On the classification of nonsingular 2×2×2×2 hypercubes

As a first step in the classification of nonsingular 2×2×2×2 hypercubes up to equivalence, we resolve the case where the base field is finite and the hypercubes can be written as a product of two 2×2×2 hypercubes. (Nonsingular hypercubes were introduced by D. Knuth in the context of semifields. Where semifields are related to hypercubes of dimension 3, this paper considers the next case, i.e., hypercubes of dimension 4.) We define the notion of ij-rank (with 1 ≤ i < j ≤ 4) and prove that a hypercube is the product of two 2×2×2 hypercubes if and only if its 12-rank is at most 2. We derive a ‘standard form’ for nonsingular 2×2×2×2 hypercubes of 12-rank less than 4 as a first step in the classification of such hypercubes up to equivalence. Our main result states that the equivalence class of a nonsingular 2×2×2×2 hypercube M of 12-rank 2 depends only on the value of an invariant δ ₀(M) which derives in a natural way from the Cayley hyperdeterminant det₀ M and another polynomial invariant det M of degree 4. As a corollary we prove that the number of equivalence classes is (q + 1)/2 or q/2 depending on whether the order q of the field is odd or even.     

The rank of a 2 × 2 × 2 tensor

As computing power increases, many more problems in engineering and data analysis involve computation with tensors, or multi-way data arrays. Most applications involve computing a decomposition of a tensor into a linear combination of rank-1 tensors. Ideally, the decomposition involves a minimal number of terms, i.e. computation of the rank of the tensor. Tensor rank is not a straight-forward extension of matrix rank. A constructive proof based on an eigenvalue criterion is provided that shows when a 2?×?2?×?2 tensor over ? is rank-3 and when it is rank-2. The results are extended to show that n?×?n?×?2 tensors over ? have maximum possible rank n?+?k where k is the number of complex conjugate eigenvalue pairs of the matrices forming the two faces of the tensor cube.     

Canonical forms of 2 × 2 × 2 and 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 arrays over 𝔽2 and 𝔽3

We consider arrays of size 2?×?2?×?2 and 2?×?2?×?2?×?2 over the fields with two and three elements. We use computer algebra to determine the canonical forms of these arrays with respect to the action of the semidirect product of general linear groups with the symmetric group. For each canonical form, we determine the size of its orbit and the rank of the arrays in its orbit.     

On the hyperdeterminant for 2×2×3 arrays

We use the representation theory of Lie algebras and computational linear algebra to determine the simplest non-constant invariant polynomial in the entries of a general 2?×?2?×?3 array. This polynomial is homogeneous of degree 6 and has 66 terms with coefficients ±1, ±2 in the 12 indeterminates x _ijk where i, j?=?1,?2 and k?=?1,?2,?3. This invariant can be regarded as a natural generalization of Cayley's hyperdeterminant for 2?×?2?×?2 arrays.     

三群体2×2×2非对称演化博弈稳定性分析

针对目前三方演化博弈的稳定性研究不足这一问题,利用复制动态方程构建了一般化的三维动力系统,首先讨论了单群体策略演化趋势,接着根据李雅普诺夫稳定性理论分析了系统的渐进稳定性,并结合单群体策略的演化趋势对系统稳定性作了深入研究。研究表明:严格纯策略纳什均衡是ESS,不严格纯策略纳什均衡是线性策略收敛(自定义概念),所有类型的混合策略纳什均衡均为鞍点,共同划分了ESS的吸引域,并证明了零特征值非ESS定理,以及ESS不共边定理,在此基础上给出了N维双策略系统中ESS的最多个数。最后,设计了六组经典算例,首先结合研究结果分析了算例,接着对算例进行系统仿真,仿真结果与理论分析一致,为演化博弈的进一步研究提供借鉴与启发。     

2×2矩阵的平方根

２×２矩阵的平方根［美］ＤＯＮＡＬＤＳＵＬＬＶＡＮ在Ｍａｃｋｉｎｎｏｎ最近的论文［１］里，叙述了求２×２矩阵平方根的四种方法．这些方法的第一个方法要求那些求平方根的矩阵是可以对角化的．后来，这个方法被Ｓｃｏｔ用来求２×２矩阵的全部平方根［２］．一个奇...     

2×2 Hermite矩阵几何

设D是有对合a→的除环, 假设是D的真子域并且含在D的中心域中. 指出: 如果D的特征不等于2, 则D是F上可离二次扩域或者是F上广义四元数除环; 如果D的特征等于2, 则D是F上可离二次扩域, 因此迹映射Tr:D→F,恒为满射,从而已有的 Hermite矩阵几何的基本定理中关于D的假设(ii)可以删去. 万哲先已经证明了当D为域时2×2 Hermite矩阵几何的基本定理. 继续证明了当D为特征不等于2的广义四元数除环时,D上2×2 Hermite矩阵几何的基本定理.     

