工程学科研究进展

1 工程设计技术 利用有限元软件和采用CAD设计方法，对复杂结构进行了优化设计，达到了提高产品可靠性的目的。开展了五层阻尼圆板的优化设计，达到了阻尼板具有更佳的减振效果；整机三维立体布线设计，实现了整机布线可视化装配；控制系统的集成化设计，提高了产品的可靠性和降低了电源能耗；Kα波段短脉冲检波器设计，为毫米波短脉冲的检测技术提供了重要的设计经验。     

双波段扫描辐射计的研制

介绍了一种新型小视场、高精度的双波段扫描辐射计。描述了系统的特点,分析了系统的总体方案。介绍了系统的工作原理,对系统的NETD进行了估算,对其探测器的选择、光学系统设计、调制系统设计、扫描机构设计、信号处理等方案进行了详细论述,对系统的标定和测量原理进行了分析,并给出了相应的计算公式。给出了系统的检测结果。     

入口有限制的硅微通道沸腾换热特性

本文在8根水力直径均为186ìm的硅微平行通道的入口端加工了限制装置,抑制了通道间的相互作用,得到了稳定的气液两相流动,并借助于可视化技术,揭示了通道内部不同区段典型的流型特点.分析了经过通道的压降和局部换热系数的变化规律,并用经验关系式和试验结果进行了比较.     

微粒污垢剥蚀机制研究

本文分析了微粒污垢的形成过程，研究了其剥蚀机制，解释了出现污垢诱导期的原因，并重新定义了微粒污垢的诱导期．利用湍流猝发理论导出了一个新的微粒污垢分析模型，该模型的特点是以易测参数表示污垢热阻．在实验室进行了气侧微粒污垢的实验研究。积累了必要的微粒污垢数据并验证了分析模型的正确性．     

Blackfin DSP并行外围接口在红外视频处理通用模块中的应用研究

介绍了Blackfin系列DSP的并行外围接口,提出了一种红外视频处理通用模块的构架,省略了数据缓冲硬件环节,缩短了数据等待时间,提高了DSP的运算效率。     

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分析了电加热器对流动氦气的加热过程,从能量平衡和热传导的角度建立了系统数学模型,用解析的方法表达了热量的传递过程,得到了传递函数。用Matlab的Simulink模块搭建了PID的控制框架,用积分分离的策略改进了温度控制的效果。仿真结果显示流体在进口温度不断变化的情况下,通过加热器的功率调节获得了比较稳定的气体出口温度,表现出了良好的控制结果。     

激光致声换能器的实验与应用论证

设计制造了激光致声发射换能器,并进行了水槽实验,测量、计算了激光声信号的距离分辨力、声源级、指向性函数、指向性指数,分析了实验值与理论值误差产生的原因;计算了噪声背景和混响背景下对目标的探测距离;从理论上论证了探测沉底目标的可行性;分析了该换能器的信息传输速率、指向性和通信距离.     

Cu-ZnO/膨润土光催化氧化降解甲基橙废水

以膨润土为载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Cu-ZnO/膨润土光催化剂,通过XRD对其结构进行了表征,研究了该催化剂光催化降解甲基橙染料废水的性能.结果表明:ZnO插入了膨润土层间并与之成功复合,Cu2+渗入了ZnO晶格,拓宽了其光谱响应范围,提高了催化剂对太阳光和可见光的利用率.该催化剂易于回收,经高温活化后,可重复多次使用.     

用阈值函数分析粒子场同轴全息非线性记录对再现像的影响

用阈值函数分析了粒子场同轴全息非线性记录对再现像的影响,从理论上得到了非线性记录影响粒子场同轴全息再现像的模型,并数值模拟了不同形状粒子在非线性记录下的再现像,得到再现像出现了边缘剪切效应.实验验证了数值模拟的结果,完善了粒子场同轴全息理论,并为粒子场同轴全息图像处理提供了光学产生边缘剪切效果,节约了图像处理的时间.     

纳米流体脉动热管的流动与传热性能研究

建立了纳米流体脉动热管的分析模型,将相变传热项合理引入了汽塞能量微分方程;液塞动量方程中考虑了剪切力的影响;纳米流体的物性采用了当量处理方法.采用数值迭代方法进行了求解,得到了汽塞压力、温度、质量的变化波形,分析了波形的频率,进而解释了初始条件、重力等对脉动热管的流动与传热影响的机理.     

A system for the remote spectroscopy in the visible and infrared regions

Results of the design and development of a system for remote sensing of the state and evaluation of the parameters of the natural environment and objects are presented. The devices developed are based on a generalized structural model of measuring system for acquisition of data on spectral, energy, polarization, angular, and spatial characteristics of the optical radiation field of the object under investigation. A. N. Sevchenko Scientific Research Institute for Applied Physical Problems at the Belarusian State University, 7, Kurchatov St., Minsk, 220064, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 6, pp. 827–833, November–December, 1997.     

