水分散性碳纳米管的制备研究进展

采用化学修饰的方法制备水分散性碳纳米管(Carbon nanotubes,CNTs)是扩大CNTs在生物传感器、医药、功能材料和电子电器元件等领域应用的重要手段。化学修饰法主要包括非共价修饰和共价修饰两种,非共价修饰是采用表面活性剂、有共轭平面结构的分子以及聚合物或生物大分子对CNTs进行表面包覆;共价修饰包括"grafting to"和"grafting from"两种类型。本文从反应原理和实施方法上综述了化学修饰法制备水分散性CNTs的研究进展,并对水分散性CNTs的研究和应用前景进行了展望。     

水溶性磺酸钠苯基卟啉及其金属配合物共价与非共价修饰多壁碳纳米管的研究

合成了meso-四(4-磺酸钠苯基)卟啉及其Zn, Cu, Mn配合物, 通过共价与非共价的方法将其分别修饰到多壁碳纳米管上. 采用红外光谱对产物结构进行表征|通过透射电镜(TEM)考察了卟啉-多壁碳纳米管复合物的形貌特征|通过紫外光谱、荧光光谱对比分析了两类复合物, 发现在卟啉与多壁碳纳米管之间存在较强的电子效应, 同时发现非共价修饰的卟啉-碳纳米管复合物的荧光淬灭率更高|热重分析(TGA)表明非共价的卟啉-碳纳米管复合物中卟啉的含量比较高. 对修饰后的复合物进行了溶解性测试, 结果表明共价修饰的复合物在水中有较好的溶解性和分散性.     

卟啉修饰碳纳米管研究进展

碳纳米管(Carbon Nanotubes,简称CNTs)独特的一维管状分子结构赋予其许多优良的物化性能。具有平面π共轭结构的卟啉分子与CNTs之间存在强烈的相互作用,利用卟啉修饰CNTs,可以通过共价和非共价两条途径实现。卟啉修饰CNTs不仅可以改善CNTs的溶解性能,而且还可以赋予其许多卟啉固有的优良性能。由此构筑的复合物体系在光电、催化、生物医用领域均显示出广阔的应用前景。本文系统总结了目前国内外利用卟啉修饰CNTs的相关研究成果,并对未来的研究进行了展望。     

聚氨酯/碳纳米管复合材料制备的研究进展

综述了聚氨酯/碳纳米管复合材料制备研究中碳纳米管的修饰方法及其复合材料的制备方法。碳纳米管的修饰方法包括共价修饰和非共价修饰,两种方法都可以有效改善碳纳米管在聚氨酯中的分散性。然而,共价修饰法会削弱碳纳米管的强度,非共价修饰层则容易脱落。因此,人们发展出了复合修饰法。该复合材料中的制备方法包括溶液共混法、熔融混合法和原位聚合法。评述了未来的发展趋势,提出朝简单、环保的方向改进碳纳米管的修饰方法,形成系统化的碳纳米管分散性评价的量化标准,发展出适应复合材料工业化生产线的制备方法,将是今后研究的重点。     

多壁碳纳米管功能化及其在电化学葡萄糖传感器中的应用

利用硅烷偶联剂的表面修饰技术,将氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APS)共价接枝到酸处理后的碳纳米管的表面.红外光谱数据证实了该反应的可行性.修饰后的碳纳米管在水中具有良好的分散性.利用西夫碱反应将氨基化的碳纳米管与醛基化的葡萄糖氧化酶共价层层自组装到电极表面,获得灵敏度可控的葡萄糖传感器.用电化学交流阻抗法和扫描电镜对成膜过程...     

超临界二氧化碳协助制备功能性PVA/CNT/Pd多级复合纳米材料

聚乙烯醇(PVA)是分子主链含有—CH2—CH(OH)—基团的高聚物,通过聚醋酸乙烯酯水解得到的水溶性高分子树脂。本工作在超临界CO2的辅助下使用聚乙烯醇来修饰碳纳米管(CNTs),目的是增强CNTs在水中的分散性。进一步利用这种PVA修饰过的CNTs作为催化剂载体,负载金属钯的纳米晶体颗粒,通过调节超临界CO2的压力以及控制反应过程中的磁力搅拌条件,实现了对PVA/CNT/Pd复合材料中钯纳米晶体形貌的控制,为研究水介质Suzuki coupling反应(铃木偶合反应)寻求一条新的道路。     

