变截面微小通道传热特性的研究

为研究变截面微小通道的流动和传热特性,设计了9种不同微小尺度的变截面通道。采用实验研究的方法,得出了流体在变截面微小通道中的传热特性以及与常规尺度通道的差异。分别比较了通道的进出口宽度比、通道的高宽比对变截面、微小尺度通道传热特性的影响。根据实验结果,得到了描述水在变截面微小通道中的流动及传热特性的无量纲关联式。     

不同孔隙率圆形微针肋热沉流动及传热特性

本文利用CFD数值模拟软件对当量直径为200μm的不同孔隙率的叉排圆形微针肋热沉的流动和传热特性进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明,随着雷诺数的增加,针肋尾部出现不同形态的涡。不同孔隙率的通道中,由于后排针肋的影响,针肋尾迹区的涡的形态、大小出现不同。对不同孔隙率的微针肋热沉,热流密度的变化对热沉的努塞尔数Nu的影响不同,孔隙率较小时热流密度对热沉的努塞尔数Nu影响不大,孔隙率较大时热流密度升高,热沉的努塞尔数Nu升高。     

微通道冷板换热及流阻特性计算与结构优化

设计了一种适用于阵列多芯片冷却的微通道液冷冷板。对冷板进行数值分析,研究矩形截面的高宽比对冷板的换热和流阻特性的影响。选择最优矩形截面高宽比的冷板,并对其进行流道结构优化,改善其流阻性能。结果表明,矩形截面当量直径固定时,摩擦阻力系数f和努塞尔数Nu随着矩形截面高宽比变大而增加;当高宽比在2～4之间时,冷板有较好的换热及流动性能;优化流道截面尺寸、弯角半径和出口流道形式后,冷板表现出良好的低压降传热特性,实现有效散热及满足压降要求。     

基于康托尔分形微通道流动与传热的模拟

高密度、 小体积和高集成的电子元器件散热困难, 易造成过早失效, 采用微通道换热器可以实现小体积内高热流的散热, 但流动阻力很大. 为了保证传热效果, 降低流动阻力, 本文提出了一种新型的微通道结构并对其流动与传热特性进行了数值模拟. 首先研究了微通道形状和结构, 模拟结果表明: 进出口截面宽高比为0.8 的矩形微通道的换热效果最好; 并在此基础上提出一种康托尔分型凹槽结构, 研究了有无康托尔分形以及不同分形级数对流动与传热性能的影响, 综合对比发现: 第二级康托尔分形模型 N2 既能保证热阻显著降低, 又能相比阵列结构降低压降, 具有明显的换热优势; 最后对这种康托尔分形结构的凹槽形状, 尺寸及不同方向上的分形进行研究, 结果表明梯形凹槽的下上表面长度比b/a 为0.6 、 流动方向分形比fx 为1 .25 和通道高度方向分形比fy 为1 .5 时换热流动性能最佳.     

粗糙平板微通道流动和传热的数值模拟

以粗糙平行平板微通道为研究对象,以三角形锯齿状粗糙元模拟固体表面的粗糙度,采用CFD流体固体共轭传热技术数值研究了绝对粗糙度和相对粗糙度对平行平板微通道流动和传热特性的影响,着重分析了粗糙度和流体速度对水力入口段长度和热力入口段长度的影响规律,同时研究了相对粗糙度对微通道转捩雷诺数的影响,为进一步揭示微微通道的流动和传热机理提供了依据.     

纳米流体微通道流动换热数值模拟研究

采用计算流体动力学方法,对两种不同浓度的水-Al2O3纳米流体以及五种不同高宽比的微通道热沉的流动换热特性开展了数值模拟研究.结果 表明,提高纳米颗粒体积分数可降低流固换热面的平均温度,从而提升纳米流体的换热能力,但同时也会显著提升系统的泵功率;通过改变微通道高宽比可有效提升热沉的换热能力,增大高宽比能够有效降低热沉受热面平均温度,且不会使得流动阻力损失显著增加;在所研究的参数范围内,微通道热沉高宽比存在最优值,当高宽比超过30时,换热系数不随高宽比增加而进一步提高.     

