Boundary element method and wave equation

In this paper the boundary integral expression for a one-dimensional wave equation with homogeneous boundary conditions is developed. This is done using the time dependent fundamental solution of the corresponding hyperbolic partial differential equation. The integral expression developed is a generalized function with the same form as the well-known D'Alembert formula. The derivatives of the solution and some useful invariants on the characteristics of the partial differential equation are also calculated.The boundary element method is applied to find the numerical solution. The results show excellent agreement with analytical solutions.A multi-step procedure for large time steps which can be used in the boundary element method is also described.In addition, the way in which boundary conditions are introduced during the time dependent process is explained in detail. In the Appendix the main properties of Dirac's delta function and the Heaviside unit step function are described.     

Differentiability and its asymptotic analysis for nonlinear singularly perturbed boundary value problem

In this paper, we show differentiability of solutions with respect to the given boundary value data for nonlinear singularly perturbed boundary value problems and its corresponding asymptotic expansion of small parameter. This result fills the gap caused by the solvability condition in Esipova’s result so as to lay a rigorous foundation for the theory of boundary function method on which a guideline is provided as to how to apply this theory to the other forms of singularly perturbed nonlinear boundary value problems and enlarge considerably the scope of applicability and validity of the boundary function method. A third-order singularly perturbed boundary value problem arising in the theory of thin film flows is revisited to illustrate the theory of this paper. Compared to the original result, the imposed potential condition is completely removed by the boundary function method to obtain a better result. Moreover, an improper assumption on the reduced problem has been corrected.     

An extremal problem for Laplace's equation in a half-space

The use of a minimum condition for a given functional to determine a function harmonic in a half-space whose boundary value is given only on part of the boundary plane is reduced to one or more Dirichlet problems for plane regions. The functional is defined as the L₂-distance between the limiting values of the normal derivative of the harmonic function and a given function.Translated fromDinamicheskie Sistemy, No. 6, 1987, pp. 101–103.     

Green's functions for elliptic and parabolic systems with Robin-type boundary conditions

The aim of this paper is to investigate Green's function for parabolic and elliptic systems satisfying a possibly nonlocal Robin-type boundary condition. We construct Green's function for parabolic systems with time-dependent coefficients satisfying a possibly nonlocal Robin-type boundary condition assuming that weak solutions of the system are locally Hölder continuous in the interior of the domain, and as a corollary we construct Green's function for elliptic system with a Robin-type condition. Also, we obtain Gaussian bound for Robin Green's function under an additional assumption that weak solutions of Robin problem are locally bounded up to the boundary. We provide some examples satisfying such a local boundedness property, and thus have Gaussian bounds for their Green's functions.     

Singularly Perturbed Parabolic Problems with Multidimensional Boundary Layers

The first boundary value problem for a multidimensional parabolic differential equation with a small parameter ε multiplying all derivatives is studied. A complete (i.e., of any order with respect to the parameter) regularized asymptotics of the solution is constructed, which contains a multidimensional boundary layer function that is bounded for x = (x¹, x₂) = 0 and tends to zero as ε → +0 for x ≠ 0. In addition, it contains corner boundary layer functions described by the product of a boundary layer function of the exponential type by a multidimensional parabolic boundary layer function.     

Universal boundary value problem for equations of mathematical physics

A new statement of a boundary value problem for partial differential equations is discussed. An arbitrary solution to a linear elliptic, hyperbolic, or parabolic second-order differential equation is considered in a given domain of Euclidean space without any constraints imposed on the boundary values of the solution or its derivatives. The following question is studied: What conditions should hold for the boundary values of a function and its normal derivative if this function is a solution to the linear differential equation under consideration? A linear integral equation is defined for the boundary values of a solution and its normal derivative; this equation is called a universal boundary value equation. A universal boundary value problem is a linear differential equation together with a universal boundary value equation. In this paper, the universal boundary value problem is studied for equations of mathematical physics such as the Laplace equation, wave equation, and heat equation. Applications of the analysis of the universal boundary value problem to problems of cosmology and quantum mechanics are pointed out.     