2×2矩阵的平方根

在线性代数中我们能够用适当的公式计算矩阵的逆,特征值,特征向量。这篇短文的目的是给出一个2×2矩阵平方根的简单公式。作为卡莱——哈密顿定理的一个应用。     

有缺失数据的2×2×2列联表的参数估计

本文讨论了缺失数据的 2× 2× 2列联表的参数估计问题 ,通过给出适当的模型和观测数据模式 ,我们给出了各列联表各细胞参数的估计 ,并且证明这些估计是G -Markov的     

Geometry of 2 × 2 hermitian matrices

LetD be a division ring which possesses an involution a → α . Assume that is a proper subfield ofD and is contained in the center ofD. It is pointed out that ifD is of characteristic not two, D is either a separable quadratic extension of F or a division ring of generalized quaternions over F and that if D is of characteristic two,D is a separable quadratic extension ofF. Thus the trace map Tr:D → F, a → a + a is always surjective, which is formerly posed as an assumption in the fundamental theorem of n×n hermitian matrices overD when n ≥ 3 and now can be deleted. WhenD is a field, the fundamental theorem of 2 × 2 hermitian matrices overD has already been proved. This paper proves the fundamental theorem of 2×2 hermitian matrices over any division ring of generalized quaternions of characteristic not two This research was completed during a visit to the Academy of Mathematics and System Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

2×2算子矩阵的逆

设H和K为复的无限维可分Hilbert空间．本文利用算子的几何结构着重研究了Hilbert空间H(?)K上的2×2算子矩阵的逆,给出了一些有意义的结果．     

Stability theorems for 2×2 hypermatrices

In this paper, stability properties of 2×2 hypermatrices of the form $$\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}c} { \in {\rm A} \in {\rm B}} \\ {CD} \\ \end{array} } \right]$$ are investigated, where ε is a small parameter. Stability theorems on these and similar matrices play an important role in the convergence analysis of certain numerical methods of mathematical programming and control theory, as pointed out in Refs. 1–3.     

A 2 × 2 hyperbolic traffic flow model

A new traffic flow model is presented. It accounts for various qualitative features of the evolution of the density and speed of cars along a crowded road. The model consists of a 2 × 2 system of nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws generating a Cauchy problem which is well posed for all reasonable initil data. A similar result can be proved for the initial boundary value problem. The presence of a speed limit is also considered.     

Geometry of 2×2 Hermitian matrices II

Let Z be a field of characteristic ≠2, D be a quaternion division algebra over Z and have a nonstandard involution of the first kind. The fundamental theorem of geometry of 2× 2 Hermitian matrices over D are proved. Thus, if D is a quaternion division algebra over Z with an involution of the first kind, then the fundamental theorem of geometry of 2× 2 Hermitian matrices over D are obtained.     

Lorentzian geometry for 2 × 2 real matrices

We give an interpretation and a natural proof of the lemma of Herglotz on 2 × 2 symmetric matrices from the point of view of 3-dimensional Lorentz geometry and 2-dimensional hyperbolic geometry. This interpretation leads naturally to an analogous result on 2 × 2 matrices with trace 0.     

Injective comodules for 2 × 2 quantum matrices

We study the injective comodules for the coordinate bialgebra of quantum 2 × 2 matrices at a root of unity. The related GL ₂ and SL ₂ theories are also specified.     

Isotrope Kurventheorie aufS 2 × ℝ

In this note we define an isotropic metric on the threedimensional manifoldS ² × . This metric will allow an symmetric riemannian connection , wich will be used to do differential geometry on S² × . We develope theory of curves onS ² × and show some relations to the theory of curves of threedimensional isotropic spaceI ₃.     

Units of ℤ(Cp × C2) and ℤ(Cp × C2 × C2)

The goal of this article is to describe a multiplicatively independent set, which generates the group of units of the integral group ring ?G, where G is either the cyclic group of order 2p or C₂ × C₂ × C_p, for a prime number p that satisfies some suitable conditions that will be specified later.     

Berezin transforms on the 2×2 matrix space related to theU(2)×U(2)-action

In this paper we establish the spectral decomposition of the Berezin transforms on the space Mat(2,) of complex 2×2 matrices related to the two-sided action ofU(2)×U(2). The eigenspaces are described explicitly by means of the matrix elements of a certain representation ofGL(2,) and each eigenvalue is expressed as a finite sum involving the MeijerG-functions evaluated at 1 and the Hahn polynomials.