聚合物辅助碳纳米管定向定位排列

探讨了聚合物对碳纳米管的不同表面修饰作用,总结了聚合物对碳纳米管的共价与非共价修饰方法,修饰后的碳纳米管在水溶液或不同极性有机溶剂、聚合物本体中的分散性得到了改善,更为碳纳米管的阵列化提供了前提.以碳纳米管的后排列为中心,主要综述了聚合物辅助下的碳纳米管垂直和水平方向上的定向排列方法,及近年来碳纳米管阵列化的研究进展,阐述了聚合物对碳纳米管的表面修饰及辅助碳纳米管实现阵列化的重要作用,提出了利用聚合物体系的自组织特性诱导碳纳米管自组装阵列化可以为实现单根碳纳米管的定向定位控制及纳米尺度功能器件的制备提供更多的可能.     

单壁碳纳米角的氧化、修饰及分散性

研究了影响单壁碳纳米角(SWNHs)分散性的因素, 并初步探讨了其分散机制, 通过氧化及表面修饰等方法增强了SWNHs在水和盐溶液中的分散性. 考察了溶液酸碱度和电解质浓度对SWNHs在水中的分散性以及吐温80对SWNHs在磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)中的分散性的影响. 结果表明, pH值为6~10时, SWNHs分散良好; 电解质浓度越大, SWNHs的分散性越差; 吐温80能有效改善SWNHs在PBS中的分散性. 比较了3种SWNHs的氧化方法, 红外光谱、 X射线光电子能谱、 透射电镜、 粒度分析及Zeta电位分析结果表明, 氙灯催化过氧化氢氧化SWNHs的方法可引入大量含氧官能团, 显著提高了SWNHs在水中的分散性. 选择两亲性和生物相容性极好的羧基化磷脂聚乙二醇(DSPE-PEG-COOH)修饰氧化处理后的碳纳米角(SWNHox), 并从分散稳定性和Zeta电位两个方面进行了表征, 发现用DSPE-PEG-COOH修饰的SWNHox在PBS中的分散性良好. 该研究为SWNHs应用于药物转运和生物传感奠定了实验基础.     

CNTs表面改性与TiO2-CNTs异质结光催化性能

碳纳米管(CNTs)混酸(H₂SO₄/HNO₃, 体积比为3:1)超声辅助纯化及氧化植入活性基团－COOH, 进一步借助其转化为酰氯基团, 分别于CNTs 表面共价嫁接亲水性赖氨酸及亲脂性正十八胺基团, 赋予赖氨酸表面改性CNTs 显著水溶(6.85 mg·mL-1)和十八胺表面改性CNTs 显著醇溶(10.15 mg·mL^-1)性能. 运用低温水热法以亲水性CNTs 复合TiO₂, 溶胶-凝胶法以亲脂性CNTs 复合TiO₂, 观察到复合催化剂光催化性能随CNTs 溶剂分散性能增加而明显提升. 运用傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)、激光拉曼、X射线衍射(XRD)、Brunauer-Emmett-Teller 低温氮气吸附、透射电镜(TEM)及X光电子能谱(XPS)等手段表征, 系统探讨CNTs 的表面改性机制及CNTs 溶解分散性能与复合催化剂的光活性的关联. 认为表面改性CNTs 借助Ti－O－C键合促进其与纳米TiO₂的异质结合, 从而充分利用CNTs的大比表面积及电荷传输性能促进催化剂的污染物光催化降解.     

Pt-CeO_2/聚苯乙烯磺酸盐功能化碳纳米管复合物的制备及对甲醇的电催化氧化性能

通过阴离子聚合物聚苯乙烯磺酸钠(PSS)对碳纳米管(CNTs)进行非共价功能化修饰得到PSS功能化的碳纳米管(PSS-CNTs),利用带负电的PSS和Ce3+之间的静电作用将Ce3+组装到CNTs表面,再利用Ce3+与Pt Cl2-4之间存在的静电作用和氧化还原反应实现CeO_2和Pt纳米粒子在CNTs表面的原位沉积,得到复合催化剂Pt-CeO_2/PSS-CNTs.采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、能谱仪(EDS)及拉曼光谱仪(Raman)等对催化剂进行了表征.电化学性能测试结果表明,由于PSS-CNTs表面原位沉积的Pt纳米粒子相对于在原始CNTs上沉积的Pt纳米粒子具有更小的粒径、更好的分散均匀性和稳定性,同时Pt与CeO_2之间存在良好的协同效应,Pt-CeO_2/PSS-CNTs催化剂对甲醇电催化氧化具有较好的催化活性和化学稳定性,当nPt/nCe=2/3时催化性能最优.     