On a boundary analog of the Forelli theorem

A boundary analog of the Forelli theorem for real-analytic functions is established, i.e., it is demonstrated that each real-analytic function f defined on the boundary of a bounded strictly convex domain D in the multidimensional complex space with the one-dimensional holomorphic extension property along families of complex lines passing through a boundary point and intersecting D admits a holomorphic extension to D as a function of many complex variables.     

Boundary function method to find the asymptotic solution of the plasma—sheath equation

We consider the asymptotic solution of the Tonks—Langmuir integro-different equation with an Emmert kernel, which describes the behavior of the potential both inside the main plasma volume and in a thin boundary layer. Equations of this type are singularly perturbed due to the small coefficient at the highest order (second) derivative. The asymptotic solution is obtained by the boundary function method. Equations are derived for the first two coefficients in the regular expansion series and in the boundary function expansion. The equation for the first coefficient of the regular series has only a trivial solution. Second-order differential equations are obtained for the first two boundary functions. The equation for the first boundary function is solved numerically on a discrete grid with locally uniform spacing. An approximate analytical expression for the first boundary function is obtained from the linearized equation. This solution adequately describes the behavior of the potential on small distances only. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Matematika i Informatika, No. 19, pp. 21–40, 2004.     

On the boundary value problem of the biharmonic operator on domains with angular corners

The paper is concerned with boundary singularities of weak solutions of boundary value problems governed by the biharmonic operator. The presence of angular corner points or points at which the type of boundary condition changes in general causes local singularities in the solution. For that case the general theory of V. A. Kondrat'ev provides a priori estimates in weighted Sobolev norms and asymptotic singular representations for the solution which essentially depend on the zeros of certain transcendental functions. The distribution of these zeros will be analysed in detail for the biharmonic operator under several boundary conditions. This leads to sharp a priori estimates in weighted Sobolev norms where the weight function is characterized by the inner angle of the boundary corner. Such estimates for “negative” Sobolev norms are used to analyse also weakly nonlinear perturbations of the biharmonic operator as, for instance, the von Kármán model in plate bending theory and the stream function formulation of the steady state Navier-Stokes problem. It turns out that here the structure of the corner singularities is essentially the same as in the corresponding linear problem.     

Nonlinear Schrödinger equation in a semi-strip: Evolution of the Weyl–Titchmarsh function and recovery of the initial condition and rectangular matrix solutions from the boundary conditions

Rectangular matrix solutions of the defocusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation (dNLS) are studied in quarter-plane and semi-strip. Evolution of the corresponding Weyl–Titchmarsh (Weyl) function is described in terms of the initial Weyl function and boundary conditions. In the next step, the initial Weyl function is recovered (for the quarter-plane case) from the long-time asymptotics of the wave function considered at the boundary. Thus, it is shown that the evolution of the Weyl function is uniquely defined by the boundary conditions. Moreover, a procedure to recover solutions of dNLS (uniquely defined by the boundary conditions) is given. In a somewhat different way, the same boundary value problem is also dealt with in a semi-strip (for the case of a quasi-analytic initial condition).     

Finite difference reaction-diffusion systems with coupled boundary conditions and time delays

This paper is concerned with finite difference solutions of a coupled system of reaction-diffusion equations with nonlinear boundary conditions and time delays. The system is coupled through the reaction functions as well as the boundary conditions, and the time delays may appear in both the reaction functions and the boundary functions. The reaction-diffusion system is discretized by the finite difference method, and the investigation is devoted to the finite difference equations for both the time-dependent problem and its corresponding steady-state problem. This investigation includes the existence and uniqueness of a finite difference solution for nonquasimonotone functions, monotone convergence of the time-dependent solution to a maximal or a minimal steady-state solution for quasimonotone functions, and local and global attractors of the time-dependent system, including the convergence of the time-dependent solution to a unique steady-state solution. Also discussed are some computational algorithms for numerical solutions of the steady-state problem when the reaction function and the boundary function are quasimonotone. All the results for the coupled reaction-diffusion equations are directly applicable to systems of parabolic-ordinary equations and to reaction-diffusion systems without time delays.     

