供应商资金约束的绿色供应链融资策略研究

在含有单一资金约束供应商和单一零售商的二级供应链中,研究了供应商绿色产品的投入和融资策略,对比分析了银行信贷单一融资渠道和零售商提前支付部分货款与银行信贷的混合融资渠道下,供应商和零售商的运营和融资决策.研究表明,银行信贷单一融资渠道更能激励供应商提高产品的绿色水平和零售商的订购量;而当给定合适的批发价折扣率,零售商提前支付下的混合融资渠道可以实现零供双方的Pareto最优利润,并且,随着生产成本的增加,相对零售商而言,混合融资为供应商创造了更多利润.     

基于不同政府补贴方式的绿色产品闭环供应链决策研究

以制造商和零售商组成的绿色产品闭环供应链构建了政府对绿色产品仅生产补贴、仅回收补贴以及生产和回收同时补贴的3类绿色供应链模型.运用博弈论方法进行求解,研究发现：3类绿色供应链模型中的产品绿色度、市场需求量、制造商利润、零售商利润均与绿色度敏感系数成正相关关系.仅生产补贴和仅回收补贴两类绿色供应链模型中绿色度敏感系数满足一定条件时产品零售价与之成负相关关系.政府对绿色产品仅生产补贴时的市场需求量、绿色度、制造商利润、零售商利润均优于仅回收补贴和生产和回收同时补贴情形.政府对绿色产品生产和回收同时补贴时企业利润反而并不是最大的.因此,政府应加大对绿色产品的生产补贴力度,获得补贴的制造商应加大绿色产品研发力度.这样产品的绿色度得以进一步提升,环境得以进一步改善.     

可替代产品环境下基于数量折扣的供应链协调研究

研究一个供应商和一个零售商基于数量折扣的两种可替代产品供应链协调问题,建立以供应商为主导的可替代产品数量折扣Stackelberg博弈模型,并将数量折扣模型与一体化和非一体化情形作对比,分析产品折扣率和替代率的变化对供应链的影响.研究结果表明虽然整个供应链利润随折扣率和产品可替代程度的增加而增加,但只是增加了处于主导地位供应商的利润,降低了零售商的利润;在实际运营中,供应商需要考虑销售返利或其它转移支付手段将利润一部分转移给零售商来实现基于数量折扣的供应链协调.     

零售商信息分享对双渠道绿色供应链绩效影响研究

研究了零售商市场需求预测信息分享对双渠道绿色供应链绩效的影响。运用不完全信息动态博弈方法建立并求解零售商信息分享和信息不分享下的绿色供应链决策模型,得到贝叶斯均衡解和各方最优期望利润。研究发现:在双渠道绿色供应链中,若零售商对市场需求预测较为乐观,信息分享使得制造商更有动机提高产品绿色度;此外零售商信息分享总是有利于制造商利润增加,但并非总是使得零售商利润损失。当制造商绿色投资效率较高时,信息分享使得零售商利润增加,反之,信息分享使得零售商利润降低。对整个绿色供应链利润的影响取决于渠道间竞争强度、直销渠道市场份额及制造商绿色投资效率。最后用数值仿真验证了模型和结论的有效性。     

考虑消费者绿色偏好的闭环供应链定价决策研究

在考虑消费者绿色偏好的背景下,以单一制造商和单一零售商为研究对象,分别构建了集中决策和分散决策下的定价模型,确定这两种模式下的最优定价和绿色度,并分析消费者偏好对产品定价及系统供应链利润的影响.研究表明:集中决策下绿色产品的零售价远远低于分散决策模式,废旧品回收率明显上升,且绿色度和系统供应链利润都要优于后者.随着绿色偏好程度的增大,两种模式下产品的零售价、绿色度、回收率以及系统供应链利润均上升.     

