关系型信贷:一个基于信贷配给的模型

通过一个基于信贷配给的模型,揭示了为什么中小企业融资困难.而关系型信贷是解决"信贷配给"矛盾的一种方式.关系型借贷是市场交易的一种内生制度.这里的关系反映的是企业和一家基本银行(或少数几家银行)建立的长期封闭及规范化的契约关系,他的维系有助于银行收集关于企业发展前景和贷款偿还概率等方面的信息,进而为做出贷款决策提供便利.对于中小企业来说,也能够便利的获得所需的贷款.     

双边配给问题的Shapley解及其在博物馆通票问题中的应用

双边配给问题描述了现实生活中一类带有二部图结构的稀缺资源配置问题, 例如, 在自然灾害期间救援物资的配给; 电力和天然气等自然资源按需分配; 高校引进人才调配等。本文通过求解线性规划, 并从联盟边际贡献的角度出发定义了双边配给问题的一个Shapley解。之后, 通过合作对策模型和解的公理化方法说明新解的合理性。首先, 建立双边配给问题的合作对策模型, 论证了新解与双边配给合作对策的Shapley值一致; 其次, 证明了Shapley解是唯一满足优先一致性的有效配给方案。最后, 将Shapley解应用于博物馆通票问题的研究, 探讨了博物馆合作制定通票后所得单票和通票收益的分配方式。     

双边配给问题的Shapley解及其在博物馆通票问题中的应用

双边配给问题描述了现实生活中一类带有二部图结构的稀缺资源配置问题, 例如, 在自然灾害期间救援物资的配给; 电力和天然气等自然资源按需分配; 高校引进人才调配等。本文通过求解线性规划, 并从联盟边际贡献的角度出发定义了双边配给问题的一个Shapley解。之后, 通过合作对策模型和解的公理化方法说明新解的合理性。首先, 建立双边配给问题的合作对策模型, 论证了新解与双边配给合作对策的Shapley值一致; 其次, 证明了Shapley解是唯一满足优先一致性的有效配给方案。最后, 将Shapley解应用于博物馆通票问题的研究, 探讨了博物馆合作制定通票后所得单票和通票收益的分配方式。     

双重违约风险下的银企共赢信用机理研究

本文以银企信贷关系为例，考虑主观和客观双重违约风险因素，在多渠道融资模式下得到信贷各方共赢博弈决策模型，并给出博弈均衡解。在此基础上，通过实证分析挖掘出双重信用风险影响下企业融资难问题的根源，给出解决方案。探索性地给出实现信贷系统共赢发展的有效策略集，并提出一定的政策建议。     

美欧救市

美联储正努力抑制信贷市场的信用危机，将首次出借国债以交换包括抵押贷款支持证券在内的负债。此外，美联储亦会与欧洲以及加拿大中央银行相互配合，并增加与欧洲中央银行的互惠外汇信贷。如果需要。救市行为很可能会进一步扩大。这是五年来美国股市的最大利好消息，将缓解信贷市场的压力。     

服务水平约束下双需求类静态配给策略

考虑一个周期盘点、无限期、缺货回补、双需求类的库存系统,其中高优先级需求的目标服务水平较高。系统采用基准库存策略补充库存,依据静态配给策略分配库存,即优先满足高优先级需求,仅当持有库存水平不低于固定配给阈值时满足低优先级需求。优化目标是在服务水平约束下最小化期望库存持有量。为提升计算效率,引入“预留库存假设”,即允许通过提高低优先级需求缺货水平的方式补充库存,使得期末持有库存水平不低于本期高优先级需求缺货水平与固定配给阈值之和。基于预留库存假设,给出两类需求服务水平和期望库存持有量的解析表达式,证明上述绩效指标关于控制参数的单调性,刻画满足服务水平约束的控制参数可行域,得到原系统最优控制参数的近似求解算法。算例分析表明,基于预留库存假设的绩效衡量方法和参数求解算法准确性好且计算效率高。     

都是贷款解的围

在一季度信贷创出4．58万亿的天量之后,市场对4月份信贷规模是否可持续一直密切关注。根据最新报道,四大行4月份新增信贷仅为2200亿元,不到3月份四大行新增信贷规模的1／4。同时,如果按央行一季度数据所显示国有银行新增信贷约占全部信贷50．5％的比例,4月份全部金融机构的新增信贷也就4400亿元左右。     

精准扶贫下小额信贷减贫的门槛效应研究

针对贫困户资金需求特征,实证分析了小额信贷规模对于降低农村农户贫困水平的效果.研究结果表明小额信贷具有显著的减贫效应.第一产业增加值、小额信贷规模以及政府财政支出水平对贫困减缓存在正相关关系.当小额信贷规模小于4.956时能够显著的增加农村农户的收入水平并且在1%的显著性水平下显著,当小额信贷规模突破4.956这一门槛值后,小额信贷减贫效果在1% 的水平下显著,估计系数也由原来的0.079上升为0.119,小额信贷减贫效果有所提升.因此,提升小额信贷的质量比增加其规模更为重要,优化小额信贷的结构,进一步匹配农户的实际需求.     

