层状弹性材料界面J积分的产生和特征

层状弹性材料的裂纹方向垂直于界面时,沿围绕裂尖的任意一条封闭路径Γ的J积分（J_Г）由两部分组成,J_Г=J_tip+J_int,这里J_tip表示裂尖产生的J积分,J_int表示Γ所包围的界面产生的J积分.裂尖产生的J积分不随Γ变化,物理含义是裂纹扩展能量释放率;界面产生的J积分随Γ变化,物理含义与裂纹扩展能量释放率无关.界面J积分的产生使J_Г失去了路径无关特性,也失去了实际物理意义.为了有助于理解非均匀材料J积分的含义和局限性,分析了层状弹性材料界面J积分的产生原因和特点.由不同均匀弹性材料组成的层状材料中,应变能密度的跳跃是界面J积分产生的原因,而弹性模量和残余应力在界面处的跳跃可使应变能密度在界面处产生跳跃.层状弹性材料的界面J积分之间具有相互抵消的作用.     

A criterion for the growth of cracks with bonds in the end zone

A fracture criterion which takes account of the work done in the deformation of bonds in the end zone of a crack is proposed for analysing the quasistatic growth of a crack with bonds in the end zone. The energy condition that the deformation energy release rate at the crack tip is equal to the rate of deformation energy consumption by the bonds in the end zone of the crack (the first fracture condition) corresponds to the state of limit equilibrium of the crack tip. The rupture of bonds at the trailing edge of the end zone is determined by the condition for their limiting traction (the second fracture condition). Starting from these two conditions, the processes of subcritical and quasistatic crack growth are considered for the case of a rectilinear crack at interface of materials and the two basic fracture parameters, the critical external load and the size of the end zone of the crack in the state of limit equilibrium, are determined. Analytical expressions are obtained for the deformation energy release rate at the crack tip and the rate of deformation energy consumption by the bonds and, also, the dependences of the critical external load and size of the end zone of the crack on the crack length in the case of a rectilinear crack in a homogeneous body with bond tractions which are constant and independent of the external load. The limit cases of a crack which is filled with bonds and a crack with a short end zone are considered.     

Temperature Stresses in a Piecewise-Homogeneous Cylindrical Shell Caused by the Presence of a Longitudinal Crack

By using the method of generalized conjugation problems, we propose a numerical scheme for investigation of the redistribution of temperature stresses in a piecewise-homogeneous cylindrical shell caused by a longitudinal crack. This scheme is based on systems of integral equations (some of them are singular) to determine the unknown jumps of integral characteristics of the disturbed temperature field and displacements and their derivatives on the line of a crack and on the interface as well as the derivatives of these integral characteristics with respect to the longitudinal coordinate at the interface.     

矩形弹性夹杂与裂纹相互干扰的边界元分析

使用边界元法研究了无限弹性体中矩形弹性夹杂对曲折裂纹的影响,导出了新的复边界积分方程．通过引入与界面位移密度和面力有关的未知复函数H(t),并使用分部积分技巧,使得夹杂和基体界面处的面力连续性条件自动满足,而边界积分方程减少为2个,且只具有1/r阶奇异性．为了检验该边界元法的正确性和有效性,对典型问题进行了数值计算．所得结果表明:裂纹的应力强度因子随着夹杂弹性模量的增大而减小,软夹杂有利于裂纹的扩展,而刚性较大的夹杂对裂纹有抑制作用．     

A CRACK PROBLEM WITH A BROKEN LINE INTERFACE

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A computational framework of three dimensional configurational-force-driven crack propagation

A variational formulation of quasi-static brittle fracture is considered and a new finite-element-based computational framework is developed for propagation of cracks in three-dimensional bodies. We outline a consistent thermodynamical framework for crack propagation in elastic solids and show that the crack propagation direction associated with the classical Griffith criterion is identified by the material configurational force which maximizes the local dissipation at the crack front. The evolving crack discontinuity is realized by the doubling of critical nodes and triangular interface facets of the tetrahedral mesh. The crucial step for the success of the procedure is its embedding into an r-adaptive crack-facet reorientation procedure based on configurational-force-based indicators in conjunction with crack front constraints. We further propose a staggered algorithm which minimizes the stored energy at frozen crack state followed by the successive crack releases at frozen deformation. This constitutes a sequence of positive definite subproblems with successively decreasing overall stiffness, providing a very robust algorithmic setting in the postcritical range. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Transient response of dissimilar piezoelectric layers with multiple interacting interface cracks

In this study, we examine the dynamic behavior of two bonded dissimilar piezoelectric layers containing multiple interfacial cracks subjected to electro-mechanical impact loading. The problem was formulated through Fourier transformation into singular integral equations in which the unknown variables are the jumps of displacement and electric potential across the crack surface in the Laplace transform domain. The resulting integral equations together with the corresponding single-valued conditions are solved numerically for the densities of electro-elastic dislocations on a crack surface. The dynamic field intensity factors and dynamic energy release rate (DERR) history are obtained for both permeable and impermeable crack. The stress field is also obtained for the interface crack under impact loads. The results show that the field intensity factors at the crack tips and dynamic energy release rate depend on the interfacial crack geometry, electromechanical coupling and the electric boundary conditions on the crack surface.     

