Convergence analysis of power penalty method for American bond option pricing

This paper is concerned with the convergence analysis of power penalty method to pricing American options on discount bond, where the single factor Cox–Ingrosll–Ross model is adopted for the short interest rate. The valuation of American bond option is usually formulated as a partial differential complementarity problem. We first develop a power penalty method to solve this partial differential complementarity problem, which produces a nonlinear degenerated parabolic PDE. Within the framework of variational inequalities, the solvability and convergence properties of this penalty approach are explored in a proper infinite dimensional space. Moreover, a sharp rate of convergence of the power penalty method is obtained. Finally, we show that the power penalty approach is monotonically convergent with the penalty parameter.     

债券定价及利率风险的市场价格的重构方法

假设利率变化的模型是由随机微分方程给出,则可以用推导Black-Scholes方程的方法来推出债券价格满足的偏微分方程,得到一个抛物型的偏微分方程.但是,在债券定价的方程中隐含有一个参数λ称为利率风险的市场价格.所谓债券定价的反问题,就是由不同到期时间的债券的现在价格来得到利率风险的市场价格.对随机利率模型下债券定价的正问题先给予介绍和差分数值求解方法,并介绍了反问题,且对反问题给出了数值方法.     

On a multiple credit rating migration model with stochastic interest rate

In this paper, we explore a pricing model for corporate bond accompanied with multiple credit rating migration risk and stochastic interest rate. The bond price volatility strongly depends on potentially multiple credit rating migration and stochastic change of interest rate. A free boundary problem of partial differential equation is presented, which is the equivalent transformation of the pricing model. The existence, uniqueness, and regularity for the free boundary problem are established to guarantee the rationality of the pricing model. Due to the stochastic change of interest rate, the discontinuous coefficient in the free boundary problem depends explicitly on the time variable but is convergent as time tends to infinity. Accordingly, an auxiliary free boundary problem is constructed, whose coefficient is the convergent limit of the coefficient in the original free boundary problem. With some constraint on the risk discount rate satisfied, we prove that a unique traveling wave exists in the auxiliary free boundary problem. The inductive method is adopted to fit the multiplicity of credit rating. Then we show that the solution of the original free boundary problem converges to the traveling wave in the auxiliary free boundary problem. Returning to the pricing model with multiple credit rating migration and stochastic interest rate, we conclude that the bond price profile can be captured by a traveling wave pattern coupling with a guaranteed bond price with face value equal to one at the maturity.     

Numerical Solutions for Option Pricing Models Including Transaction Costs and Stochastic Volatility

The option pricing problem when the asset is driven by a stochastic volatility process and in the presence of transaction costs leads to solving a nonlinear partial differential equation. The nonlinear term in the PDE reflects the presence of transaction costs. Under a particular market completion assumption we derive the nonlinear PDE whose solution may be used to find the price of options. In this paper under suitable conditions, we give an algorithmic scheme to obtain the solution of the problem by an iterative method and provide numerical solutions using the finite difference method.     

Power Penalty Method for a Linear Complementarity Problem Arising from American Option Valuation

In this paper, we present a power penalty function approach to the linear complementarity problem arising from pricing American options. The problem is first reformulated as a variational inequality problem; the resulting variational inequality problem is then transformed into a nonlinear parabolic partial differential equation (PDE) by adding a power penalty term. It is shown that the solution to the penalized equation converges to that of the variational inequality problem with an arbitrary order. This arbitrary-order convergence rate allows us to achieve the required accuracy of the solution with a small penalty parameter. A numerical scheme for solving the penalized nonlinear PDE is also proposed. Numerical results are given to illustrate the theoretical findings and to show the effectiveness and usefulness of the method. This work was partially supported by a research grant from the University of Western Australia and the Research Grant Council of Hong Kong, Grants PolyU BQ475 and PolyU BQ493.     

Pricing Parisian down-and-in options

In this paper, we price American-style Parisian down-and-in call options under the Black–Scholes framework. Usually, pricing an American-style option is much more difficult than pricing its European-style counterpart because of the appearance of the optimal exercise boundary in the former. Fortunately, the optimal exercise boundary associated with an American-style Parisian knock-in option only appears implicitly in its pricing partial differential equation (PDE) systems, instead of explicitly as in the case of an American-style Parisian knock-out option. We also recognize that the “moving window” technique developed by Zhu and Chen (2013) for pricing European-style Parisian up-and-out call options can be adopted to price American-style Parisian knock-in options as well. In particular, we obtain a simple analytical solution for American-style Parisian down-and-in call options and our new formula is written in terms of four double integrals, which can be easily computed numerically.     

