Space–time discontinuous Galerkin finite element method for shallow water flows

A space–time discontinuous Galerkin (DG) finite element method is presented for the shallow water equations over varying bottom topography. The method results in nonlinear equations per element, which are solved locally by establishing the element communication with a numerical HLLC flux. To deal with spurious oscillations around discontinuities, we employ a dissipation operator only around discontinuities using Krivodonova's discontinuity detector. The numerical scheme is verified by comparing numerical and exact solutions, and validated against a laboratory experiment involving flow through a contraction. We conclude that the method is second order accurate in both space and time for linear polynomials.     

A parallel well-balanced finite volume method for shallow water equations with topography on the cubed-sphere

A finite volume scheme for the global shallow water model on the cubed-sphere mesh is proposed and studied in this paper. The new cell-centered scheme is based on Osher’s Riemann solver together with a high-order spatial reconstruction. On each patch interface of the cubed-sphere only one layer of ghost cells is needed in the scheme and the numerical flux is calculated symmetrically across the interface to ensure the numerical conservation of total mass. The discretization of the topographic term in the equation is properly modified in a well-balanced manner to suppress spurious oscillations when the bottom topography is non-smooth. Numerical results for several test cases including a steady-state nonlinear geostrophic flow and a zonal flow over an isolated mountain are provided to show the flexibility of the scheme. Some parallel implementation details as well as some performance results on a parallel supercomputer with more than one thousand processor cores are also provided.     

A new composite scheme for two-layer shallow water flows with shocks

This paper is devoted to solve the system of partial differential equations governing the flow of two superposed immiscible layers of shallow water flows. The system contains source terms due to bottom topography, wind stresses, and nonconservative products describing momentum exchange between the layers. The presence of these terms in the flow model forms a nonconservative system which is only conditionally hyperbolic. In addition, two-layer shallow water flows are often accompanied with moving discontinuities and shocks. Developing stable numerical methods for this class of problems presents a challenge in the field of computational hydraulics. To overcome these difficulties, a new composite scheme is proposed. The scheme consists of a time-splitting operator where in the first step the homogeneous system of the governing equations is solved using an approximate Riemann solver. In the second step a finite volume method is used to update the solution. To remove the non-physical oscillations in the vicinity of shocks a nonlinear filter is applied. The method is well-balanced, non-oscillatory and it is suitable for both low and high values of the density ratio between the two layers. Several standard test examples for two-layer shallow water flows are used to verify high accuracy and good resolution properties for smooth and discontinuous solutions.     

Well-balanced unstaggered central schemes for one and two-dimensional shallow water equation systems

We propose a new well-balanced unstaggered central finite volume scheme for hyperbolic balance laws with geometrical source terms. In particular we construct a new one and two-dimensional finite volume method for the numerical solution of shallow water equations on flat/variable bottom topographies. The proposed scheme evolves a non-oscillatory numerical solution on a single grid, avoids the time consuming process of solving Riemann problems arising at the cell interfaces, and is second-order accurate both in space and time. Furthermore, the numerical scheme follows a well-balanced discretization that first discretizes the geometrical source term according to the discretization of the flux terms, and then mimics the surface gradient method and discretizes the water height according to the discretization of the water level. The resulting scheme exactly satisfies the C-property at the discrete level. The proposed scheme is then applied and classical one and two-dimensional shallow water equation problems with flat or variable bottom topographies are successfully solved. The obtained numerical results are in good agreement with corresponding ones appearing in the recent literature, thus confirming the potential and efficiency of the proposed method.     

Numerical simulation of discontinuous waves propagating over a dry bed

A numerical algorithm is proposed for simulating the propagation of discontinuous waves over a dry bed governed by the shallow water equations in the first approximation. The algorithm is based on a modified conservation law of total momentum that takes into account the concentrated momentum loss associated with the formation of local eddy structures within the framework of the long-wave approximation. The modified conservation law involves a heuristic parameter that is chosen so as to agree with laboratory experiments. Numerical results are presented for the formation, propagation, and transformation of a discontinuous wave arising in a complete or partial (in the planned case) collapse of a dam over a bed with a horizontal or sloping bottom or a bottom with a local obstacle in the tailwater area.     