微通道中液氮单相流动和换热实验研究

对直径为0.531,0.834,1.042和1.931 mm的圆形微通道内液氮的单相流动和传热进行了实验研究.在10,000～90,000的高雷诺数范围内,测量了流动摩擦系数、局部和平均对流换热系数.结果表明,流动摩擦系数随微通道壁面粗糙度的增加而变大.微通道中局部对流换热系数受到液氮导热系数变化的影响沿管程逐渐下降约12.5%.传统的Gnielinski换热关联式经过流动摩擦系数的修正后与实验换热系数符合较好.     

扩缩型微通道内流体流动及传热特性数值分析

微通道内扩缩结构的布置,有利于诱发二次涡流,提高传热性能。基于单侧矩形肋微通道(MC-OSRR),提出了单侧矩形肋和空腔(MC-RR.RC)、单侧矩形肋和扰流柱(MC-RR.RPF)两种组合结构微通道优化模型。在验证数值方法有效性的基础上,以去离子水为流动介质,运用Fluent软件模拟研究了不同体积流量、壁面温度、进口温度条件下扩缩型微通道的流动与传热特性。结果表明,空腔和扰流柱结构的引入,能进一步诱发二次流,促进流动混合,低体积流量下有利于增强单侧矩形肋微通道整体性能;相比空腔结构,布置于通道中央的扰流柱结构对主流体的扰动更为剧烈,高体积流量下无法在控制阻力增加幅度的基础上强化单侧矩形肋微通道传热。     

磁热场协同作用下的传热传质强化

通过三维非稳态动量和能量方程的模拟,对圆管通道内空气的磁热风作用机理进行了分析。得出了无量纲长径比为 20、30、62和100,带电线圈和管道的直径比从2到200时磁场密度的梯度的影响规律。磁场与温度场的协同作用改变了速度和温度边界层的分布,存在最优条件下的强化传热、传质效果。     

微通道冷却器内流动和传热特性的数值模拟

为满足固体激光器用微通道冷却器的换热要求, 根据冷却器结构分别建立了二维和三维物理模型, 利用计算流体力学方法首先对比研究两者的流动特性, 然后考察雷诺数和玻片生热量对微通道流动和传热特性的影响。结果表明:对于类似大平板间的矩形微通道层流流动区域, 其流动及传热特性可直接采用二维简化模型进行模拟分析;对于重点关注的转捩区, 采用三维模型模拟分析更好;当雷诺数增大到转捩点, 流体的传热效果得到明显增强;随着雷诺数的增大, 玻片生热量对通道内最低压力需求的影响逐渐减小;不同玻片生热量对微通道流动影响不可忽略, 对努赛尔数和通道总压降基本无影响。     

内嵌微流道低温共烧陶瓷基板传热性能（英）

随着系统级封装（SIP）所容纳的电子元器件和集成密度迅速增加,传统的散热方法（热通孔、风冷散热等）越来越难以满足系统级封装的热管理需求。低温共烧陶瓷（LTCC）作为常见的封装基板材料之一,设计并研制了三种内嵌于LTCC基板的微流道,其中包括直排型、蛇型和螺旋型微流道（高度为0.3 mm,宽度分别为0.4, 0.5和0.8 mm）。通过数值仿真和红外热像仪测试相结合的方式分析了微流道网络结构、流体质量流量、雷诺数、材料热导率对内嵌微流道LTCC基板换热性能的影响,实验结果表明:当去离子水的流量为10 mL/min,热源等效功率为2 W/cm2时,直排型微流道的LTCC基板最高温度在3.1 kPa输入泵压差下能降低75.4 ℃,蛇型微流道的LTCC基板最高温度在85.8 kPa输入泵压差下能降低80.2 ℃,螺旋型微流道的LTCC基板最高温度在103.1 kPa输入泵压差下能降低86.7 ℃。在三种微流道中,直排型微流道具有最小的雷诺数,在相同的输入泵压差下有最好的散热性能。窄的直排型微流道（0.4 mm）在相同的流道排布密度和流体流量时比宽的微流道（0.8 mm）能多降低基板温度10 ℃。此外,提高封装材料的热导率有助于提高微流道的换热性能。     

