finally, symmetry properties of the conservation law are investigated and used to construct conservation laws of the reduced equations.     

Landau-Lifshitz方程的群不变解和守恒律

利用经典李群方法得到了Landau-Lifshitz方程不变群的无穷小生成元,验证其对换位运算构成一个七维的李代数,得到了对应的群不变解,建立了Landau-Lifshit,z新解和旧解之间的关系.同时利用对称和共轭方程组求得了Landau-Lifshitz方程的守恒律.     

耦合KdV方程组的对称,精确解和守恒律

通过利用修正的CK直接方法建立了耦合KdV方程组的对称群理论.利用对称群理论和耦合KdV方程组的旧解得到了它们的新的精确解.基于上述理论和耦合KdV方程组的共轭方程组的理论,得到了耦合KdV方程组的守恒律.     

A method for computing symmetries and conservation laws of integra-differential equations

A method for computing symmetries and conservation laws of integro-differential equations is proposed. It resides in reducing an integro-differential equation to a system of boundary differential equations and in computing symmetries and conservation laws of this system. A geometry of boundary differential equations is constructed like the differential case. Results of the computation for the Smoluchowski's coagulation equation are given.     

Nonlinear self-adjointness through differential substitutions

It is known (Ibragimov, 2011; Galiakberova and Ibragimov, 2013) [14,18] that the property of nonlinear self-adjointness allows to associate conservation laws of the equations under study, with their symmetries. In this paper we show that, even when the equation is nonlinearly self-adjoint with a non differential substitution, finding the explicit form of the differential substitution can provide new conservation laws associated to its symmetries. By using the general theorem on conservation laws (Ibragimov, 2007) [11] and the property of nonlinear self-adjointness we find some new conservation laws for the modified Harry-Dym equation. By using a differential substitution we construct a conservation law for the Harry-Dym equation, which has not been derived before using Ibragimov method.     

Non-local symmetries of first-order equations

It is shown how one can transform scalar first-order ordinarydifferential equations which admit non-local symmetries of theexponential type to integrable equations admitting canonicalexponential non-local symmetries. As examples we invoke theAbel equation of the second kind, the Riccati equation and naturalgeneralizations of these. Moreover, our method describes howa double reduction of order for a second-order ordinary differentialequation which admits a two-dimensional Lie algebra of generatorsof point symmetries can be affected if the second-order equationis first reduced in order once by a symmetry which does notspan an ideal of the two-dimensional Lie algebra.     

Group properties and conservation laws for nonlocal shallow water wave equation

Symmetry groups, symmetry reductions, optimal system, conservation laws and invariant solutions of the shallow water wave equation with nonlocal term are studied. First, Lie symmetries based on the invariance criterion for nonlocal equations and the solution approach for nonlocal determining equations are found and then the reduced equations and optimal system are obtained. Finally, new conservation laws are generated and some similarity solutions for symmetry reduction forms are discussed.     

New exact solutions of a generalised Boussinesq equation with damping term and a system of variant Boussinesq equations via double reduction theory

The conservation laws of a generalised Boussinesq (GB) equation with damping term are derived via the partial Noether approach. The derived conserved vectors are adjusted to satisfy the divergence condition. We use the definition of the association of symmetries of partial differential equations with conservation laws and the relationship between symmetries and conservation laws to find a double reduction of the equation. As a result, several new exact solutions are obtained. A similar analysis is performed for a system of variant Boussinesq (VB) equations.     

Symmetry analysis, conservation laws of a time fractional fifth-order Sawada-Kotera equation

In this paper, we intend to study the symmetry properties and conservation laws of a time fractional fifth-order Sawada-Kotera (S-K) equation with Riemann-Liouville derivative. Applying the well-known Lie symmetry method, we analysis the symmetry properties of the equation. Based on this, we find that the S-K equation can be reduced to a fractional ordinary differential equation with Erdelyi-Kober derivative by the similarity variable and transformation. Furthermore, we construct some conservation laws for the S-K equation using the idea in the Ibragimov theorem on conservation laws and the fractional generalization of the Noether operators.     

Invariant analysis of time fractional generalized Burgers and Korteweg–de Vries equations

A systematic investigation to derive Lie point symmetries to time fractional generalized Burgers as well as Korteweg–de Vries equations is presented. Using the obtained Lie point symmetries we have shown that each of them has been transformed into a nonlinear ordinary differential equation of fractional order with a new independent variable. The derivative corresponding to time fractional in the reduced equation is usually known as the Erdélyi–Kober fractional derivative.     

Symmetries,Conservation Laws,and Noether's Theorem for Differential‐Difference Equations

This paper mainly contributes to the extension of Noether's theorem to differential‐difference equations. For this purpose, we first investigate the prolongation formula for continuous symmetries, which makes a characteristic representation possible. The relations of symmetries, conservation laws, and the Fréchet derivative are also investigated. For nonvariational equations, because Noether's theorem is now available, the self‐adjointness method is adapted to the computation of conservation laws for differential‐difference equations. Several differential‐difference equations are investigated as illustrative examples, including the Toda lattice and semidiscretizations of the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation. In particular, the Volterra equation is taken as a running example.     

New origins of hidden symmetries for partial differential equations

Hidden symmetries of differential equations are point symmetries that arise unexpectedly in the increase (equivalently decrease) of order, in the case of ordinary differential equations, and variables, in the case of partial differential equations. The origins of Type II hidden symmetries (obtained via reduction) for ordinary differential equations are understood to be either contact or nonlocal symmetries of the original equation while the origin for Type I hidden symmetries (obtained via increase of order) is understood to be nonlocal symmetries of the original equation. Thus far, it has been shown that the origin of hidden symmetries for partial differential equations is point symmetries of another partial differential equation of the same order as the original equation. Here we show that hidden symmetries can arise from contact and nonlocal/potential symmetries of the original equation, similar to the situation for ordinary differential equations.     

Conservation laws for one-layer shallow water wave systems

The problem of correspondence between symmetries and conservation laws for one-layer shallow water wave systems in the plane flow, axisymmetric flow and dispersive waves is investigated from the composite variational principle of view in the development of the study [N.H. Ibragimov, A new conservation theorem, Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 333(1) (2007) 311–328]. This method is devoted to construction of conservation laws of non-Lagrangian systems. Composite principle means that in addition to original variables of a given system, one should introduce a set of adjoint variables in order to obtain a system of Euler–Lagrange equations for some variational functional. After studying Lie point and Lie–Bäcklund symmetries, we obtain new local and nonlocal conservation laws. Nonlocal conservation laws comprise nonlocal variables defined by the adjoint equations to shallow water wave systems. In particular, we obtain infinite local conservation laws and potential symmetries for the plane flow case.