Fine singularity analysis of solutions to the Laplace equation: Berg's effect

J. Banasiak We study Berg's effect on special domains. This effect is understood as a monotonicity of a harmonic function (with respect to the distance from the center of a flat part of the boundary) restricted to the boundary. The harmonic function must satisfy piecewise constant Neumann boundary conditions. We show that Berg's effect is a rare and fragile phenomenon. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

New closed-form Green function and integral formula for a thermoelastic quadrant

In this study a new Green’s function and a new Green-type integral formula for a boundary value problem (BVP) in thermoelastostatics for a quadrant are derived in closed form. On the boundary semi-straight-lines twice mixed homogeneous mechanical boundary conditions (one boundary semi-straight-line is free of loadings and normal displacements and tangential stresses are prescribed on the other one) are prescribed. The thermoelastic displacements are subject by a heat source applied in the inner points of the quadrant and by mixed non-homogeneous boundary heat conditions (on one boundary semi-straight-line the temperature is prescribed and the heat flux is given on the other one). When thermoelastic Green’s function is derived the thermoelastic displacements are generated by an inner unit point heat source, described by δ Dirac’s function. All results are obtained in elementary functions that are formulated in a special theorem. A closed-form solution for a particular BVP of thermoelastostatics for a quadrant also is included. Using the proposed approach it is possible to extend the obtained for quadrant results to any other canonical Cartesian domain.     

Two perturbation formulations of the nonlinear dynamics of a cable excited by a boundary motion

A nonlinear cable excited by an inclined boundary motion, termed as cable's moving boundary problem, is attacked by two different perturbation approaches, i.e., the boundary modulation formulation and the quasi-static drift formulation. The former transforms the boundary motion into a weak modulation on cable's high-order dynamics, while the latter introduces a hybrid mode expansion using an empirical drift shape function. In both formulations, the inclined boundary motion induces three different excitation effects, i.e., longitudinal direct, vertical boundary kinematic, and high-order parametric, all of which being characterized by the parametric modulation factors. Detailed comparative studies indicate that the modulation factors in the two formulations are exactly equivalent to each other only if a new drift shape function, well defined in the boundary modulation formulation, is used for the quasi-static drift formulation. In contrast, the empirical shape functions lead only to an approximate equivalence for intermediate/large boundary motion inclinations. Moreover, for small inclinations, the two formulations induce possible quantitative and qualitative differences. The approximate analytical framework is validated and shown to be computationally efficient, by comparison with the finite difference method.     

The Design of axisymmetric ducts for incompressible flow with vorticity.

In this paper a numerical algorithm is described for solving the boundary value problem associated with axisymmetric, inviscid, incompressible, rotational (and irrotational) flow in order to obtain duct wall shapes from prescribed wall velocity distributions. The governing equations are formulated in terms of the stream function and the function as independent variables where for irrotational flow can be recognized as the velocity potential function, for rotational flow ceases being the velocity potential function but does remain orthogonal to the stream lines. A numerical method based on finite differences on a uniform mesh is employed. The technique described is capable of tackling the so–called inverse problem where the velocity wall distributions are prescribed from which the duct wall shape is calculated, as well as the direct problem where the velocity distribution on the duct walls are calculated from prescribed duct wall shapes. The two different cases as outlined in this paper are in fact boundary value problems with Neumann and Dirichlet boundary conditions respectively. Even though both approaches are discussed, only numerical results for the case of the Dirichlet boundary conditions are given. A downstream condition is prescribed such that cylindrical flow, that is flow which is independent of the axial coordinate, exists. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Linear differential systems with infinitely many boundary points

Summary The article extends results previously known for boundary value problems involving only a finite number of boundary points to those which involve an infinite number of (possibly dense) boundary points. Specifically, the system , is discussed in the Hilbert space L²(0, 1). Suitable conditions for inverting the operator L are found, and the Green's function is exhibited. It is shown to have the standard properties as well as some which are new, when considered as a function of its second variable It is further shown to be the limit a.e. of Green's function for problems involving only a finite number of boundary points, as those points increase in number. Finally it is shown that L⁻¹ is compact. By using the Green's function the domain of L is shown to be dense in L²(0, 1). and the adjoint L* and its domain are found. L is also shown to be closed. Lastly, by using some theorems concerning entire functions, the eigenvalues of L are shown to lie in a vertical strip with infinity as their only limit point. This in turn implies that if L⁻¹ fails to exist, a slight perturbation in P will result in an invertible L, and the assumption made earlier concerning the existence of the Green's function is reasonable. Entrata in Redazione il 25 febbraio 1971.     