Laplace equation in a domain with a rectilinear crack: higher order derivatives of the energy with respect to the crack length

We consider the weak solution of the Laplace equation in a planar domain with a straight crack, prescribing a homogeneous Neumann condition on the crack and a nonhomogeneous Dirichlet condition on the rest of the boundary. For every k we express the k-th derivative of the energy with respect to the crack length in terms of a finite number of coefficients of the asymptotic expansion of the solution near the crack tip and of a finite number of other parameters, which only depend on the shape of the domain.     

Shape sensitivity of a plane crack front

The 3D‐elasticity model of a solid with a plane crack under the stress‐free boundary conditions at the crack is considered. We investigate variations of a solution and of energy functionals with respect to perturbations of the crack front in the plane. The corresponding expansions at least up to the second‐order terms are obtained. The strong derivatives of the solution are constructed as an iterative solution of the same elasticity problem with specified right‐hand sides. Using the expansion of the potential and surface energy, we consider an approximate quadratic form for local shape optimization of the crack front defined by the Griffith criterion. To specify its properties, a procedure of discrete optimization is proposed, which reduces to a matrix variational inequality. At least for a small load we prove its solvability and find a quasi‐static model of the crack growth depending on the loading parameter. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimal control of the layer size in the problem of equilibrium of elastic bodies with overlapping domains

We consider the problem of equilibrium of a two-layer elastic body. The first of the layers contains a crack,while the second is a circle centered at one of the crack tips. The round layer is glued by its boundary to the first layer. The unique solvability is proved for this problem in the nonlinear formulation. An optimal control problem is also considered. The radius a of the second layer is chosen as a varying parameter under assumption that a takes positive values from a closed interval. It is shown that there are a value of a minimizing the functional that characterizes how potential energy depends on the crack length and a value of a minimizing the functional that characterizes the opening of the crack.     

An inverse problem for a family of two parameters time fractional diffusion equations with nonlocal boundary conditions

The determination of a space‐dependent source term along with the solution for a 1‐dimensional time fractional diffusion equation with nonlocal boundary conditions involving a parameter β>0 is considered. The fractional derivative is generalization of the Riemann‐Liouville and Caputo fractional derivatives usually known as Hilfer fractional derivative. We proved existence and uniqueness results for the solution of the inverse problem while over‐specified datum at 2 different time is given. The over‐specified datum at 2 time allows us to avoid initial condition in terms of fractional integral associated with Hilfer fractional derivative.     

Dynamic stresses in a compound body with circular crack under sliding contact on an interface

We have considered the three-dimensional problem of harmonic loading of a circular crack in an elastic composite consisting of two dissimilar half-spaces under sliding contact on the surface of their bonding. The defect is situated in one of the half-spaces perpendicularly to the interface of materials. Using the representations of solutions in the form of Helmholtz potentials, we have reduced the problem to a boundary integral equation for the function of dynamic defect opening. Based on the numerical solution of this equation, we have obtained the frequency dependences of mode I stress intensity factor near the crack for different relations between the elastic moduli of components of the composite and the depths of crack location with respect to the interface.     

On the existence of invariant tori in nearly-integrable Hamiltonian systems with finitely differentiable perturbations

We prove the existence of invariant tori in Hamiltonian systems, which are analytic and integrable except a 2n-times continuously differentiable perturbation (n denotes the number of the degrees of freedom), provided that the moduli of continuity of the 2n-th partial derivatives of the perturbation satisfy a condition of finiteness (condition on an integral), which is more general than a Hölder condition. So far the existence of invariant tori could be proven only under the condition that the 2n-th partial derivatives of the perturbation are Hölder continuous.     

Invariant Integrals for the Equilibrium Problem for a Plate with a Crack

We consider the equilibrium problem for a plate with a crack. The equilibrium of a plate is described by the biharmonic equation. Stress free boundary conditions are given on the crack faces. We introduce a perturbation of the domain in order to obtain an invariant Cherepanov–Rice-type integral which gives the energy release rate upon the quasistatic growth of a crack. We obtain a formula for the derivative of the energy functional with respect to the perturbation parameter which is useful in forecasting the development of a crack (for example, in study of local stability of a crack). The derivative of the energy functional is representable as an invariant integral along a sufficiently smooth closed contour. We construct some invariant integrals for the particular perturbations of a domain: translation of the whole cut and local translation along the cut.     