Overcoming the insolubility of carbon nanotubes through high degrees of sidewall functionalization

The use of carbon nanotubes in materials applications has been slowed due to nanotube insolubility and their incompatibility with polymers. We recently developed two protocols to overcome the insoluble nature of carbon nanotubes by affixing large amounts of addends to the nanotube sidewalls. Both processes involve reactions with aryl diazonium species. First, solvent-free functionalization techniques remove the need for any solvent during the functionalization step. This delivers functionalized carbon nanotubes with increased solubility in organic solvents and processibility in polymeric blends. Additionally, the solvent-free functionalization process can be done on large scales, thereby paving the way for use in bulk applications such as in structural materials development. The second methodology involves the functionalization of carbon nanotubes that are first dispersed as individual tubes in surfactants within aqueous media. The functionalization then ensues to afford heavily functionalized nanotubes that do not re-rope. They remain as individuals in organic solvents giving enormous increases in solubility. This protocol yields the highest degree of functionalization we have obtained thus far-up to one in nine carbon atoms on the nanotube has an organic addend. The proper characterization and solubility determinations on nanotubes are critical; therefore, this topic is discussed in detail.     

A study of the stability of aqueous suspensions of functionalized carbon nanotubes

The properties of aqueous suspensions of carbon nanotubes have been studied as depending on the conditions of their functionalization in a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids. The elemental composition and contents of carboxyl, lactone, and hydroxyl groups in carbon nanotubes have been determined at different durations and temperatures of functionalization. The influence of functionalization conditions on the value of the electrokinetic potential of carbon nanotubes in aqueous suspensions and the nanotube solubility in water has been investigated. It has been found that the absolute value of the electrokinetic potential of nanotubes and their solubility in water increase with both the duration and temperature of functionalization due to a rise in the number of functional groups on their surface. The optimal regimes of functionalization of carbon nanotubes have been determined from the point of view of preserving their structure and stability in aqueous dispersions.     

Functionalization of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Through chemical functionalization of single‐walled carbon nanotubes, the prerequisites for possible applications of such nanostructures are established. The derivatized tubes differ from the crude materials in their good solubility, which enables both a more extensive characterization and subsequent chemical reactivity. Current derivatization methods include defect and covalent sidewall functionalization, as well as noncovalent exo‐ and endohedral functionalization. In this way, for example, a range of nanotubes can be prepared: with sidewall substituents, wrapped with polymers, or with guest molecules included. The current state of the literature is presented in this Minireview.     

On the Size Evolution of Monolayer‐Protected Gold Clusters during Ligand Place‐Exchange Reactions: The Effect of Solvents

Ligand place‐exchange (LPE) reactions are extensively applied for the post‐functionalization of monolayer‐protected gold clusters (MPCs) by using excessive incoming ligands to displace initial ones. However, the modified MPCs are often enlarged or degraded; this results in ill‐defined size‐dependent properties. The growth of MPCs essentially involves an unprotected surface that is subsequently has gold atoms added or is fused with other gold cores owing to collision. Reported herein is a guideline for the selection of solvents to suppress unwanted MPC growth. Favorable solvents are those with significant affinity to gold or with low solubility for desorbed ligands because these properties retard LPE reactions and minimize the time available for unprotected gold cores. This finding provides a general and convenient approach to regulate the size of functionalized MPCs.     

发光碳量子点的合成、性质和应用

基于碳量子点具有良好的水溶性、化学惰性、低毒性、易于功能化和抗光漂白性等优异性能,碳量子点和其它的碳纳米材料（如富勒烯、碳纳米管和石墨烯等）同样引起了研究者广泛的关注。 碳量子点可以通过很多较为廉价的一步法进行大规模的制备,包括化学氧化法、超声法、微波法和激光烧蚀法等。 本文主要介绍了不同碳量子点的合成方法,以及依赖于碳量子点尺寸和波长等性质的发光性能,并且讨论了碳量子点在生物成像、光催化、能量转换/储存、光电子、光限幅和传感器等方面的应用。     

Visible luminescence of carbon nanotubes and dependence on functionalization

Strong luminescence emissions over a broad wavelength region were detected from well-dispersed carbon nanotubes in most functionalized samples, even with excitation wavelengths into the near-IR. Apparently, the better dispersion and functionalization of the nanotubes resulted in more intense luminescence emissions. These emissions may logically be attributed to the trapping of excitation energy by defect sites in the nanotube structure, which are passivated upon the appropriate functionalization of the nanotubes. Better functionalization improves not only the nanotube dispersion (thus diminishing the quenching due to intertube interactions) but also the surface passivation to make the energy trapping sites more emissive, leading to stronger luminescence emissions. Because of such high sensitivity, the visible luminescence emissions may prove valuable in the evaluation of dispersion in functionalized carbon nanotube samples and related nanocomposite materials.     

