一类具有二次感染和接种的两病株流行病模型

本文考虑了一类具有二次感染和接种的两病株流行病模型，通过定义每一病株的基本再生数和侵入再生数，我们分析了非负平衡态的稳定性并获得了这样结论：对于较低的接种水平，病株一感染者处于支配地位而病株二感染者将从易感人群中消失，对于非常高的接种水平，疾病将均被消除。     

Pathogen coexistence induced by saturating contact rates

In this paper, a two-strain epidemic model with saturating contact rates is considered. It is shown that if the social activity of infected individuals does not vary with strains, then the competitive exclusion principle holds; if the social activity of infected individuals varies with different strains, the coexistence of pathogens is possible under a certain condition which involves the invasion reproduction numbers. The stability of the dominance equilibria and coexistence equilibrium is also examined. Numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the results.     

一类两菌株传染病模型的稳定性分析

建立和讨论一类具有比例接种疫苗丧失率的两菌株SIJVS传染病模型,给出了该模型基本再生数和侵入再生数的表达式,分析了无病平衡点、菌株占优平衡点、共存平衡点的存在性和稳定性.     

Multistrain edge‐based compartmental model on networks

Multistrain diseases, which are infected through individual contacts, pose severe public health threat nowadays. In this paper, we build competitive and mutative two‐strain edge‐based compartmental models using probability generation function (PGF) and pair approximation (PA). Both of them are ordinary differential equations. Their basic reproduction numbers and final size formulas are explicitly derived. We show that the formula gives a unique positive final epidemic size when the reproduction number is larger than unity. We further consider competitive and mutative multistrain diseases spreading models and compute their basic reproduction numbers. We perform numerical simulations that show some dynamical properties of the competitive and mutative two‐strain models.     

具有重复感染和染病年龄结构的两菌株SIJR流行病模型分析

建立和研究了具有染病年龄结构和重复感染的两菌株SIJR流行病模型,得到了与两菌株相对应的基本再生数的表达式,给出了无病平衡点,各菌株占优平衡点以及共存平衡点的存在性和稳定性条件.最后详细讨论了该模型的特殊情形-重复感染率为常数的情形.     

A fractional order epidemic model and simulation for avian influenza dynamics

We present a nonlinear fractional order epidemic model to investigate the spreading dynamical behavior of the avian influenza. The population of the model contains susceptible individuals, asymptomatic but infective latent individuals, and infective individuals. We first establish the existence, uniqueness, nonnegativity, and positive invariance of the solution, then we study the reproduction number of the model and the stability of the disease‐free equilibrium. We observe that the reproduction number varies with the order of the fractional derivative ν. In terms of epidemics, this suggests that varying ν induces a change in the avian's epidemic status. Furthermore, we derive the sufficient conditions for the existence and the stability of the endemic equilibrium. Finally, we carry out some numerical simulations to validate the analytical results. We find from simulations that the solution of the fractional order model tends to a stationary state over a longer period of time with decreasing the value of the fractional derivative, and the size of epidemic decreases with decreasing ν.     

Local stability of an SIR epidemic model and effect of time delay

We describe an SIR epidemic model with a discrete time lag, analyse the local stability of its equilibria as well as the effects of delay on the reproduction number and on the dynamical behaviour of the system. The model has two equilibria—a necessary condition for local asymptotic stability is given. The proofs are based on linearization and the application of Lyapunov functional approach. An upper bound of the critical time delay for which the model remains valid is derived. Numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the effect of time delay which tends to reduce the epidemic threshold. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of the basic reproduction number of a vaccinated epidemic model of influenza

The basic reproduction number and the point of endemic equilibrium are two very important factors in any deterministic compartmental epidemic model as the basic reproduction number and the point of endemic equilibrium represent the nature of disease transmission and disease prevalence respectively. In this article the sensitivity analysis based on mathematical as well as statistical techniques has been performed to determine the importance of the epidemic model parameters. It is observed that 6 out of the 11 input parameters play a prominent role in determining the magnitude of the basic reproduction number. It is shown that the basic reproduction number is the most sensitive to the transmission rate of disease. It is also shown that control of transmission rate and recovery rate of the clinically ill are crucial to stop the spreading of influenza epidemics.     

Global analysis for a delayed SIV model with direct and environmental transmissions

In this paper, we propose a new SIV epidemic model with time delay, which also involves both direct and environmental transmissions. For such model, we first introduce the basic reproduction number $\mathscr{R}$ by using the next generation matrix. And then global stability of the equilibria is discussed by means of Lyapunov functionals and LaSalle''s invariance principle for delay differential equations, which shows that the infection-free equilibrium of the system is globally asymptotically stable if $\mathscr{R}<1$ and the epidemic equilibrium of the system is globally asymptotically stable for $\m     

A class of Lyapunov functions and the global stability of some epidemic models with nonlinear incidence

In this paper, by investigating an SIR epidemic model with nonlinear incidence, we present a new technique for proving the global stability of the endemic equilibrium, which consists of introducing a variable transformation and constructing a more general Lyapunov function. For the model we obtain the following results. The disease-free equilibrium is globally stable in the feasible region as the basic reproduction number is less than or equal to unity, and the endemic equilibrium is globally stable in the feasible region as the basic reproduction number is greater than unity.The generality of the technique is illustrated by considering certain nonlinear incidences and SIS and SIRS epidemic models.     

