Frequency dependence of the acoustic radiation force acting on absorbing cylindrical shells

The frequency dependence of the radiation force function Y(p) for absorbing cylindrical shells suspended in an inviscid fluid in a plane incident sound field is analysed, in relation to the thickness and the content of their interior hollow region. The theory is modified to include the effect of hysteresis type absorption of compressional and shear waves in the material. The results of numerical calculations are presented for two viscoelastic (lucite and phenolic polymer) materials, with the hollow region filled with water or air indicating how damping and change of the interior fluid inside the shell's hollow region affect the acoustic radiation force. The acoustic radiation force acting on cylindrical lucite shells immersed in a high density fluid (in this case mercury) and filled with water in their hollow region, is also studied.     

Calculation of the acoustic radiation force on coated spherical shells in progressive and standing plane waves

In this paper, analytical equations are derived for the time-averaged radiation force induced by progressive and standing acoustic waves incident on elastic spherical shells covered with a layer of viscoelastic and sound-absorbing material. The fluid surrounding the shells is considered compressible and nonviscous. The incident field is assumed to be moderate so that the scattered field from the shells is taken to linear approximation. The analytical results are illustrated by means of a numerical example in which the radiation force function curves are displayed, with particular emphasis on the coating thickness and the content of the hollow region of the shells. The fluid-loading on the radiation force function curves is analysed as well. This study attempts to generalize the various treatments of radiation force due to both progressive and standing waves on spherically-shaped structures immersed in ideal fluids. The results show that various ways can be effectively used for damping resonance peaks, such as by changing the fluid in the interior hollow region of the shells or by changing the coating thickness.     

Acoustic radiation force acting on elastic and viscoelastic spherical shells placed in a plane standing wave field

The theory of the acoustic radiation force acting on elastic spherical shells suspended in a plane standing wave field is developed in relation to their thickness and the content of their hollow regions. The theory is modified to include the effect of a hysteresis type of absorption of compressional and shear waves in the material. The fluid-loading effect on the acoustic radiation force function Y(st) is analyzed as well. Results of numerical calculations are presented for a number of elastic and viscoelastic materials, with the hollow region filled with water or air. These results show how the damping due to absorption, the change of the interior fluid inside the shells' hollow regions, and the exterior fluid surrounding their structures, affect the acoustic radiation force.     

Dynamic acoustic radiation force acting on cylindrical shells: theory and simulations

An object placed in an acoustic field is known to experience a force due to the transfer of momentum from the wave to the object itself. This force is known to be steady when the incident field is considered to be continuous with constant amplitude. One may define the dynamic (oscillatory) radiation force for a continuous wave-field whose intensity varies slowly with time. This paper extends the theory of the dynamic acoustic radiation force resulting from an amplitude-modulated progressive plane wave-field incident on solid cylinders to the case of solid cylindrical shells with particular emphasis on their thickness and contents of their hollow regions. A new factor corresponding to the dynamic radiation force is defined as Y(d) and stands for the dynamic radiation force per unit energy density and unit cross sectional surface. The results of numerical calculations are presented, indicating the ways in which the form of the dynamic radiation force function curves are affected by variations in the material mechanical parameters and by changes in the interior fluid inside the shell's hollow region. It was shown that the dynamic radiation force function Y(d) deviates from the static radiation force function for progressive waves Y(p) when the modulation frequency increases. These results indicate that the theory presented here is broader than the existing theory on cylinders.     

Acoustic radiation force due to incident plane-progressive waves on coated spheres immersed in ideal fluids

In this study, the acoustic radiation force resulting from the interaction of a plane progressive wave with a coated sphere was examined. The linear acoustic scattering problem was obtained first by solving the classical boundary conditions to obtain the required coefficients. The radiation force was then determined by averaging the momentum flux tensor expressed in terms of the total scattering pressure or velocity potential in an ideal fluid. Numerical calculations of the radiation force function Yp , which is the radiation force per unit energy density and unit cross-section, were displayed versus the dimensionless size parameter x=k1 b (k1 is the wave number in the exterior fluid and b the radius of the uncoated sphere) over a large range of frequencies. Particular emphasis has been focused on the coating thickness and the absorption of sound inside the outer covering layer. The fluid-loading effect on the radiation force function curves was also analysed.     

