乙醇水混合物在碳纳米管中的吸附与结构性质

用分子动力学模拟研究乙醇水混合物在碳纳米管中的结构与吸附．在(6,6)到(10,10)碳纳米管内,几乎总是充满乙醇分子,很少有水分子．在更粗的碳纳米管中有一些水分子,管内的乙醇质量分数远远高于体相值．对管内外的分子进行了径向、轴向、角向的密度和取向的分布以及氢键数目的分析．管外第一溶剂化层中分子的角向密度分布指出乙醇分子的甲基和碳壁有最强的作用,被钉扎在碳纳米管的六角形中心位置．基于对这些现象微观机制的理解,推测碳纳米管在甲醇和乙醇中更倾向吸附乙醇,通过对乙醇甲醇混合物与碳纳米管的分子动力学模拟验证了这个预测．     

Nano watermill driven by revolving charge

A novel nanoscale watermill for the unidirectional transport of water molecules through a curved single-walled carbon nanotube(SWNT) is proposed and explored by molecular dynamics simulations. In this nanoscale system, a revolving charge is introduced to drive a water chain confined inside the SWNT, the charge and the tube together serving as a nano waterwheel and nano engine. A resonance-like phenomenon is found, and the revolving frequency of the charge plays a key role in pumping the water chain. The water flux across the SWNT increases with respect to the revolving frequency of the external charge and it reaches its maximum when the frequency is 4 THz. Correspondingly, the number of hydrogen bonds in the water chain inside the SWNT decreases dramatically as the frequency increases from 4 THz to 25 THz. The mechanism behind the resonance phenomenon has been investigated systematically. Our findings are helpful for the design of nanoscale fluidic devices and energy converters.     

Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Acting as Controllable Transport Channels

The motion and equilibrium distribution of water molecules adsorbed inside neutral and negatively charged singlewalled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been studied using molecular dynamics simulations (MDSs) at room temperature based on CHARMM (Chemistry at HARvard Molecular Mechanics) potential parameters. We find that water molecules have a conspicuous electropism phenomenon and regular tubule patterns inside and outside the charged tube wall. The analyses of the motion behaviour of water molecules in the radial and axial directions show that by charging the SWNT, the adsorption efficiency is greatly enhanced, and the electric field produced by the charged SWNTs prevents water molecules from flowing out of the nanotube. However, water molecules can travel through the neutral SWNT in a fluctuating manner. This indicates that by electrically charging and uncharging the SWNTs, one can control the adsorption and transport behaviour of polar molecules in SWNTs for using as a stable storage medium or long transport channels. The transport velocity can be tailored by changing the charge on the SWNTs, which may have a further application as modulatable transport channels.     

亲水性两性离子聚合物刷的构象与结构

本文应用分子场理论,研究暴露于水蒸气中的亲水性两性离子聚合物(HP)刷的构象与结构.理论模型考虑HP-水(P-W)氢键和水-水(W-W)氢键效应,以及HP单体之间的偶极-偶极相互作用.研究发现,P-W与W-W氢键决定着HP的水合性,P-W氢键形成,会诱导HP刷溶胀.我们通过考察HP单体间的偶极-偶极相互作用发现,随着偶极-偶极相互作用增强,HP链在垂直培基表面沿着链方向,形成了结节状结构.这是由于HP单体之间的偶极-偶极静电吸引作用导致单体间汇聚结节,这种结节在刷内产生了较强的排斥体积作用,因此,这种HP刷具有抗污性能.在较高的接枝密度环境下,由于HP链间单体之间的偶极-偶极静电吸引作用,会形成链间单体-单体的结节,在刷内形成结节网络状凝胶结构,这种结构的出现,会使得HP刷呈现极强的抗污性.另外,当体系中水蒸气浓度增加、水合相互作用增强时,增加的P-W氢键将平衡HP单体之间的偶极-偶极相互作用,使得结节解开,聚合物链伸展.我们的理论结果符合实验观测,由此表明,P-W氢键效应,以及HP单体之间的偶极-偶极相互作用决定着HP刷的构象转变和结构特性,刷内出现的两性离子聚合物链内单体间的结节和链间单体结节状凝胶结构,是两性离子聚合物刷呈现较强抗污性的本质特性.     

