面向化学品风险评价的计算(预测)毒理学

进入21世纪以来,为快速高效地评价和预测化学品的环境与生态健康风险,毒性测试方法发生着巨大的变革.计算毒理学无疑处于这场变革的前沿—它融合毒理学、计算化学、化学/生物信息学、系统生物学等学科资源,构建数学或计算机模型以实现化学品的环境暴露、危害性与风险性的高效预测和评价,并提升对毒性机制的认识.计算毒理学可显著减少毒性测试所需的动物数量、成本和时间,支持化学品风险的预先防范.本综述介绍了计算毒理学在辅助化学品风险评价以及剖析毒性机制时常用的策略与模型,并就其在化学品风险管理领域的外延进行了讨论.     

化学品数据信息搜索引擎ChemDB Portal

化学品的性质、用途、安全使用等相关的知识是专业人员、特别是工业界的从业人员最大程度地降低健康和环境风险,合理地合成新化学品以及利用已有化学品的基础,也是公众消除对化学的误解、客观认识化学品在日常生活中功用和使用限度的前提。利用网络化、可公开访问的化学数据库资源获取化学品数据信息日益成为首选的途径,但目前对这些数据库的检...     

废弃电路板的化学处理方法

随着电子产业的迅速发展,印刷电路板的废弃量也在逐年增加。大量的废弃印刷电路板可能对环境造成严重的污染。废弃印刷电路板具有极高回收价值,如果采用适当的方法对其进行回收,不但可以节省我国日益紧缺的矿产资源,而且对环境保护有着极大的意义。本文阐述了废弃电路板资源回收的经济意义和环境意义,并详细介绍了湿法处理、热解法处理和超临...     

卤化银成像体系乳剂与有机物的研究进展

我国感光科学技术工作者,在经历了60~70年代以仿制各类胶片为目的的大量地、艰辛地实际工作之后,在应用基础和基础研究方面广泛铺展,深人探索,我国的感光科学研究开始进人新的时期.     

含钆对比剂的环境污染现状、毒性及分析方法

随着医疗技术的发展,药品和个人护理产品(PPCPs)因其在全世界范围内的大量使用,受到了越来越多的关注,含钆对比剂(GBCAs)可归属于这类化学品。许多造影剂在医疗诊断中被广泛使用以提高医学成像质量,大量的造影剂经生产、使用等过程释放至环境,成为新型环境污染物,对环境及生态造成影响,其中含钆对比剂便是其中一大类。GBCAs在体内几乎无代谢,而废水处理厂的传统工艺无法将其有效去除,造成该类物质进入水环境中,存在潜在环境风险。该文综述了目前含钆对比剂的分类、环境污染、生物毒性研究现状及分析检测方法,可为含钆对比剂的风险评价研究提供参考。     

锌冶炼行业环境风险分级评价指标体系研究

在国内重金属突发性污染环境事件的高发态势的背景下,如何科学、合理、有效地对具有高环境风险的锌冶炼行业进行管理已成为我国环境风险管理工作急需解决的问题。本文在已有研究的基础上,对锌冶炼行业的环境风险要素分析后,基于突发性环境风险水平、累积性环境风险水平和选址敏感性水平三方面入手,选取了锌冶炼行业环境风险分级评价指标,构建了锌冶炼行业环境风险分级评价指标体系,为锌冶炼行业环境风险管理工作提供依据。     

中学化学实验室安全管理现状与对策建议

正化学是一门实践性很强的基础科学,同时,化学实验室又是学校中最容易发生事故的地方之一,废弃化学品的问题更是全国都存在[1],为此对北京市海淀区12所中学的实验室管理现状做了初步调查。1实验室管理现状本次调查为了对各学校实验室运转情况有个全面了解,共涉及制度建设、安全教育、实验室环境、安全设施、药品管理、废弃物处理6个层面。     