Space-time-wave number-frequency Z(x, t, k, f) analysis of SAW generation on fluid filled cylindrical shells

A new 4D space-time-wave number-frequency representation Z(x,t,k,f) is introduced. The Z(x,t,k,f) representation is used for processing 2D space-time signal collection issued from wave propagation along a 1D medium. This representation is an extension along the time dimension of the space-wave number-frequency representation. The Z(x,t,k,f) representation is obtained by short time-space 2D Fourier transforming the space-time collection. The Z(x,t,k,f) representation allows the characterization transient aspects of wave generation and propagation in both space and time dimensions. The Z(x,t,k,f) representation is used to experimentally investigate Lamb wave generation and propagation around a cylindrical shell (relative thickness is equal to 0.03) surrounded by water and excited by a pulse (0.1 micros duration with 1-5 MHz transducers). Three kinds of fluids have been used inside the shell: air, water, propanol. In all the cases, the Z(x,t,k,f) analysis clearly identify the reflected field on the insonified side of the shell and it allows the measurement of the local reflection coefficients R(x,t,k,f). The generation and the propagation of Lamb waves are also quantified. For the liquid filled shells, the multiple internal reflections are revealed by Z(x,t,k,f) analysis: the local transmission coefficients T(x,t,k,f) are also measured. When local matching conditions allows Lamb wave generation, the multiple regeneration of Lamb wave is observed. Based on these results, a link is establish toward the theoretical results obtained by steady state approach and Sommerfeld-Watson transform.     

Axisymmetric vibrations of a viscous-fluid-filled piezoelectric spherical shell and the associated radiation of sound

Axisymmetric vibrations of a viscous-fluid-filled piezoelectric sphere, with radial polarization, submerged in a compressible viscous fluid medium are investigated. The oscillations are harmonically driven by an axisymmetrically applied electric potential difference across the surface of the shell. A theoretical formulation cast the piezoelectric shell problem into a corresponding problem of an elastic shell with the contribution of piezoelectricity confined to slightly modified in vacuum natural frequencies and their associated mode shapes. It is noted that the fluid inside the shell will have a dominating influence on the vibrational characteristics of the submerged shell. The circular components of the natural frequency spectra closely follow those of the fluid-filled shell in vacuo. Furthermore, the corresponding damping components of those natural frequencies are rather small, making acoustic radiation and under-damped oscillation possible for an infinite number of natural frequencies. The characteristics of natural frequencies are elucidated using a fluid-filled polyvinglindene fluoride (PVDF) shell submerged in both air and water as an example. It is found that the piezoelectric parameters that contribute to the shell's natural frequencies is of a small order for thin PVDF shells, and is thereby negligible. It is noted that, with the mechanical constant typically associated with piezoelectric materials, fluid viscosity could have a significant effect on some vibrations. In certain cases, a natural frequency associated with a minimum viscous damping and a maximum of total damping (indicating highly efficient acoustic radiation) is possible with such a frequency.The vibrational characteristics, fluid loading, and energy flow are evaluated for a fluid-filled PVDF shell submerged in air and water. The inclusion of fluid inside the shell is shown to produce various narrow band peaks responses, vibrational absorbing frequencies, and non-dissipating frequencies. Those vibrational characteristics could have many potential applications. For example, the interior fluid could offer the option of generating a desired narrow band near resonant sound radiation while keeping power dissipation due to fluid viscosity to a minimum. Those well-defined narrow band characteristics also open up possibilities of using a vibrating, fluid-filled shell as a micro scale sensor for sensing and detection applications.     

Mean force on a small sphere in a sound field in a viscous fluid

A mean force exerted on a small rigid sphere by a sound wave in a viscous fluid is calculated. The force is expressed as a sum of drag force coming from the external steady flow existing in the absence of the sphere and contributions that are cross products of velocity and velocity derivatives of the incident field. Because of the drag force and an acoustic streaming generated near the sphere, the mean force does not coincide with the acoustic radiation pressure, i.e., the mean momentum flux carried by the sound field through any surface enclosing the sphere. If the sphere radius R is considerably smaller than the viscous wave penetration depth delta, the drag force can give the leading-order contribution (in powers of delta/R) to the mean force and the latter can then be directed against the radiation pressure. In another limit, delta< or =R, the drag force and acoustic streaming play a minor role, and the mean force reduces to the radiation pressure, which can be expressed through source strengths of the scattered sound field. The effect of viscosity can then be significant only if the incident wave is locally plane traveling.     

Unification of perturbation theory, random matrix theory, and semiclassical considerations in the study of parametrically dependent eigenstates

We consider a classically chaotic system that is described by a Hamiltonian H(Q,P;x), where x is a constant parameter. Specifically, we discuss a gas particle inside a cavity, where x controls a deformation of the boundary or the position of a "piston." The quantum eigenstates of the system are |n(x)>. We describe how the parametric kernel P(nmid R:m) = ||(2) evolves as a function of deltax = x-x(0). We explore both the perturbative and the nonperturbative regimes, and discuss the capabilities and the limitations of semiclassical as well as random waves and random-matrix-theory considerations.     