Titanium-decorated carbon nanotubes as a potential high-capacity hydrogen storage medium

We report a first-principles study, which demonstrates that a single Ti atom coated on a single-walled nanotube (SWNT) binds up to four hydrogen molecules. The first H2 adsorption is dissociative with no energy barrier while the other three adsorptions are molecular with significantly elongated H-H bonds. At high Ti coverage we show that a SWNT can strongly adsorb up to 8 wt % hydrogen. These results advance our fundamental understanding of dissociative adsorption of hydrogen in nanostructures and suggest new routes to better storage and catalyst materials.     

单壁碳纳米管:纳米发电机和纳米马达

简要回顾了单壁碳纳米管的发现及研究现状,介绍了一种新颖的悬空单壁碳纳米管的制备方法;在此基础上,通过新的一种四电极方法,用实验证明水分子可以进入两端开口的单壁碳纳米管内,由于水分子偶极子与碳纳米管中载流子的相互产生相互耦合作用,载流子的定向运动(电流)可以使水产生定向运动(纳米马达);同时,水的运动又会使碳纳米管中的载流子产生定向运动而产生一个电动势(纳米发电机).     

Effect of Vibration on Water Transport through Carbon Nanotubes

We study the response of water permeation properties through a carbon nanotube on the time-dependent mechanical signals. It is found that there is a critical frequency of vibrating fc （about 1333 GHz） which plays a significant role in the water permeation properties. The total water flow, the net flux, the number of hydrogen bonds and the dipole flipping frequency of the single-file water chain inside the nanotube are almost unchanged for the frequency of vibrating f 〈 fc. Simulation results show that the nanotube can be effectively resistant to the mechanical noise. Such excellent effect of noise screening is attributed to the exceptional property of water molecules connected by strong hydrogen bonds with each other and forming a one-dimensional water chain inside the nanotube. Our findings are important for the understanding of why biological systems can achieve accurate information transfer in an environment full of fluctuations.     

基于微流控芯片的电解质溶液太赫兹吸收特性研究

由于许多生物分子的振动和转动能级均在太赫兹波段,且太赫兹波具有电子能量低（约4 meV）,不会破坏待测样品的特性,因此可以采用太赫兹光谱技术检测生物样品。然而许多生物分子在液体环境中才能保持其生物活性,需要在盐溶液中来探究酸碱环境对其的影响,以及在盐类缓冲液中研究其生物特性。但水作为极性液体对太赫兹波有强烈的吸收,因此,探究如何减少水对太赫兹吸收的方法非常必要。水对太赫兹的吸收主要因水分子间氢键造成,现阶段最常见的方法是减少水与太赫兹波的作用距离以及破坏水分子间的氢键。利用夹心式微流控芯片在太赫兹时域光谱系统下通过观察光谱强度变化来探究电解质对水分子间氢键的影响,既减少了水和太赫兹波的作用距离,又探究了电解质对水分子间氢键的作用。在微流控芯片中分别加入不同种类以及不同浓度的电解质,通过观察其在0.1～1.0 THz范围内的光谱强度变化来分析不同电解质对水分子间氢键的影响。部分电解质促进氢键的缔合,而另一部分则破坏氢键的形成,在太赫兹光谱范围内表现为光谱强度的变化。若促进氢键的缔合则对太赫兹吸收变大,光谱强度减弱;若破坏氢键的缔合则对太赫兹吸收减弱,光谱强度增加。研究结果发现：在水中加入KCl和KBr时,太赫兹光谱强度增加,表明二者对氢键有破坏作用,使得光谱强度变大;然而当加入MgCl₂和CaCl₂时,太赫兹光谱强度减弱,表明二者对氢键有缔合作用,从而使光谱强度变小。利用太赫兹技术在0.1～1.0 THz范围内研究KCl,KBr,MgCl₂和CaCl₂这四种不同浓度的电解质溶液特性,发现它们只会对光谱强度造成一定影响,不会引入新的特征吸收峰以及对待测样品造成干扰。这对于研究诸如大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌等在0.1～1.0 THz范围内有特征吸收谱的生物分子具有一定的实用价值。在溶液中加入所需的电解质并借助微流控芯片不仅可以识别待测样品、研究待测样品的光谱信息、探究其生物特性,而且为进一步推动太赫兹技术在生化方面的应用研究提供了先决条件。     