滑移流区内微环缝槽道中的层流流动与换热

本文针对微环缝槽道采用速度滑移和温度跳跃边界条件求解了不可压缩气体的Ｎ－Ｓ方程和能量方程,理论分析了微环缝槽道在单侧或双侧不同热流密度加热条件下的流动与层流换热特性,讨论了Ｋｎ数、内外径比对流动阻力及换热特性的影响。结果表明：滑移流区微环继通道内的流阻和Ｎｕｓｓｅｌｔ数明显低于连续流区;且随着Ｋｎ数的增加,流阻和Ｎｕｓｓｅｌｔ数均减小;但其随内外径比ｒ＊的变化趋势与连续流区相似。     

FLOW BOILING THROUGH V-SHAPE MICROCHANNELS

An experimental facility was set up to study the flow and boiling heat transfer characteristics of water and methanol flowing through V-shape microchannels. The microchannels have hydraulic diameters ranging from 0.2 to 0.6 mm and V-shape groove angles 0 of 30 to 60°. Both the heat transfer and the pressure drop were affected by the thermofluid and geometric parameters such as liquid flow velocity, subcooling, and the hydraulic diameter and groove angle of the microchannels. The experiments indicted that there exists both an optimum hydraulic diameter and an optimum groove angle. The visualization experiments showed that, if there was a good seal between the glass cover and the microchanneled test plate, no bubbles were observed in the microchannels for flow boiling with heat fluxes as high as of the order of 10⁶ W/m², at which fully nucleate boiling with a large number of bubbles would be expected in conventional situations. Fluctuating liquid flow was induced in the microchannels when many bubbles formed in the inlet plenum.     

Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer in Rectangular Microchannel

Numerical simulation of heat transfer in a high aspect ratio rectangular microchannel with heat sinks has been conducted, similar to an experimental study. Three channel heights measuring 0.3 mm, 0.6 mm and 1 mm are considered and the Reynolds number varies from 300 to 2360, based on the hydraulic diameter. Simulation starts with the validation study on the Nusselt number and the Poiseuille number variations along the channel streamwise direction. It is found that the predicted Nusselt number has shown very good agreement with the theoretical estimation, but some discrepancies are noted in the Poiseuille number comparison. This observation however is in consistent with conclusions made by other researchers for the same flow problem. Simulation continues on the evaluation of heat transfer characteristics, namely the friction factor and the thermal resistance. It is found that noticeable scaling effect happens at small channel height of 0.3 mm and the predicted friction factor agrees fairly well with an experimental based correlation. Present simulation further reveals that the thermal resistance is low at small channel height, indicating that the heat transfer performance can be enhanced with the decrease of the channel height.     

几何参数对低波纹通道流动与换热特性的影响

本文对几种不同几何模型的低波纹通道进行了传热及阻力性能数值研究,在一定的流速范围内得出了传热和阻力的特性曲线.分析了通道高度、波纹波峰高度、通道宽度对流动与换热的影响.结果表明,通道高度越小,换热越强,同时压降也增加;波纹波峰高度越大,换热加强,压降也相应增加;通道宽度越大,换热几乎不变,但压降随之降低.     