Debonding of an elastic inhomogeneity of arbitrary shape in anti-plane shear

We investigate the anti-plane shear problem of a curvilinear crack lying along the interface of an arbitrarily shaped elastic inhomogeneity embedded in an infinite matrix subjected to uniform stresses at infinity. Complex variable and conformal mapping techniques are used to derive an analytical solution in series form. The problem is first reduced to a non-homogeneous Riemann–Hilbert problem, the solution of which can be obtained by evaluating the associated Cauchy integral. A set of linear algebraic equations is obtained from the compatibility condition imposed on the resulting analytic function defined in the inhomogeneity and its Faber series expansion. Each of the unknown coefficients in the corresponding analytic functions can then be uniquely determined by solving the linear algebraic equations, which are written concisely in matrix form. The resulting analytical solution is then used to quantify the displacement jump across the debonded section of the interface as well as the traction distribution along the bonded section of the interface. In addition, our solution allows us to obtain mode-III stress intensity factors at the two crack tips. The solution to the anti-plane problem of a partially debonded elliptical inhomogeneity containing a confocal crack is also derived using a similar method.     

Invariant integrals in a planar problem of elasticity theory for bodies with rigid inclusions and cracks

The article addresses a planar problem of elasticity theory for a body containing a rigid inclusion and a crack at the interface between the elastic matrix and the rigid inclusion. We show that the problem admits J- and M-invariant integrals. In particular, we construct an invariant integral of the Cherepanov-Rice type for rectilinear cracks.     

Crack on the boundary of two overlapping domains

In this paper, we consider an overlapping domain problem for two elastic bodies. A glue condition of an equality-type is imposed at a given line. Simultaneously, a part of this line is considered to be a crack face with an inequality-type boundary condition describing mutual non-penetration between crack faces. Variational and differential formulations of the problem are considered. We prove a differentiability of the energy functional in the case of rectilinear cracks and find a formula for invariant integrals. Passage to the limit is justified provided that the rigidity of the body goes to infinity.     

Recent observations on cosmic electrons and their consequences on different cosmic ray models and related astrophysical quantities

An experiment has been carried out to study the electron component of the primary cosmic radiation at energies >12 GeV using a hypersensitised nuclear emulsion stack, flown oriented in the east-west plane over Hyderabad, India. The results of this experiment, on the basis of 28 identified electrons of energy above 12 GeV are: (i) the integral flux of electrons above an effective energy of 16 GeV is 0·51±·10 per m.² sec. sr.; (ii) the differential energy spectrum between 12 and 300 GeV can be represented as N(E)dE=12·7 E^?2.1±·2 dE m.^?2 sec.^?1 sr.^?1; and (iii) the fraction of positrons among the total electrons in the energy region 12 to 30 GeV has been discussed. A critical study has been made on the applicability of different cosmic ray models by making use of the observed differential energy spectrum of electrons and the relevant astrophysical parameters associated with the confinement regions. The confinement regions considered are: (i) the universe as a whole, (ii) the super cluster to which our galaxy belongs, (iii) the galactic halo and (iv) the galactic disc. The consequences of the recently postulated universal black body radiation at 3° K. on the cosmic ray models have also been considered. Some of the crucial experiments needed to set more stringent constrains on the models which would then permit meaningful interpretation, are enumerated.     

Crack on the boundary of two overlapping domains

In this paper, we consider an overlapping domain problem for two elastic bodies. A glue condition of an equality-type is imposed at a given line. Simultaneously, a part of this line is considered to be a crack face with an inequality-type boundary condition describing mutual non-penetration between crack faces. Variational and differential formulations of the problem are considered. We prove a differentiability of the energy functional in the case of rectilinear cracks and find a formula for invariant integrals. Passage to the limit is justified provided that the rigidity of the body goes to infinity.     

剪切载荷作用下含损伤胶接材料界面动应力强度因子的研究

主要针对剪切载荷作用下,胶接材料接合区域界面裂纹尖端动态应力强度因子进行了分析,其中考虑了裂尖区域的损伤．通过积分变换,引入位错密度函数,奇异积分方程被简化为代数方程,并采用配点法求解;最后经过Laplace逆变换,得到动态应力强度因子的时间响应．Ⅱ型动应力强度因子随着黏弹性胶层的剪切松弛参量、弹性基底的剪切模量和Poisson比的增加而增大;随膨胀松弛参量的增加而减小．损伤屏蔽发生在裂纹扩展的起始阶段．裂纹尖端的奇异性指数(-0.5)是与材料参数、损伤程度和时间无关的,而振荡指数由黏弹性材料参数控制．