The role of water in the design of glycosidic linkage flexibility

In this paper we show how a variety of computational methods are used to understand the role that water plays in the solution conformational dynamics of carbohydrates. A comparison is made between maltose and a designed disaccharide (α-D-Glc-NAc-(1→4)-β-D-Glc-3-NH₂) in which the cross glycosidic linkage hydrogen bonds have been significantly strengthened. However, despite the stronger intramolecular hydrogen bonds in the maltose derivative, the correlation times for glycosidic dihedral angle fluctuations are approximately the same for the two sugars. Upon investigation of the water in the first hydration shells for the two disaccharides, high water probability densities were found between the functional groups straddling the glycosidic linkage that bonds the two monosaccharides together. This probability density corresponds to single water molecules forming bridging hydrogen bonds between the functional groups on either side of the linkage for periods of 3.66 ps in the case of maltose and 8.36 ps in the case of the amine derivative. Ab initio studies of saccharide structure interaction with single water molecules reveal that these intermolecular (sugar-solvent) hydrogen bonds are of similar strength to the intramolecular (sugar-sugar) hydrogen bonds. This combination of molecular dynamics and ab initio computational methods demonstrates that increasing the internal hydrogen bond strength in oligosaccharides does not lead to significantly slower internal molecular motion of these sugars in solution. The intermolecular hydrogen bonds formed with water compete equally with the intramolecular hydrogen bonds in the sugar. This result has important implications when considering hydrophobic versus hydrophilic effects in glycoproteins.     

水蒸气诱导两性离子聚合物刷的构象转变

我们把Flory Huggins模型(association models)推广应用到暴露于水蒸气中的两性离子聚合物刷体系,考虑两性离子聚合物-水氢键(P-W氢键)与两性离子聚合物链间两亲离子单体-单体键合(zwitterions complex)、形成氢键与两性离子聚合物链构象的耦合特性,研究水蒸气诱导的两性离子聚合物刷构象转变的机理和相行为.研究发现,随着水蒸气浓度的增加,P-W氢键效应会使得两性离子聚合物刷溶胀;两亲离子单体-单体键合效应会导致水分子将会被排出刷外,并会导致两性离子聚合物刷塌缩.通过分析两性离子聚合物刷的相图发现,P-W氢键效应在决定两性离子聚合物刷的相行为中起到主导作用,在水蒸气增加过程中两性离子聚合物刷将会单调溶胀.基于本文的分析,可以预言,由于P-W氢键效应,两性离子聚合物刷可以吸附水蒸气,当两性离子聚合物链接枝密度足够高时,两性离子聚合物刷内的水分子将会被排出,并会形成两亲离子单体-单体键合连接的凝胶状结构.     

含水量对PAM/PVA互穿网络水凝胶性能的影响

应用分子动力学方法对PAM/PVA互穿网络水凝胶体系进行研究.发现该水凝胶体系的内聚能密度、结合能随着水含量的增加而增加,即体系的稳定性更强.由静态力学性能分析发现随体系含水量的增加,弹性系数、工程模量以及延展性均减小.此外,通过对相关函数的分析,发现H₂O分子与其周围原子、官能团之间主要是通过氢键相互作用,形成氢键的强弱关系为O_water >O_PVA >O_PAM >N_PAM,与形成氢键的可能性(难易)关系一致.     