Numerical modelling of free-surface shallow flows over irregular topography with complex geometry

A well-balanced Godunov-type finite volume algorithm is developed for modelling free-surface shallow flows over irregular topography with complex geometry. The algorithm is based on a new formulation of the classical shallow water equations in hyperbolic conservation form. Unstructured triangular grids are used to achieve the adaptability of the grid to the geometry of the problem and to facilitate localised refinement. The numerical fluxes are calculated using HLLC approximate Riemann solver, and the MUSCL-Hancock predictor–corrector scheme is adopted to achieve the second-order accuracy both in space and in time where the solutions are continuous, and to achieve high-resolution results where the solutions are discontinuous. The novelties of the algorithm include preserving well-balanced property without any additional correction terms and the wet/dry front treatments. The good performance of the algorithm is demonstrated by comparing numerical and theoretical results of several benchmark problems, including the preservation of still water over a two-dimensional hump, the idealised dam-break flow over a frictionless flat rectangular channel, the circular dam-break, and the shock wave from oblique wall. Besides, two laboratory dam-break cases are used for model validation. Furthermore, a practical application related to dam-break flood wave propagation over highly irregular topography with complex geometry is presented. The results show that the algorithm can correctly account for free-surface shallow flows with respect to its effectiveness and robustness thus has bright application prospects.     

A gas-kinetic scheme for shallow-water equations with source terms

In this paper, the Kinetic Flux Vector Splitting (KFVS) scheme is extended to solving the shallow water equations with source terms. To develop a well-balanced scheme between the source term and the flow convection, the source term effect is accounted in the flux evaluation across cell interfaces. This leads to a modified gas-kinetic scheme with particular application to the shallow water equations with bottom topography. Numerical experiments show better resolution of the unsteady solution than conventional finite difference method and KFVS method with little additional cost. Moreover, some positivity properties of the gas-kinetic scheme is established.     

Moving-Water Equilibria Preserving HLL-Type Schemes for the Shallow Water Equations

We construct new HLL-type moving-water equilibria preserving upwind schemes for the one-dimensional Saint-Venant system of shallow water equations with nonflat bottom topography. The designed first-and secondorder schemes are tested on a number of numerical examples, in which we verify the well-balanced property as well as the ability of the proposed schemes to accurately capture small perturbations of moving-water steady states.     

Balance-characteristic scheme as applied to the shallow water equations over a rough bottom

The CABARET scheme is used for the numerical solution of the one-dimensional shallow water equations over a rough bottom. The scheme involves conservative and flux variables, whose values at a new time level are calculated by applying the characteristic properties of the shallow water equations. The scheme is verified using a series of test and model problems.     

Central-upwind scheme for shallow water equations with discontinuous bottom topography

Finite-volume central-upwind schemes for shallow water equations were proposed in [A. Kurganov and G. Petrova, Commun. Math. Sci., 5 (2007), 133–160]. These schemes are capable of maintaining “lake-at-rest” steady states and preserving the positivity of the computed water depth. The well-balanced and positivity preserving features of the central-upwind schemes are achieved, in particular, by using continuous piecewise linear interpolation of the bottom topography function. However, when the bottom function is discontinuous or a model with a moving bottom topography is studied, the continuous piecewise linear approximationmay not be sufficiently accurate and robust.     

Numerical treatment in resonant regime for shallow water equations with discontinuous topography

This paper deals with numerical treatments for the shallow water equations with discontinuous topography when the initial data belong to both supersonic region and subsonic region. This kind of data are present in both engineering and rivers, but they are not always well-treated in existing schemes. Our goal is to improve the well-balanced scheme constructed earlier in our work by introducing a computing corrector into the construction of the scheme. First, a further study in the construction of the well-balanced scheme reveals that the errors could make the approximate states near the critical surface that ought to be in one side of the critical surface fall into the other side. This qualitative change, though small, may cause much larger errors following stationary hydraulic jumps formed from these approximate states due to the jump of the bottom. Then, we introduce a corrector in the computing algorithm that selects the equilibrium states in the construction of the well-balanced scheme such that the approximate stationary hydraulic jumps always remain in the right region. Numerical tests show that the well-balanced method using an underlying numerical flux such as Lax–Friedrichs flux, FORCE, GFORCE, or Roe fluxes can approximate very well the exact solution even when the initial data are on both supercritical region and subcritical region.     

On a numerical flux for the shallow water equations

The finite volume scheme of Vijayasundaram and Osher-Solomon type for shallow water equations are proposed. The numerical results with discontinuous initial condition and the comparison with Lax-Friedrichs numerical flux are presented for homogeneous case. The extension of the method for the inhomogeneous case is described.     

Simulation of shallow water flows with shoaling areas and bottom discontinuities

A numerical method based on a second-order accurate Godunov-type scheme is described for solving the shallow water equations on unstructured triangular-quadrilateral meshes. The bottom surface is represented by a piecewise linear approximation with discontinuities, and a new approximate Riemann solver is used to treat the bottom jump. Flows with a dry sloping bottom are computed using a simplified method that admits negative depths and preserves the liquid mass and the equilibrium state. The accuracy and performance of the approach proposed for shallow water flow simulation are illustrated by computing one- and two-dimensional problems.     