消费者异质特征下的碳标签产品供应链决策模型

考虑消费者对标示碳标签产品的异质性消费偏好,建立不同消费群体支付意愿下的碳标签产品需求模型,研究供应商和零售商分别主导供应链情景下的最优决策.结果表明,在供应商或零售商主导供应链中,碳标签产品的定价相同.但供应链主导者通过身份力量影响批发价,从而在供应链总利润分享中获益.消费者群体中的普通顾客比例及普通顾客对碳标签产品的接受程度都影响供应链决策,但是普通顾客对碳标签产品的接受程度更具敏感性.     

考虑资金约束时易腐品二级供应链中延迟支付策略研究

文章研究了易腐品二级供应链中的延迟支付策略问题,对于资金充足和资金受限两种情景,分别给出了没有延迟支付和存在延迟支付时零售商及供应商的利润模型及最优策略,并建立了供应商主导的Stackelberg博弈模型,设计了求解均衡解的粒子群优化算法.最后,通过数值算例探讨了延付期、批发价格及延付利息的变化对零售商和供应商利润的影响,得到了零售商的最优订货策略以及供应商的最优延迟支付决策,对零售商是否接受延迟支付策略进行了权衡分析.结果表明,短期的延付期是可以提高零售商和供应商的利润,但延付期的延长不一定带来零售商利润的提升,同样供应商也无法从零售商手中赚取额外利息利润,反而降低了供应商的利润.另外,资金受限下零售商采用延付通常能够取得更高的收益,同时供应商能够通过提高批发价和利息获得更大利润.     

零售商资金约束下两级供应链的延期支付与协调策略研究

本文研究了随机需求下两级供应链的延期支付问题，其中供应商作为主导者将首先设置延期支付利率，而受资金约束的零售商作为追随者将根据利率来确定订货量。通过构建Newsvendor模型对供应链各成员的利润进行了分析，并基于Stackelberg博弈研究了两级供应链下的延迟支付策略，得到了零售商的最优订货量及供应商的最优利率。此外，我们还研究了延期支付条件下的供应链协调问题，分别探讨了产品回购契约和收益共享契约下的供应链协调。研究结果表明：只有当供应商设置的利率低于特定阈值时，受资金约束的零售商才会采用延期支付，否则零售商会将全部初始资金用于采购而不采用延期支付；在延期支付条件下，提高利率将导致零售商订货量减少，并且供应商设置的利率不会随零售商的初始资金增大；延期支付只能部分协调供应链，同时在延期支付条件下，通过产品回购契约无法实现供应链的完全协调；在延期支付条件下，存在关于收益占比的帕累托改进区间，使得收益共享契约在该区间内能够实现供应链协调。最后，我们通过数值实验对研究结论进行了验证。     

考虑零售商促销策略的供应链融资及运营策略研究

当零售商的促销策略影响商品市场需求时,本文将促销分摊决策嵌入到经典报童模型,在银行信用与商业信用两种不同的融资模式下,对供应商及供应链整体的利润进行分析。研究发现:当零售商的行为对市场需求有影响时,商业信用在一定程度上减少了供应链的融资成本,增加了供应链的利润;核心企业的融资策略与自身成本及促销分摊策略有关;商业信用对供应链资本配置及零售商的激励,受供应商生产成本及激励策略的影响;商业信用在一定程度上减少了双重边际化效应。     

供应链视角下零售商内部股权融资决策研究

供应链下游的中小型零售商在发展过程中通常面临着资金短缺的问题。作为供应链的核心企业，供应商可以通过提供供应链内部的股权投资来帮助下游企业扩大市场份额，并从中获得更高的利润回报。本文构建了一个两级供应链Stackelberg博弈模型，考虑了资金有限的零售商和资金充裕的供应商之间的博弈情况。在不同的内部股权融资情况下，包括无股权融资、零售商具有开拓市场决策权(R模式)和供应商具有开拓市场决策权(S模式),研究了供应链各成员的最优决策和利润。我们发现：首先，作为中小企业的零售商引入供应链内部股权融资后不一定会增加利润。当零售商的成长性较低时，盲目引入股权融资可能会降低其利润。其次，供应商为下游中小企业提供股权融资可以提高自身的利润。最后，当零售商的成长性较高时，投融双方通常会采用零售商具有开拓市场控制权(R模式)的股权融资方式来达成合作。     