水蒸气诱导聚电解质刷的构象转变

我们把Flory-Huggins模型(association models)推广应用到暴露于水蒸气中的聚电解质刷体系,考虑聚电解质-水氢键(P-W氢键)与水-水氢键(W-W氢键)、形成氢键与聚电解质链构象的耦合特性,研究水蒸气诱导的聚电解质刷构象转变的机理.研究发现,当P-W氢键效应起主导作用时,随着水蒸气浓度的增加,聚电解质刷会单调溶胀;P-W和W-W两种氢键效应,则会导致随着水蒸气浓度的增加,聚电解质刷的构象首先塌缩,然后开始溶胀的反常转变行为.基于本文的分析,可以预言,由于P-W氢键效应,聚电解质刷可以吸附水蒸气,吸附能力随聚电解质链长的增加而增强;当聚电解质链接枝密度足够高时,由于P-W和W-W两种氢键效应,增加体系中的水蒸气,会在聚电解质刷体系中形成由P-W氢键和W-W氢键交错链接的三维网络状凝胶结构.     

水蒸气诱导聚电解质刷的构象转变

我们把 Flory−Huggins 模型(association models)推广应用暴露于水蒸气中的聚电解质刷体系,考虑聚电解质-水氢键(P-W氢键)与水-水氢键(W-W氢键)、形成氢键与聚电解质链构象的耦合特性,研究水蒸气诱导的聚电解质刷构象转变的机理.研究发现,当 P-W 氢键效应起主导作用时,随着水蒸气浓度的增加,聚电解质刷会单调溶胀;P-W 和 W-W 两种氢键效应,则会导致随着水蒸气浓度的增加,聚电解质刷的构象首先塌缩,然后开始溶胀的反常转变行为。基于本文的分析,可以预言,由于 P-W 氢键效应,聚电解质刷可以吸附水蒸气,吸附能力随聚电解质链长的增加而增强;当聚电解质链接枝密度足够高时,由于 P-W 和 W-W 两种氢键效应,增加体系中的水蒸气,会在聚电解质刷体系中形成由 P-W 氢键和 W-W 氢键交错链接的三维网络状凝胶结构。     

Molecular investigation of water adsorption on graphene and graphyne surfaces

In this paper the adsorption action of a water droplet on the graphene and graphyne externals has been examined. Conclusions received from the calculation of the water contact angle on the graphene and the graphynes surfaces have demonstrated that graphyne is more hydrophobic than graphene. Sketching the contour maps of the water interaction showed different behaviors of water droplet on these surfaces. The results show that water molecules, form a sub_layer of water on the graphyne substrate while this sub_layer does not exist on the graphene. Molecular investigations of the water on the surfaces show that the attendance of a sub_layer of water on the substrate can cause changes, such as the number of hydrogen bonds per water molecule in the water droplet, the order of molecules in different layers of water droplet, and parallel forces to the surface between surface water molecules and substrate, in the structural properties of water droplet. In this study the interaction between first layer and sub-layer of water was investigated. Water drops on surface can affect on the behavior of water sub-layer.     

Evaluation of imaging in planar anisotropic and isotropic dendritic left-handed materials

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with totally hollow channels and/or totally filled copper nanowires have been fabricated by methane decomposition using copper microgrid as a catalyst at 1173 K. The formation mechanism of CNTs with totally hollow channels is carbon precipitation at carbon-metal interface via the preferable surface diffusion mode of carbon. The selectivity of these CNTs can be improved by increasing the purity of copper catalysts and adding hydrogen in the feed gas. To form long and continuous copper nanowires up to 8–10 μm the filling of copper in the CNT channel requires the liquid or quasi-liquid state capillary adsorption of nanosized copper at 1173 K under the thermal driving force. The filling volume ratio of copper to total nano-channel of the CNTs is firstly increased to about 50%. The copper inside the CNTs is of single crystalline form and face centered cubic (fcc) structure. The method is useful for further controlled synthesis of CNTs with totally hollow channels and/or totally copper filled nanowires. PACS 81.07.De; 82.33.Ya     

Hydrogen-bond dynamics of interior and surface molecules in a water nanocluster: temperature and size effects