A PDE representation of the density of the minimal entropy martingale measure in stochastic volatility markets

Under general conditions stated in Rheinländer [An entropy approach to the stein/stein model with correlation. Preprint, 2003, ETH Zürich.], we prove that in a stochastic volatility market the Radon–Nikodym density of the minimal entropy martingale measure (MEMM) can be expressed in terms of the solution of a semilinear PDE. The semilinear PDE is suggested by the dynamic programming approach to the utility indifference pricing problem of contingent claims. One of our main results is the existence and uniqueness of a classical solution of the semilinear PDE in the case of a general stochastic volatility model with additive noise correlated with the asset price. Our results are applied to the Stein–Stein and Heston stochastic volatility models.     

A class of portfolio selection with a four-factor futures price model

Considering the stochastic exchange rate, a four-factor futures model with the underling asset, convenience yield, instantaneous risk free interest rate and exchange rate, is established. These processes follow jump-diffusion processes (Weiner process and Poisson process). The corresponding partial differential equation (PDE) of the futures price is derived. The general solution of the PDE with parameters is drawn. The weight least squares approach is applied to obtain the parameters of above PDE. Variance is substituted by semi-variance in Markowitzs portfolio selection model. Therefore, a class of multi-period semi-variance model is formulated originally. Then, a continuous-time mean-variance portfolio model is also considered. The corresponding stochastic Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation of the problem with nonlinear constraints is derived. A numerical algorithm is proposed for finding the optimal solution in this paper. Finally, in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the theoretical models and numerical methods, the fuel futures in Shanghai exchange market and the Brent crude oil futures in London exchange market are selected to be examples.     

Pricing derivatives in a regime switching market with time inhomogenous volatility

This paper studies pricing derivatives in a componentwise semi-Markov (CSM) modulated market. We consider a financial market where the asset price dynamics follows a regime switching geometric Brownian motion model in which the coefficients depend on finitely many age-dependent semi-Markov processes. We further allow the volatility coefficient to depend on time explicitly. Under these market assumptions, we study locally risk minimizing pricing of a class of European options. It is shown that the price function can be obtained by solving a non-local Black–Scholes–Merton-type PDE. We establish existence and uniqueness of a classical solution to the Cauchy problem. We also find another characterization of price function via a system of Volterra integral equation of second kind. This alternative representation leads to computationally efficient methods for finding price and hedging. An explicit expression of quadratic residual risk is also obtained.     

分数维Vasicek利率模型下的欧式期权定价公式

假定股票价格和利率的运动过程服从几何分数维布朗运动,利用风险对冲技术,分数维布朗运动随机分析理论与偏微分方程方法,得到了分数维Vasicek随机利率下欧式期权所满足的定价方程,获得了波动率是对间函数的情形下欧式看涨和看跌期权的一般定价公式以及它们的平价公式.     

不完全市场的保险定价研究

完全市场上的保险定价问题是人们比较熟悉的研究内容,但它不符合市场实际.本文在不完全市场上研究保险定价的问题.通过对累积保险损失的分析,建立在累积赌付下的保险定价模型;基于对一个无风险资产和有限多个风险资产的投资,建立保险投资定价模型.通过变形,得到相应的保险价格的倒向随机微分方程,并利用倒向随机微分方程的理论和方法,得到了相应的保险价格公式.最后,给出释例进行了分析.本文的研究,不用考虑死亡率、损失的概率分布等因素,为保险定价提供了新的思路,丰富了有限的保险定价方法.     