The Green Function for Elliptic Systems in Two Dimensions

We construct the fundamental solution or Green function for a divergence form elliptic system in two dimensions with bounded and measurable coefficients. Our main goal is construct the Green function for the operator with mixed boundary conditions in a Lipschitz domain. Thus we specify Dirichlet data on part of the boundary and Neumann data on the remainder of the boundary. We require a corkscrew or non-tangential accessibility condition on the set where we specify Dirichlet boundary conditions. Our proof proceeds by defining a variant of the space BMO(Ω) that is adapted to the boundary conditions and showing that the solution exists in this space. We also give a construction of the Green function with Neumann boundary conditions and the fundamental solution in the plane.     

Excitation of a wave field in a triangular domain with impedance boundary conditions

The Helmholtz equation in a closed domain that is an equilateral triangle with inhomogeneous impedance boundary conditions is considered. A functional equation in which the unknown function is the Fourier-image of a wave field on the boundary of the domain is constructed. This functional equation is solved for the case of homogeneous boundary conditions (the problem on eigenvalues), as well as for the case of inhomogeneous boundary conditions in the absence of the resonance. Bibliography: 4 titles. Translated fromZapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov POMI, Vol. 250, 1998, pp. 300–318. Translated by A. V. Shanin.     

Boundary Value Problems for the Elliptic Sine-Gordon Equation in a Semi-strip

We study boundary value problems posed in a semistrip for the elliptic sine-Gordon equation, which is the paradigm of an elliptic integrable PDE in two variables. We use the method introduced by one of the authors, which provides a substantial generalization of the inverse scattering transform and can be used for the analysis of boundary as opposed to initial-value problems. We first express the solution in terms of a 2×2 matrix Riemann–Hilbert problem whose “jump matrix” depends on both the Dirichlet and the Neumann boundary values. For a well posed problem one of these boundary values is an unknown function. This unknown function is characterised in terms of the so-called global relation, but in general this characterisation is nonlinear. We then concentrate on the case that the prescribed boundary conditions are zero along the unbounded sides of a semistrip and constant along the bounded side. This corresponds to a case of the so-called linearisable boundary conditions, however, a major difficulty for this problem is the existence of non-integrable singularities of the function q _y at the two corners of the semistrip; these singularities are generated by the discontinuities of the boundary condition at these corners. Motivated by the recent solution of the analogous problem for the modified Helmholtz equation, we introduce an appropriate regularisation which overcomes this difficulty. Furthermore, by mapping the basic Riemann–Hilbert problem to an equivalent modified Riemann–Hilbert problem, we show that the solution can be expressed in terms of a 2×2 matrix Riemann–Hilbert problem whose “jump matrix” depends explicitly on the width of the semistrip L, on the constant value d of the solution along the bounded side, and on the residues at the given poles of a certain spectral function denoted by h(λ). The determination of the function h remains open.     

Distributional Wiener-Ikehara theorem and twin primes

The Wiener-Ikehara theorem was devised to obtain a simple proof of the prime number theorem. It usesno other information about the zeta function ~(z) than that it is zero-free and analytic for Rez ? 1, apart from a simple pole at z = 1 with residue 1. In the Wiener-Ikehara theorem, the boundary behavior of a Laplace transform in the complex plane plays a crucial role. Subtracting the principal singularity, a first order pole, the classical theorem requires uniform convergence to a boundary function on every finite interval. Here it is shown that local pseudofunction boundary behavior, which allows mild singularities, is necessary and sufficient for the desired asymptotic relation. It follows that the twin-prime conjecture is equivalent to pseudofunction boundary behavior of a certain analytic function.