废弃塑料光催化转化制备低碳数有机化合物

大量废弃塑料引发了一系列的环境和生态问题,其转化和利用一直受到广泛关注.塑料中含有丰富的碳元素,但这些碳元素往往以惰性的C–C键和C–H键形式存在,因此如何利用这些碳资源成为一大难题和挑战.以往部分研究已经提供了塑料催化转化制备碳材料、化学品和燃料的可能性,但是自然界中的废弃塑料总量庞大,需要考虑其转化过程中的能量来源.地球上有丰富的太阳能资源,光催化过程有可能利用太阳能来实现温和条件下的废弃塑料转化.在以往的研究中,光催化塑料降解和光催化塑料重整过程主要关注的目标产物分别是CO₂和H₂.相较而言,光催化塑料转化制备低碳数有机化合物的过程有望助力碳循环经济的发展.近年来报道了一些光催化塑料转化制备低碳数有机化合物的研究工作,这些研究为获取和利用塑料中的碳资源提供了新的研究思路和策略.本文概括对比了光催化塑料降解、光催化塑料重整和光催化塑料转化制备低碳数有机化合物三种过程的差异,包括其中的目标产物和相应的反应活性物种.此外,本文总结了光催化塑料转化制备低碳数化合物的反应方法.简要地说,塑料可以经过光催化选择性氧化、氧化偶联和水解脱氢等策略来得到低碳数的化学品和燃料,涉及利用光催化氧化过程断裂塑料中的C–C键,利用水解过程断裂塑料的C–N和C–O键,以及利用光催化脱氢过程断裂中间产物的O–H键和N–H键等关键步骤.在光催化塑料转化到低碳数有机产物的文献报道中,主要涉及液固相反应体系和反应器,需要考虑反应溶剂的选择.水是理想的溶剂,但对塑料的溶解能力有限.当使用其他有机溶剂时,需要利用同位素标记实验验证产物中的碳物种来源.此外,实际废弃塑料上残留的其他杂质会影响光催化剂的吸光过程,降低光催化反应效率,因此亟需设计和开发合理的光反应器来提高对光能的利用率,实现塑料的高效转化.虽然塑料制备低碳数化学品和燃料的光催化转化策略已有研究报道,但未来仍需探索更加高效的转化路线.此外,塑料主要呈现高分子聚合物的结构,未来的研究可以借鉴对生物质等天然聚合物分子的转化策略.     

改变环境保护工作理念,加强化学品环境管理

三废环境管理模式是补救式和倒逼式的事后管理和厂外管理,化学品环境管理是指导型和主动型的事前管理和厂内管理。通过工业制造过程分析了仅有事后管理的不足和事前、事后管理相结合的优势,介绍并分析了美国环境保护相关法律中关于化学品和化学污染物管理设计的内容,提出加强化学品环境管理、改变环境保护工作理念的未来路径。     

不同预处理的氧化亚铜纳米线电极诱导的晶面效应提升电化学CO2还原为多碳产物

近年来,由于化石燃料不断消耗造成的二氧化碳气体过量排放,对人类生活环境造成越来越大的威胁.电催化二氧化碳还原反应是一种很有前景的解决方法,可回收废弃的二氧化碳并通过将其转化为可再生的燃料和化学品来最终实现碳循环.在各种还原产物中,多碳化学产物因其具有高能量密度和高商业价值而备受青睐.然而,由于涉及多个复杂的反应途径,设...     

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste derived chemicals as an antistripping additive for bitumen – An environment friendly approach for disposal of environmentally hazardous material

The increasing accumulation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) polymer and poor recycle/disposal practices have made them omnipresent and a major culprit for environmental pollution. Currently global research efforts are focused on primary and secondary recycling of PET waste or through landfills. Chemical recycling of PET through hydrolytic or aminolytic route has been attempted by many researchers however with limited end applications. In our investigations we have used PET waste as a synthon and chemically converted it through a new non-catalytic route into several benzamide derivatives. We have successfully tested them for antistripping performance in bitumen. Our results as elaborated in the paper indicate a comparable performance of the new chemistry products based on PET, to commercially used antistripping chemicals. Our research work thus opens a new route for the recycling of used PET in bituminous concrete roads which may help in alleviating a major environmental problem and disposal of waste PET polymer in large scale.     

Bibliometric analysis and an overview of the application of the non-precious materials for pyrolysis reaction of plastic waste

Huge plastic consumption and depletion of fossil fuels are at the top of the world's environmental and energy challenges. The scientific community has tackled these issues through different approaches. Catalytic pyrolysis of plastic wastes to valuable products has been proved as a sustainable route which fits with the circular economy aspects. The design of catalytic materials is the central factor for performing the catalytic conversion of plastic wastes. This review aims to conduct a Bibliometric analysis of the pyrolysis of plastic wastes and non-precious-based catalysts by mapping research studies over the last fifty years. The analysis was developed via VOSviewer and RStudio tools. It showed the historical progress regarding plastic waste pyrolysis to produce valuable products and chemicals worldwide. The research shows that the top five countries with the highest citations and publications in this field were Spain, China, England, the USA and India. The Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis had the most comprehensive coverage of plastic waste. The relationship between the catalyst and the mechanism of plastic waste can influence the production yield and selectivity. The research gap and underrepresented research topics were identified, and previous research studies on developing non-precious-based catalysts that were most relevant to the current topic were reviewed and discussed. The challenges and perspectives on catalyst preparation and development for material complexity were critically discussed. Challenges of previous studies and directions for future research were provided. This report might guide the reader to take a general look at plastic waste valorization by pyrolysis and easily understand the main challenges.     