FRICTION AND CONVECTION STUDIES OF R-134a IN MICROCHANNELS WITHIN THE TRANSITION AND TURBULENT FLOW REGIMES

Fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of single-phase flows in microchannels for refrigerant R-134a were experimentally investigated. Experiments were conducted using rectangular channels micromilled in aluminum with hydraulic diameters ranging from approximately 112 to 210 w m and aspect ratios that varied from 1.0 to 1.5. Using overall temperature, flow rate, and pressure drop measurements, friction factors and convective heat transfer coefficients were experimentally determined for steady flow conditions. Effects of Reynolds number, relative roughness, and channel aspect ratio are examined in predicting friction factor and Nusselt number for the experiments. Experiment results indicated that transition from laminar to turbulent flow occurred between a Reynolds number of 2,000 and 4,000. Friction factor results were consistently lower than values predicted by macroscale correlations but exhibited the same trends with Reynolds numbers of macroscale correlations. Nusselt number results also exhibited a similar pattern of lower values obtained in the experiments than those predicted by commonly used macroscale correlations. Nusselt number results also indicated that channel size may suppress turbulent convective heat transfer and surface roughness may affect heat transfer characteristics in the turbulent regime.     

基于流动沸腾传热机理的分段式微通道结构优化研究

列车牵引变流器功率模块IGBT的散热问题近年来备受关注.本文以微通道内流动沸腾换热的"M"型曲线峰值点传热强化理论为依据,通过实验研究微通道长度和结构对冷板表面温度的影响,发现短通道能够有效控制通道内蒸汽干度水平,使得微通道冷板内以弹状流或薄膜环状流为主流流型,从而获得较高传热系数.在一定面积的冷板内设置短通道组合的分...     

Evaluation of optimal thermal-hydraulic characteristics ratio in microchannel heat exchangers

In this paper, an analytical method of microchannel heat exchanger characteristics optimization is described. An objective function that combines thermal-hydraulic and constructive parameters of a heat-exchanger such as number, diameter, and length of channels, was developed. Limitations on its application were determined. Influence of these parameters on the function’s value was analyzed. It is demonstrated that for each fixed amount of microchannels and its length, an optimal channel diameter exists. Formulas for optimal ratio of length, diameter, and number of microchannels evaluation were derived. It was shown that the maximum value of the objective function corresponds to a thin heat exchange matrix that consists of a large number of short channels with small diameter.     

EXPRIMENTAL STUDY ON EFFECTS OF A SINGLE POROUS-TYPE ROUGHNESS ELEMENT IN A PARALLEL-PLATE DUCT

Experiments were carried out to examine the effects of a single porous-type roughness element on the insulated wall opposite the smooth heated plate on the heat transfer. The local heat transfer and drag coefficients depend on the porous diameter and the porosity. The local heat transfer coefficient takes a peak, PI, under the porous element in laminar flow. On the other hand, in turbulent flow, it takes two peaks, PI and P2, under and after the element, respectively. The position of peak P2 varies with the height of the element and the Reynolds number. The drag coefficient of the porous element is lower than that of the solid element. According to thermal performance at constant pumping power, this kind of element should be used in laminar flow. In addition, it is estimated that the porous element should be utilized in the composite effects (the turbulence increase and the thermal radiation shielding effect) of heat transfer in order to apply the element effectively.     

Flow boiling heat transfer of refrigerant R21 in microchannel heat sink

Boiling heat transfer in a refrigerant R 21 flow in a microchannel heat sink is studied. A stainless steel heat sink with a length of 120 mm contains ten microchannels with a size of 640×2050 μm at cross-section with a wall roughness of 10 μm. The local heat-transfer coefficient distribution along the heat sink length is obtained. The ranges of parameters are: mass flow from 68 to 172 kg/m²s, heat fluxes from 16 to 152 kW/m², and vapor quality from 0 to 1. The maximum values of the heat transfer coefficient are observed at the inlet of microchannels. The heat transfer coefficients decrease substantially along the length of channels under high heat flux conditions and, on the contrary, change insignificantly under low heat flux condition. A comparison with the well-known models of flow boiling heat transfer is performed and the range of applicability is defined.