Size-structured dynamics in a juvenile-adult population with fixed sex-ratio

We present and analyze a nonlinear size-structured juvenile-adult model with a fixed sex-ratio, in which juveniles are structured by size, while adults by age. Global or local stability results are investigated by the method of characteristics and prior estimations, which show that, if the net reproduction rate is less than one, the population will be extinct for any initial distributions; On the other hand, the population may be extinct or increase in a manner faster than exponential style if the net reproduction rate is greater than one. By using Laplace transform methods, asymptotic behavior of solutions is analyzed too.     

具有垂直传染且总人口在变化的SIRS传染病模型的渐近分析

讨论了具有垂直传染且总人口在变化的连续预防接种SIRS传染病模型,给出了基本再生数R_0的表达式,并利用广义Bendixson-Dulac函数方法证明了无病平衡点和地方病平衡点的全局稳定性.     

Threshold behaviour of a stochastic SIR model

In this paper, we investigate the threshold behaviour of a susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) epidemic model with stochastic perturbation. When the noise is small, we show that the threshold determines the extinction and persistence of the epidemic. Compared with the corresponding deterministic system, this value is affected by white noise, which is less than the basic reproduction number of the deterministic system. On the other hand, we obtain that the large noise will also suppress the epidemic to prevail, which never happens in the deterministic system. These results are illustrated by computer simulations.     

Efficient Data Augmentation for Fitting Stochastic Epidemic Models to Prevalence Data

Stochastic epidemic models describe the dynamics of an epidemic as a disease spreads through a population. Typically, only a fraction of cases are observed at a set of discrete times. The absence of complete information about the time evolution of an epidemic gives rise to a complicated latent variable problem in which the state space size of the epidemic grows large as the population size increases. This makes analytically integrating over the missing data infeasible for populations of even moderate size. We present a data augmentation Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) framework for Bayesian estimation of stochastic epidemic model parameters, in which measurements are augmented with subject-level disease histories. In our MCMC algorithm, we propose each new subject-level path, conditional on the data, using a time-inhomogenous continuous-time Markov process with rates determined by the infection histories of other individuals. The method is general, and may be applied to a broad class of epidemic models with only minimal modifications to the model dynamics and/or emission distribution. We present our algorithm in the context of multiple stochastic epidemic models in which the data are binomially sampled prevalence counts, and apply our method to data from an outbreak of influenza in a British boarding school. Supplementary material for this article is available online.     

Global behavior of an SEIRS epidemic model with time delays

This is a study of dynamic behavior of an SEIRS epidemic model with time delays. It is shown that disease-free equilibrium is globally stable if the reproduction number is not greater than one. When the reproduction number is greater than 1, it is proved that the disease is uniformly persistent in the population, and explicit formulae are obtained by which the eventual lower bound of the fraction of infectious individuals can be computed. Local stability of endemic equilibrium is also discussed.     

总人口规模变化和带接种疫苗的年龄结构TB传染病模型的再生数

本文讨论总人口规模变化和带接种疫苗的年龄结构肺结核传染病模型,给出了该模型增值数的显式表达式(R)(ψ,λ)(λ为非病染人口的增长指数),证明了若(R)(ψ,λ)＜1,则无病平衡态是线性稳定的,若(R)(ψ,λ)＞1,则无病平衡态是不稳定的.     

带有脉冲免疫和传染年龄的传染病模型的全局吸引性

讨论了带有脉冲免疫和传染年龄的传染病模型.传染类的恢复率是传染年龄的函数,当染病再生数小于1时,文章得到无病周期解是全局吸引的.如果总人口规模变化,也可得到类似的结论.最后,提出了带有脉冲免疫和传染年龄传染病模型待解决的问题.     

Control and recovery from rare congestion events in a large multi-server system

We develop deterministic fluid approximations to describe the recovery from rare congestion events in a large multi-server system in which customer holding times have a general distribution. There are two cases, depending on whether or not we exploit the age distribution (the distribution of elapsed holding times of customers in service). If we do not exploit the age distribution, then the rare congestion event is a large number of customers present. If we do exploit the age distribution, then the rare event is an unusual age distribution, possibly accompanied by a large number of customers present. As an approximation, we represent the large multi-server system as an M/G/∞ model. We prove that, under regularity conditions, the fluid approximations are asymptotically correct as the arrival rate increases. The fluid approximations show the impact upon the recovery time of the holding-time distribution beyond its mean. The recovery time may or not be affected by the holding-time distribution having a long tail, depending on the precise definition of recovery. The fluid approximations can be used to analyze various overload control schemes, such as reducing the arrival rate or interrupting services in progress. We also establish large deviations principles to show that the two kinds of rare events have the same exponentially small order. We give numerical examples showing the effect of the holding-time distribution and the age distribution, focusing especially on the consequences of long-tail distributions. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Threshold behaviour of a SI epidemiological model with two structuring variables

In this article, we study a SI epidemic model describing the spread of a disease in a perfectly mixed managed population, representing an animal herd in a fattening farm. The epidemic process is characterized by a non-neglectable and variable incubation period, during which individuals are infectious but cannot be easily detected. The susceptible and infected populations are structured according to age and, for infected, to time remaining before the end of the incubation, where they show detectable clinical signs. We study the well posedness and the asymptotic behaviour of the problem and show that in some cases, even if the farm is fed with healthy animals, disease persistence can occur. We give an explicit formula for the basic reproduction number \({\mathcal{R}_0}\) and the biological interpretation of this threshold on a specific example. We finally illustrate the asymptotic behaviour of the model by numerical simulations.