基于光谱和成像技术的果蔬质量检测研究进展

为保证食品安全和消费者健康,无损检测技术广泛应用于果蔬质量检测中。光谱和图像技术可分别获取果蔬的内部和外部信息,成为质量检测的有效工具。为跟踪国内外研究进展并分析研究现况,从果蔬外部品质(尺寸、形状、表面缺陷、颜色、纹理等)、内部品质(内部缺陷、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、水分、类胡萝卜素等单一品质及综合品质)、成熟度、货架期/贮藏期、产品溯源、生长监测、安全(农药残留、病虫和细菌侵染、转基因产品等)检测及光学系统设计等方面综述了光谱和成像技术的应用,分析了存在的图谱库不完善、解混处理算法复杂、高精度和便携式的光学系统开发力度不够、校正模型的影响因素复杂等问题。然后,归纳了发展趋势,指出了各组分可视化分析及交互作用机理解析、光与果蔬组织的交互作用机理分析和光学特性参数反演等光学特性分析、科学合理的综合评价体系的建立、新算法的应用和多种算法的联合使用、不同算法的可靠性和稳定性的提高、稳定和普适模型的建立、低成本和便携式等光学分析仪器的商品化开发和商业化应用等成为进一步探索的方向,为基于光谱和成像技术的果蔬质量检测发展提供了参考。     

Electron-beam-excited lasers based on A2B6 compounds (review)

The literature on electron-beam-pumped semiconductor lasers (EPSLs) based on A²B⁶ compounds is reviewed. Recent advances in the development of EPSLs in the Nineties are reflected. The literature data on the output parameters of these EPSLs are systematized. Basic parameters and characteristics of EPSLs their hardware realization, the properties of active media, and the mechanisms of amlification and degradation are discussed. The works on the use of EPSLs for pumping of other active media are reviewed. Institute of Semiconductor Engineering RWTH, 55, Templergraben, Aachen, D-52056, Germany (permanent address: B. I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 68, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220072, Belarus). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 66, No. 5, pp. 601–618, September–October, 1999     

Rotation of the light polarization plane by an ensemble of oriented linear associates: Model representations

In an “oriented gas” model expressions are obtained for the angle of nongyrotropic rotation of the polarization plane (NRPP) of transmitted light by an ensemble of oriented associates consisting of nongyrotropic molecules. The cluster character of the nongyrotropic rotation of the polarization plane and the dependence of its angle on the incident light polarization vector azimuth are noted, which distinguish linear and circular polarization effects. Measurement of linear dichroism by the angle of nongyrotropic rotation of the polarization plane with the use of commercial spectropolarimeters is theoretically justified. Institute of Molecular and Atomic Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 70, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220072 Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 95–101, January–February, 1998.     

Laser absorption and fluorescence diagnostics of a plasma

Diagnostics of a near-surface laser plasma, the plasma of a strong-current pulse gaseous discharge in inert gases, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide under conditions of intense evaporation of the wall of the discharge chamber, the plasma of a discharge with a hollow cathode, and the active medium of an excimer laser was conducted by methods of intracavity laser spectroscopy and laser-induced fluorescence. The dynamic fields and absolute concentrations of atoms, ions, molecules and electrons, the plasma temperature, and the velocities of flows of particles were measured. The quantitative determination of the density of particles in the erosion laser flame prior to breakdown and the phenomena associated with the formation of molecules in the laser plasma received primary consideration. To whom correspondence should be addressd. Instite of Molecular and Atomic Physics of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 70, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220072, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 281–290, May–June, 1997.     

Spectral methods for estimating the state of winter RYE sowings

We present the results of comprehensive investigations that include remote spectral measurements under field conditions, laboratory experiments, and mathematical simulation of the radiative regime of winter rye sowings. B. I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 68, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220072, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 5, pp. 646–650, September–October, 1997.     

Optoacoustic determination of low concentrations of gases by the use of commercial CO2-lasers

Institute of Molecular and Atomic Physics, Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 70 F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220072, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Specktroskopii, Vol. 62, No. 6, pp. 81–86, November–December, 1995.     

The width of the rotational contour of vibrational and vibronic bands of complex molecules in the gas phase as a temperature indicator

From the independence of the contour of spectral density of the rotational (orientation) correlation function of a rigid molecular top of arbitrary symmetry on temperature in the frequency scale based on the reduced time of rotational orientation relaxation and from the near independence of the rotational contour of vibrational and vibronic absorption bands of dipole transitions in the same coordinates in a model of “regular diffusion” of the transition oscillator with a classically rotating rigid molecular top, it is suggested that it is possible to use the halfwidth of the contour for estimation of temperatures. Data are presented on the halfwidth of 48 contours of bands of A, B, and C types at this frequency for 12 compounds for a temperature range of from units to 500 degrees of absolute temperature measured experimentally and (for low temperatures) calculated by the quantum theory. Institute of Molecular and Atomic Physics, Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 70, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220072, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 312–317, May–June, 1997.     

Exciton autolocalization in quino-2-monomethine cyanineJ-aggregates

Institute of Monocrystals of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 60 Lenin Ave., Kharkov 310001, Ukraine. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 62, No. 3, pp. 104–108, May–June, 1995.     

催化化学发光分析系统研究进展

催化化学发光是分子通过催化剂表面时被氧气氧化过程中产生的一种光辐射现象。在过去的三十几年里,催化化学发光技术发展迅速,特别是在传感器方面快速发展,成为一项新型分析检测技术,在公众安全、排放检测、环境保护等方面发挥了巨大的作用。基于催化发光技术设计的传感器具有检测限低、灵敏度高、快速、仪器简单易操作、易实现小型化,便携等优点,在无机小分子气体及易挥发有机物的分析检测中展现了其独特的优势。应用于催化发光的催化材料发展至今已达上千种,囊括了金属、金属氧化物,非金属氧化物、硫化物、硒化物、金属盐类、有机物、陶瓷玻璃类等各类材料;复合材料的应用丰富了催化材料的种类;纳米新材料的引入为其发展提供了新的契机;材料的形貌等也得以深入研究。催化发光新技术也不断发展,催化发光与其他技术(雾化、分离富集、等离子体等)联用的发展,静态催化发光技术、多级催化发光技术、循环催化发光技术等的开发应用进一步提高了催化法光分析系统的灵敏度与选择性,拓展了催化发光的应用范围。本文综述了近年来催化发光的催化材料、联用技术及其他新技术的发展,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。