Dynamic pricing of inventory/capacity with infrequent price changes

We consider a problem of dynamically pricing a single product sold by a monopolist over a short time period. If demand characteristics change throughout the period, it becomes attractive for the company to adjust price continuously to respond to such changes (i.e., price-discriminate intertemporally). However, in practice there is typically a limit on the number of times the price can be adjusted due to the high costs associated with frequent price changes. If that is the case, instead of a continuous pricing rule the company might want to establish a piece-wise constant pricing policy in order to limit the number of price adjustments. Such a pricing policy, which involves optimal choice of prices and timing of price changes, is the focus of this paper.We analyze the pricing problem with a limited number of price changes in a dynamic, deterministic environment in which demand depends on the current price and time, and there is a capacity/inventory constraint that may be set optimally ahead of the selling season. The arrival rate can evolve in time arbitrarily, allowing us to model situations in which prices decrease, increase, or neither. We consider several plausible scenarios where pricing and/or timing of price changes are endogenized. Various notions of complementarity (single-crossing property, supermodularity and total positivity) are explored to derive structural results: conditions sufficient for the uniqueness of the solution and the monotonicity of prices throughout the sales period. Furthermore, we characterize the impact of the capacity constraint on the optimal prices and the timing of price changes and provide several other comparative statics results. Additional insights are obtained directly from the solutions of various special cases.     

Vasiek利率模型下的亚式期权的定价问题和数值分析

本文研究了随机利率满足Vasiek模型时带有浮动的敲定价格的欧式看涨亚式期权的定价问题.通过对所涉及的退化的抛物型方程的Cauchy问题进行变量代换,我们把状态空间的维数降低了一维.为克服其中的奇异性问题,本文对方程进行了分解,第一部分的方程虽然保持奇性,但是其解具有一个精确表达式;而残差部分满足系数和初始条件都充分光滑的Cauchy问题,我们运用一般的差分方法对该部分进行了有效的数值计算。     

在约化模型下具有随机回收率的公司债券定价

在假设违约过程和利率过程相关的情形下,利用无套利原理构造了具有随机回收率的公司债券定价模型,然后运用偏微分方程方法给出了公司债券的价格表达式,最后讨论了模型中的参数对信用利差的影响.     

Dynamic pricing for perishable items with costly price adjustments

Dynamic pricing is widely adopted in inventory management for perishable items, and the corresponding price adjustment cost should be taken into account. This work assumes that the price adjustment cost comprises of a fixed component and a variable one, and attempts to search for the optimal dynamic pricing strategy to maximize the firm’s profit. However, considering the fixed price adjustment cost turns this dynamic pricing problem to a non-smooth optimal control problem which cannot be solved directly by Pontryagin’s maximum principle. Hence, we first degenerate the original problem into a standard optimal control problem and calculate the corresponding solution. On the basis of this solution, we further propose a suboptimal pricing strategy which simultaneously combines static pricing and dynamic pricing strategies. The upper bound of profit gap between the suboptimal solution and the optimal one is obtained. Numerical simulation indicates that the suboptimal pricing strategy enjoys an efficient performance.     

Risk premium and fair option prices under stochastic volatility: the HARA solution

We have solved the problem of finding (HARA) fair option price under a general stochastic volatility model. For a given HARA utility, the ‘risk premium’, i.e., the ‘market price of volatility risk’ is determined via a solution of a certain nonlinear PDE. Equivalently, the fair option price is determined as a solution of an uncoupled system of a non-linear PDE and a Black–Scholes type PDE. To cite this article: S.D. Stojanovic, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 340 (2005).     

混合分数布朗运动下分离交易可转债的定价

在假定股票价格由混合分数布朗运动驱动,且市场利率服从Vasicek过程的条件下,建立了分离交易可转债定价的金融市场偏微分方程．通过求解偏微分方程、并利用无套利定价原理得到了分离交易可转债定价的显示解.     

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In this paper, a pricing problem for corporate bond with dynamic default barrier is studied under a hybrid model. Firstly, a mathematical model for the pricing problem is set up by applying risk-free equilibrium principle. Then, a closed-form formula for the pricing model is obtained by using the variable transformation technique and the image method, which extends the relevant literature's results. Finally, a numerical experiment is presented to analyze the effect of the dynamic barrier on the bond price. Our studies show that the different shape curve of a bond's price can be obtained by adjusting the relevant parameter on the default boundary, and then can control the risk or get a higher bond's yield     

有跳-扩散违约风险的可转换债券的定价

本文研究在跳-扩散违约风险模型下可转换债券的定价问题,假定股票价格服从对数正态分布,利用Martingale Pricing方法推导出其定价公式.     

基于鞅方法下分数布朗运动欧式回望期权的定价

利用分数布朗运动研究了一种强路径依赖型期权—回望期权的定价问题.首先列出了有关的定义和引理;其次利用该定义和引理建立了分数布朗运动情况下的价格模型,通过鞅方法,得到了回望期权价格所满足的方程;最后分别给出了看跌回望期权和看涨回望期权的定价公式的显式解.