Supply chain coordination through integration of innovation effort and advertising support

This study integrates firms’ innovation and advertising decisions in a two-echelon supply chain, where a monopoly manufacturer sells products to ultimate consumers through an autonomous retailer. Considering that both innovation and advertising contribute to the product demand, we first investigate the optimal equilibriums of channel members under two different game structures: the non-cooperative and cooperative. In the non-cooperative structure, the manufacturer controls the innovation effort and wholesale price while the retailer controls the advertising rate and retail pricing. In the cooperative structure, the manufacturer agrees to share part of retailer’s advertising expenditure. We find that both the optimal operation and marketing decisions are sensitive to effects of innovation and advertising on demand as well as the manufacturer’s cost reduction coefficient due to innovation. Further, we find that the manufacturer always prefers cooperation. Meanwhile, only when the firms’ investments significantly contribute to the market mechanism, does the retailer have incentive to implement a cooperative program. In addition, we further propose a new two-way subsidy policy to coordinate channel members’ business functions.     

Channel coordination in green supply chain management

Environmental consciousness has become increasingly important in everyday life and business practice. The effort to reduce the impact of business activities on the environment has been labelled as green supply chain management. Any major greening project would require efforts on the part of the entire supply chain. However, very few studies have addressed the issue of coordinating the green supply chain. We consider the problem of coordination of a manufacturer and a retailer in a vertical supply chain, who put in efforts for ‘greening’ their operations. We address some pertinent questions in this regard such as extent of effort in greening of operations by manufacturer or retailer, level of cooperation between the two parties, and how to coordinate their operations in a supply chain. The greening efforts by the manufacturer and retailer result in demand expansion at the retail end. The decision variables of the manufacturer are wholesale price and greening effort, while those of the retailer are retail price and its greening effort. We find that the ratio of the optimal greening efforts put in by the manufacturer and retailer is equal to the ratio of their green sensitivity ratios and greening cost ratios. Further, profits and efforts are higher in the integrated channel as compared to the case of the decentralized channel. Finally, a two-part tariff contract is found to produce channel coordination in this problem. A numerical example illustrates the results.     

Consumer returns reduction and information revelation mechanism for a supply chain

In this paper, we develop two revelation mechanism models of a supply chain consisting of one manufacturer and one retailer under asymmetric information, where the retailer provides store assistance (SA) to reduce consumer returns rate and increase demand. Under full information, we find that a higher returns rate or returns handling cost increases the SA level if the market scale is sufficiently high. In the demand information asymmetry model, we find that: (i) the low-type retailer (facing a low demand) has no incentive to distort demand information while the high-type retailer may report wrong information; (ii) the manufacturer would like to design a menu of wholesale price-order quantity contract to induce truthful demand information and the manufacturer pays an information rent to the high-type retailer if the returns rate or returns handling cost for the retailer is sufficiently low; (iii) asymmetry of information does not change the monotonicity of the unit wholesale price in the retailer’s type, and information asymmetry decreases the retail price but increases the SA level. Unlike the demand information asymmetry model, a higher retailer’s returns handling cost expands the effects of information asymmetry on the retail price and the SA level, and using revelation mechanism decreases the channel profit if the retailer’s returns handling cost is sufficiently high under the returns rate information asymmetry model.     