通胀迷雾与开放困惑

中国经济在进入WTO后，与世界经济融为一体，经济制度渐渐与国际规则靠拢，以及新技术革命带来大幅提高的生产效率这两个因素将推动中国经济长期高速发展。这中间经济波动的根源在于信用扩张周期，也就是信贷扩张引发的总需求膨胀。不同的是以往的社会总需求膨胀，都是政府权力介入银行体系带来的信贷扩张结果。因此每届政府更迭就引发各地铺摊子上项目，     

三步改变投行激励机制

如何从这次信贷市场危机中吸取经验教训，其中一个值得探讨的问题就是投资银行业的激励机制。     

Rationing with baselines: the composition extension operator

We introduce a new operator for general rationing problems in which, besides conflicting claims, individual baselines play an important role in the rationing process. The operator builds onto ideas of composition, which are not only frequent in rationing, but also in related problems such as bargaining, choice, and queuing. We characterize the operator and show how it preserves some standard axioms in the literature on rationing. We also relate it to recent contributions in such literature.     

Dynamic inventory rationing strategies for inventory systems with two demand classes,Poisson demand and backordering

We study inventory systems with two demand classes (critical and non-critical), Poisson demand and backordering. We analyze dynamic rationing strategies where the number of items reserved for critical demand depends on the remaining time until the next order arrives. Different from results in the literature, we do not discretize demand but derive a set of formulae that determine the optimal rationing level for any possible value of the remaining time. Moreover, we show that the cost parameters can be captured in a single relevant dimension, which allows us to present the optimal rationing levels in charts and lookup tables that are easy to implement. Numerical examples illustrate that the optimal dynamic rationing strategy outperforms all static strategies with fixed rationing levels.     

Aggregator operators for dynamic rationing

We study dynamic rationing problems. In each period, a fixed group of agents hold claims over an insufficient endowment. The solution to each of these periods’ problems might be influenced by the solutions at previous periods. We single out a natural family of aggregator operators, which extend static rules (solving static rationing problems) to construct rules to solve dynamic rationing problems.     

Axiomatic characterizations of the CEA solution for rationing problems

Situations abound in the real world, where aggregate demand for a commodity exceeds aggregate supply. When such situations of excess demand occur, what is required is some kind of rationing. The literature on rationing problems has an interesting origin in the Babylonian Talmud. The purpose of this paper is to characterize axiomatically and analyze the constrained equal award solution for rationing problems.     

A dynamic rationing policy for continuous-review inventory systems

Stock rationing is an inventory policy that allows differential treatment of customer classes without using separate inventories. In this paper, we propose a dynamic rationing policy for continuous-review inventory systems, which utilizes the information on the status of the outstanding replenishment orders. For both backordering and lost sales environments, we conduct simulation studies to compare the performance of the dynamic policy with the static critical level and the common stock policies and quantify the gain obtained. We propose two new bounds on the optimum dynamic rationing policy that enables us to tell how much of the potential gain the proposed dynamic policy realizes. We discuss the conditions under which stock rationing – both dynamic and static – is beneficial and assess the value of the dynamic policy.     

Robustness of capacity rationing policies

A recent paper discusses a capacity rationing policy that allows make-to-order manufacturing firms encountering expected total demand in excess of available capacity to discriminate between two classes of products, one yielding a higher profit contribution per unit of capacity allocated to it than the other. The result is a selective rejection of orders for the class with lower unit contribution, yielding an increase in total profit when compared to a base case that implements no capacity rationing. Implementation of the policy requires forecasts of demand parameters for both product classes. In this paper we test the sensitivity of the capacity rationing policy to forecast errors in these parameters. The results indicate that, on average, the rationing policy is quite robust in improving profit even when actual demands are approximately twenty percent different from forecast values.     

Inventory rationing for the News-Vendor problem with a drop-shipping option

We consider a single-period inventory model for a bricks-and-clicks business. Store inventory can be used to fulfill both store demand and internet demand. Drop-shipping is used as an additional option for internet sale. We analyze two rationing policies for store inventory: a threshold policy and a fixed-portion policy. We formulate the expected profit for both and prove concavity. There exists an optimal order quantity for store inventory and an optimal stock rationing level below which the manager starts to use drop-shipping for internet demand. Numerical examples show that considering the rationing problem for the single-period inventory model, which is ignored in some earlier works, can result in remarkable differences.     

Optimal production and rationing decisions in supply chains with information sharing

This paper considers a two-echelon capacitated supply chain with two non-identical retailers and information sharing. We characterize the optimal inventory policies. We also study the benefits of the optimal stock rationing policy over the first come first served (FCFS) and the modified echelon-stock rationing (MESR) policies.