Development of the aqueous-coated photothermographic material

As the use of digitization grows in the medical field, doctors are increasingly demanding high quality photographic films for digital images to help them form their diagnoses. From an environmental perspective, photothermography has the advantage of no waste and the disadvantage of using enormous amounts of organic solvents during production. We succeeded in developing a system using aqueous latex with aqueous coated photothermographic film that drastically reduces the use of organic solvents.     

Feedstock flexibility in sustainable chemistry: Bridging sectors still not sufficiently familiar with each other – Showcases of ongoing and emerging initiatives

The replacement of the fossil resources historically employed for chemicals' production is of major scientific interest the last decades, as a result of the environmental issues arisen and the price versatility of petroleum. Biotechnological routes present promising alternatives for the production of various platform chemicals such as succinic, lactic and muconic acids among others. The utilisation of agricultural and agro-industrial waste and by-product streams would not only reduce the overall production cost but also it would assist towards the direction of the bio-economy era. This review presents some important chemicals produced from renewable feedstocks, aiming to bridge the waste suppliers to the chemical production industries.     

The role of thermal analysis in environmental protection

In the past industry has developed chemicals and products, optimized for the best suitable properties concerning different application fields. Now, ideas of environmental precaution are arising, on the one hand looking for reduction of materials flow to avoid or minimize the waste, on the other hand following the idea of process and product integrated environmental protection. That means to develop processes and products which are safer and more tolerant regarding the environment and its organisms.In this connection thermal analysis is a very successful tool for predicting the risk of burning processes or fire accidents. Thermal analysis in this context means the classical thermal analysis methods like DTA, TG, DSC and its couplings with gas analysis methods as well as the simulation of burning processes in different kind of furnaces with identification and quantification of the evolved gases.     

卵黄蛋白原的分离测定及其在环境内分泌干扰物质筛选中的应用

环境内分泌干扰物的存在直接威胁野生动物的生存和人类的健康，对其作用机制及筛选方法的研究，已经成为环境科学研究的热点领域。近年来，卵黄蛋白原作为环境内分泌干扰物的“生物标志物”，得到了较深入的研究。本文讨论了卵黄蛋白原的分离测定方法及其在内分泌干扰物筛选中应用的最新进展，为建立更有效的卵黄蛋白分离测定方法及发展新的环境内分泌干扰物筛选技术提供参考。     

高校实验室危险化学品采购管理体系的建设与实践

由于高校实验室危险化学品重大事故时有发生,对危险化学品的管理已成为高校实验室安全管理的重要问题。本文以郑州大学为例,从危险化学品的采购、存储、配送、使用、危废收集全过程,梳理和分析实验室危险化学品管理存在的问题,针对危险化学品的安全管理体系建设进行了探索,介绍了危险化学品采购管理一体化平台的建设思路和具体措施,有效实现了危险化学品全生命周期管理,保障学校教学科研安全运行。     

On aspects of the dynamic behavior of persistent chemicals in a multimedia environment related to exposure-based hazard assessment

The present research study focuses on the analysis and characterization of certain aspects of the dynamic behavior displayed by persistent chemicals in a multimedia environment (chemodynamics), which is jointly determined by the inherent physicochemical properties of the chemical substance under consideration, as well as underlying environmental processes such as degradation in different phases/media (soil, water and air) coupled with intermedia transport (interphase mass transfer). In particular, dynamic multimedia environmental models are considered with constant source terms describing steady chemical release/discharge rates into various environmental media of interest, and key risk-related aspects of the dynamic behavior of persistent chemicals are analyzed using perturbation theory techniques under conditions where degradation rates in different media are considerably slower than intermedia transport rates. Under the above conditions, the problem of defining physically meaningful and practical quantitative measures of overall persistence of chemicals in a multimedia environment is revisited, given its role as a key exposure-based indicator within all major chemical risk assessment frameworks, and a proof is provided that rigorously establishes equivalence between two important and popular persistence measures, namely the characteristic time at steady state and the inverse of the associated chemodynamics overall decay rate (slowest chemodynamic mode).