链与链竞争下闭环供应链中制造商纵向整合策略选择

基于链与链竞争情形下,探讨了闭环供应链中制造商纵向整合策略选择。以制造商单位生产成本为基准,发现制造商不仅有动机整合正向物流或逆向物流,而且整合正向物流总是有利于增加其闭环供应链利润。若存在规模不经济,虽然制造商同样有动机整合正向物流或逆向物流,但是整合正向物流时闭环供应链利润是否高于其整合逆向物流取决于规模不经济系数。规模不经济系数较小时,制造商整合正向物流时闭环供应链利润高于其整合逆向物流;反之,制造商整合正向物流时闭环供应链利润低于其整合逆向物流。     

Coordinating a supply chain with green innovation in a dynamic setting

This paper addresses the channel coordination problem in a green supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer, in which the manufacturer controls green innovation and wholes price, while the retailer controls sales price. Pricing and green innovation strategies in integrated and decentralized channels are computed and compared, and a two-part tariff contract is designed to coordinate the decentralized supply chain. A Nash bargaining model is further developed to distribute the extra-profit between channel members. A numerical example is conducted to explore the impacts of green effectiveness and operational inefficiency effect on optimal/equilibrium solutions and coordination. The main results show that the green innovation investment, energy efficiency level and channel profit of integrated channel are larger than those of decentralized one, but the relationship of sales prices under two channel structures depends on system parameters. Green effectiveness exerts a positive effect on optimal/equilibrium solutions. The coordinator’s coordination capability is improved by green effectiveness, but weakened by operational inefficiency effect.     

货架展示量与定价模型及供应链协调分析

针对单生产商和单零售商组成的供应链,假定需求依赖于货架展示量与零售价格,分别建立了集中式控制下和分散式控制下的货架展示量与定价决策模型,给出了协调供应链的批发价加货架补贴合同。针对单生产商和n个零售商组成的供应链,假定总需求是n个零售商的总货架展示量和平均零售价格的函数、每个零售商的需求与其货架展示相关的促销努力成正比,分析了相应的集中式与分散式决策,并给出了协调供应链的批发价加货架补贴加转移支付合同。     

预付款融资下基于改进收益共享与回购联合契约的双渠道供应链协调研究

随机需求下,考虑了制造商存在资金约束的双渠道供应链在采用预付款融资时,如何实现供应链协调的问题。在制造商为主方的Stackelberg博弈下,研究了制造商和零售商分散决策时的最优库存决策问题,并通过设计改进收益共享与回购联合契约使得供应链达到协调。在此基础上,讨论了供应链的帕累托改进区间。最后,通过算例验证了联合契约对双渠道供应链协调及帕累托改进的有效性,并分析了契约参数和融资参数对供应链的影响。     

产需不确定下面向资金约束供应商的供应链融资策略研究

以包含一个供应商和一个分销商的供应链为研究对象,其中分销商面临市场需求不确定性,供应商存在资金约束且面临产出不确定性。 提出期望利率的概念,研究银行贷款期望利率一定的情况下,供应链银行融资最优策略。 构建了供应链预付款融资机制,在此基础上研究预付款模式下供应链的融资与生产订购的最优策略,并讨论了预付款期望利率的可行范围。 研究表明,预付款融资模式下,分销商愿意以低于银行贷款利率的期望利率向供应商提供预付款; 存在预付款期望利率可行区间,实现预付款协调模式下供应链系统的帕累托改进。     

Analysis of the impact of price-sensitivity factors on the returns policy in coordinating supply chain

This paper analyzes the impact of price-sensitivity factors on characteristics of returns policy contracts in a single-period product supply chain. The contract considers stochastic and price-dependent demand. We present an analytical model and then use numerical methods with the Stackelberg game to identify the contract properties. We numerically show that a returns policy indeed improves supply chain performance. However, the benefits earned from the returns policy, under price-sensitive and variable demand, are different for different supply chain partners. First, when price-sensitivity is high, profit of the manufacturer decreases with increase in demand variability. Second, when price-sensitivity is sufficiently high and demand variability increases, the manufacturer has to surrender part of the profits to the retailer, in order to continue sales. However, even after surrendering part of the profits to the retailer, the manufacturer still earns profits that are higher than those available in a wholesale price contract. Last, from the perspective of division of channel profits, the retailer is always worse off in case of returns policies than in a wholesale price contract. Therefore, to apply this form of incentive in practice, managements should consider the impact of price-sensitivity on the returns policy and its performance.