S‐Adamantyl Group Directed Site‐Selective Acylation: Applications in Streamlined Assembly of Oligosaccharides

The site‐selective functionalization of carbohydrates is an active area of research. Reported here is the surprising observation that the sterically encumbered adamantyl group directed site‐selective acylation at the C2 position of S‐glycosides through dispersion interactions between the adamantyl C?H bonds and the π system of the cationic acylated catalyst, which may have broad implications in many other chemical reactions. Because of their stability, chemical orthogonality, and ease of activation for glycosylation, the site‐selective acylation of S‐glycosides streamlines oligosaccharide synthesis and will have wide applications in complex carbohydrate synthesis.     

非离子表面活性剂对多壁碳纳米管在乙醇中高浓度分散的作用

如果能在无需聚合物或共价官能团辅助的条件下, 将多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)高浓度地分散在乙醇中, 那么向各种复合材料引入MWNTs的过程就会更加便捷. 为此, 制备了多种含有表面活性剂的多壁碳纳米管乙醇悬浮液并对比考查了它们的稳定性. 非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100 和Tween 65显示出了在乙醇中分散悬浮高浓度MWNTs的能力, 能够使1.0 g·L-1 MWNTs乙醇悬浮液的上层清液经240 h后浓度仍分别在0.50和0.35 g·L-1以上. 这样长时间稳定的、没有聚合物或共价官能团辅助的MWNTs乙醇悬浮液, 其浓度比文献报道的值高. 进一步探讨了这些非离子表面活性剂分子结构对于分散MWNTs的优势, 并直观给出了其吸附于碳纳米管表面的可能形式. X射线光电子能谱和透射电子显微镜的表征结果都证实了表面活性剂分子吸附于碳纳米管表面.     

Surfactant-free water-processable photoconductive all-carbon composite

Heterojunctions between different graphitic nanostructures, including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene-based sheets, have attracted significant interest for light to electrical energy conversion. Because of their poor solubility, fabrication of such all-carbon nanocomposites typically involves covalently linking the individual constituents or the extensive surface functionalization to improve their solvent processability for mixing. However, such strategies often deteriorate or contaminate the functional carbon surfaces. Here we report that fullerenes, pristine single walled carbon nanotubes, and graphene oxide sheets can be conveniently coassembled in water to yield a stable colloidal dispersion for thin film processing. After thermal reduction of graphene oxide, a solvent-resistant photoconductive hybrid of fullerene-nanotube-graphene was obtained with on-off ratio of nearly 6 orders of magnitude. Photovoltaic devices made with the all-carbon hybrid as the active layer and an additional fullerene block layer showed unprecedented photovoltaic responses among all known all-carbon-based materials with an open circuit voltage of 0.59 V and a power conversion efficiency of 0.21%. The ease of making such surfactant-free, water-processed, carbon thin films could lead to their wide applications in organic optoelectronic devices.     

Functionalization as a way to enhance dispersion of carbon nanotubes in matrices: a review

The past 3 decades of thorough scientific scrutiny of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) revealed that, in spite of their remarkable properties, some technological applications are adversely affected by certain difficulties in handling the CNTs, along with their tendencies, arising out of their graphitic structure, to form agglomerates and exhibit limited interaction with other materials. These issues play a crucial role when CNTs are applied as nanofillers inside matrices, in particular polar ones. In this case, unless several preliminary steps are taken, an efficient and uniform dispersion of the CNTs becomes impossible, thus the nanocomposite cannot exhibit the expected final properties. Unfortunately, a universal procedure does not exist since the problem of the dispersion of CNTs is very complex, and its solution requires an advanced understanding of the properties of the CNTs (e.g. whether the CNTs are single- or multiwalled, size, length, lattice defects etc.) as well as of the matrices used. This review aims to help the reader to select the appropriate dispersion procedure by acquiring fundamental knowledge regarding: (1) the synthesis and properties of pristine CNTs; (2) methods of chemical functionalization and properties of functionalized CNTs; and (3) methodologies for the mechanical dispersion of CNTs. A brief overview regarding chemo-physical characterization techniques is also given to enable a better evaluation of the properties of the CNTs, both before and after functionalization.