Molecular dynamics simulations are employed to investigate the effects of temperature and size on the hydrogen-bond dynamics of interior molecules and surface molecules in a water nanocluster. The flexible three-centred (F3C) water model is invoked in the simulations. To inspect the dynamics of the interior hydrogen bonds and the surface hydrogen bonds, a spherical water nanocluster is modelled and then divided into interior molecules and surface molecules according to the density profile of the water nanocluster. It is observed that at higher temperatures the average number of hydrogen bonds decreases and yields faster hydrogen-bond relaxation for both interior molecules and surface molecules of the water nanocluster. Furthermore, the surface molecules have a lower average number of hydrogen bonds than the interior molecules. The lifetime of the surface hydrogen bonds is slightly longer than that of the interior hydrogen bonds, whereas the hydrogen-bond structural relaxation time of the surface molecules is more obviously slower than that of the interior molecules. Regarding the size effect, a larger water nanocluster is seen to have a larger average number of hydrogen bonds and a longer hydrogen-bond structural relaxation time.     

Analysis of water molecules around GTP in Hras-GTP complex and GDP in Hras-GDP complex by molecular dynamics simulations

We investigate the structures of the Hras-GTP and the Hras-GDP complexes in water solvents in order to understand the mechanism of GTP hydrolysis in the Hras-GTP complex. We performed MD simulations of these complexes in order to study the positions and the orientations of water molecules around the guanosine nucleotides. Using trajectories we calculated the angular distribution of water molecules around the most distant phosphorus from guanosine in our previous work. It was shown that water molecules are distributed evenly in GTP, although unevenly in GDP. This suggests that the trigger of GTP hydrolysis is possibly the attack of water molecule to γ?phosphate from the appropriate direction. In this paper, in order to investigate the role of water molecules in GTP hydrolysis in detail, we calculate the orientation of water molecules. The distribution of the orientation is different between GTP and GDP. In order to investigate the cause of this difference, we examine the hydrogen bonds between water molecules and oxygen atom of the most distant phosphate from guanosine. We find that these hydrogen bonds are formed. We also find that the oxygen atom of hydrogen bond is determined by the position of the water molecule of hydrogen bond.     

Interaction of hydrogen molecules on Ni-doped single-walled carbon nanotube

Adsorption of hydrogen molecules on an Ni-doped (8,0) single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) is investigated by using first-principles density functional calculations. The result shows that a single Ni atom adsorbed on the bridge site of the tube could cannot dissociate the H₂, however it can chemisorb three H₂ at most, with the average binding energy per H₂ suitable for the hydrogen storage at the room temperature. More H₂ would physisorb around an Ni atom weakly. As for the SWNT with an Ni dimer adsorbed, we find that when the H₂ approaches the Ni--Ni bond, it dissociates without overcoming any barrier and makes bonds with Ni atom.     

激发态下甘氨酸与水分子间氢键性质研究

在生物体中氨基酸通常以水作为溶剂,是形成细胞的重要成分.在该环境下,分子间氢键的产生会对氨基酸分子与水分子的结构和性质产生影响.为了研究其在基态和激发态下的性质,本文利用密度泛函理论(DFT)和含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)对甘氨酸分子和H₂O分子在基态和激发态下的分子间氢键的静电势、键长、自然键轨道(NBO)电荷、分子中的原子理论(AIM)分析、Wiberg键级b、红外(IR)光谱、空穴-电子轨道和基态与激发态之间的电子转移进行了理论研究.结果表明：分子间氢键的形成会导致分子结构的改变和红外光谱振动频率的移动.在激发态下,分子间氢键有不同程度的增强或减弱.该计算结果为氢键的形成和激发态下分子间氢键的研究提供理论依据.     

Structure and property of multiple amino acids assembled on the surface of a CNT

Amino acids were placed with maximal filling on the surface of a CNT via hydrogen bonding and H/π interactions. The interaction structures and properties of assembled complexes were investigated via the density functional tight-binding method. The structural parameters and interaction energies were analyzed to identify the weak interaction strengths. We found that the H/π interactions between amino acids and CNTs play more important roles than the hydrogen bonds between amino acids in stabilizing the complex structures. The effect of CNT chirality and amino acid type were also studied. Furthermore, the HOMOs and LUMOs of the representative complexes were also studied to illustrate the interactions. Our data is helpful in the modification of CNTs by biomolecules.