包含泥沙冲淤的浅水方程的混合有限元法(Ⅱ)——时间沿特征方向离散的全离散情形

进一步研究由水动力学方程、泥沙输运方程和河床变化方程组成的浅水方程混合有限元法,给出时间沿特征方向离散的一种全离散格式,并证明全离散的水流速度、床底高度、水体厚度、水中泥沙含量的混合有限元解的存在性和收敛性(误差估计)．     

Well-balanced central finite volume methods for the Ripa system

We propose a new well-balanced central finite volume scheme for the Ripa system both in one and two space dimensions. The Ripa system is a nonhomogeneous hyperbolic system with a non-zero source term that is obtained from the shallow water equations system by incorporating horizontal temperature gradients. The proposed numerical scheme is a second-order accurate finite volume method that evolves a non-oscillatory numerical solution on a single grid, avoids the process of solving Riemann problems arising at the cell interfaces, and follows a well-balanced discretization that ensures the steady state requirement by discretizing the geometrical source term according to the discretization of the flux terms. Furthermore the proposed scheme mimics the surface gradient method and discretizes the water height according to the discretization of the water level. The proposed scheme is then applied and classical one and two-dimensional Ripa problems with flat or variable bottom topographies are successfully solved. The obtained numerical results are in good agreement with corresponding ones appearing in the recent literature, thus confirming the potential and efficiency of the proposed method.     

An Efficient Method for Computing Hyperbolic Systems with Geometrical Source Terms Having Concentrations

We propose a simple numerical method for calculating both unsteady and steady state solution of hyperbolic system with geometrical source terms having concentrations. Physical problems under consideration include the shallow water equations with topography,and the quasi one-dimensional nozzle flows. We use the interface value, rather than the cell-averages, for the source terms, which results in a well-balanced scheme that can capture the steady state solution with a remarkable accuracy. This method approximates the source terms via the numerical fluxes produced by an (approximate) Riemann solver for the homogeneous hyperbolic systems with slight additional computation complexity using Newton‘s iterations and numerical integrations. This method solves well the subor super-critical flows, and with a transonic fix, also handles well the transonic flows over the concentration. Numerical examples provide strong evidence on the effectiveness of this new method for both unsteady and steady state calculations.     

Robust a Simulation for Shallow Flows with Friction on Rough Topography

In this paper, we propose a robust finite volume scheme to numerically solve the shallow water equations on complex rough topography. The major difficulty of this problem is introduced by the stiff friction force term and the wet/dry interface tracking. An analytical integration method is presented for the friction force term to remove the stiffness. In the vicinity of wet/dry interface, the numerical stability can be attained by introducing an empirical parameter, the water depth tolerance, as extensively adopted in literatures. We propose a problem independent formulation for this parameter, which provides a stable scheme and preserves the overall truncation error of $\mathbb{O}$∆$x^3$. The method is applied to solve problems with complex rough topography, coupled with $h$-adaptive mesh techniques to demonstrate its robustness and efficiency.     

Existence and smoothness of continuous and discrete solutions of a two-dimensional shallow water problem over movable beds

We consider a two-dimensional shallow water system over movable beds. We begin with a continuous system and prove the existence of the solutions, and then we investigate their smoothness. Then, we employ a Galerkin method to obtain a finite-dimensional problem which is solved using a Brouwer fixed point theorem. Therefore, we show that the limits of the resulting solution sequences satisfy the model equations.After solving the continuous problem, we focus on the corresponding discrete problem. We employ a local discontinuous Galerkin scheme for numerical solution of the discrete system and conduct an error analysis of the numerical scheme. We prove that the method is convergent and that the error is bounded according to a specific norm defined herein.     

Numerical modelling of surface water waves generated by moving underwater landslide on irregular bottom

The numerical modelling of surface water waves generated by a moving underwater landslide on irregular bottom is considered. The non-linear shallow water model is used with taking into account bottom mobility. The equations are obtained for an underwater landslide movement under the action of gravity force, buoyancy force, friction force and water resistance force. The predictor-corrector scheme [5], preserving the monotonicity of the numerical solution profiles in a linear case, is used on adaptive grids. The scheme is validated on the problem with a known analytical solution. The analysis is done for the dependencies of wave regimes on bottom slope, initial landslide depth, its length and width. (© 2010 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

求解二维浅水波方程的旋转混合格式北大核心CSCD

针对二维浅水波方程数值求解问题,构造了一种旋转通量混合格式.空间方向上,该算法利用浅水波方程通量函数的旋转不变性,在单元界面法线方向及单元界面切线方向上采用可消除红斑现象的HLL与满足热力学第二定律的熵稳定加权混合数值通量函数,时间方向上采用三阶强稳定Runge-Kutta法.数值结果表明,该混合格式对于二维浅水波方程数值求解具有分辨率高的良好特性.