球形粒子在Bessel波束照射下的轴向辐射力计算和分析

通过声散射理论,将水中粒子的Bessel波束声散射场的分波序列(PWS)表达公式加以推广,进而推导出声辐射力的表达公式,获得了液体球及弹性球在Bessel波束下声辐射力的变化规律。通过观察不同散射角形态函数,可发现声辐射力的产生与粒子背向散射抑制程度有关。对于液体球粒子,球壳厚度及材料介质对粒子声辐射力有着重要的影响,同时Bessel波束波锥角越大,产生负声辐射力的可能性越大。对于弹性球和弹性单层壳粒子,声辐射力的产生与其本身的共振特征存在很大的关系。同时,通过改变球壳内介质及壳层厚度的方法,可增加产生的负声辐射力的频率范围及幅值强度.      

Simultaneous acquisition of perfusion and permeability from corrected relaxation rates with dynamic susceptibility contrast dual gradient echo

This study compared two methods, corrected (separation of T(1) and T(2)* effects) and uncorrected, in order to determine the suitability of the perfusion and permeability measures through Delta R(2)* and Delta R(1) analyses. A dynamic susceptibility contrast dual gradient echo (DSC-DGE) was used to image the fixed phantoms and flow phantoms (Sephadex perfusion phantoms and dialyzer phantom for the permeability measurements). The results confirmed that the corrected relaxation rate was linearly proportional to gadolinium-diethyltriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) concentration, whereas the uncorrected relaxation rate did not in the fixed phantom and simulation experiments. For the perfusion measurements, it was found that the correction process was necessary not only for the Delta R(1) time curve but also for the Delta R(2)* time curve analyses. Perfusion could not be measured without correcting the Delta R(2)* time curve. The water volume, which was expressed as the perfusion amount, was found to be closer to the theoretical value when using the corrected Delta R(1) curve in the calculations. However, this may occur in the low concentration of Gd-DTPA in tissue used in this study. For the permeability measurements based on the two-compartment model, the permeability factor (k(ev); e = extravascular, v = vascular) from the outside to the inside of the hollow fibers was greater in the corrected Delta R(1) method than in the uncorrected Delta R(1) method. The differences between the corrected and the uncorrected Delta R(1) values were confirmed by the simulation experiments. In conclusion, this study proposes that the correction for the relaxation rates, Delta R(2)* and Delta R(1), is indispensable in making accurate perfusion and permeability measurements, and that DSC-DGE is a useful method for obtaining information on perfusion and permeability, simultaneously.     

Axial radiation force of a bessel beam on a sphere and direction reversal of the force

An expression is derived for the radiation force on a sphere placed on the axis of an ideal acoustic Bessel beam propagating in an inviscid fluid. The expression uses the partial-wave coefficients found in the analysis of the scattering when the sphere is placed in a plane wave traveling in the same external fluid. The Bessel beam is characterized by the cone angle beta of its plane wave components where beta=0 gives the limiting case of an ordinary plane wave. Examples are found for fluid spheres where the radiation force reverses in direction so the force is opposite the direction of the beam propagation. Negative axial forces are found to be correlated with conditions giving reduced backscattering by the beam. This condition may also be helpful in the design of acoustic tweezers for biophysical applications. Other potential applications include the manipulation of objects in microgravity. Islands in the (ka, beta) parameter plane having a negative radiation force are calculated for the case of a hexane drop in water. Here k is the wave number and a is the drop radius. Low frequency approximations to the radiation force are noted for rigid, fluid, and elastic solid spheres in an inviscid fluid.     

Acoustic radiation force on an air bubble and soft fluid spheres in ideal liquids: Example of a high-order Bessel beam of quasi-standing waves

The partial wave series for the scattering of a high-order Bessel beam (HOBB) of acoustic quasi-standing waves by an air bubble and fluid spheres immersed in water and centered on the axis of the beam is applied to the calculation of the acoustic radiation force. A HOBB refers to a type of beam having an axial amplitude null and an azimuthal phase gradient. Radiation force examples obtained through numerical evaluation of the radiation force function are computed for an air bubble, a hexane, a red blood and mercury fluid spheres in water. The examples were selected to illustrate conditions having progressive, standing and quasi-standing waves with appropriate selection of the waves’ amplitude ratio. An especially noteworthy result is the lack of a specific vibrational mode contribution to the radiation force determined by appropriate selection of the HOBB parameters.     

An analytical model to predict the response of fluid-filled shells to impact—a model for blunt head impacts

An approximate analytical model to predict the response of a fluid-filled shell of arbitrary thickness impacting with a solid elastic sphere is proposed and the limits of applicability of the equations developed are discussed. The model is based on combining the Hertzian contact stiffness and the effective local membrane and bending stiffness to derive implicit expressions for global impact characteristics including the duration of impact, the peak force transmitted, peak global acceleration of shell and sphere, and the resultant pressures induced in the fluid. Closed-form explicit expressions are also derived to predict whether the pressure response in the fluid will be hydrostatic or will exhibit large dynamic transients of pressure (and shear strain). It should be noted that the impact of hollow/empty shells with solid spheres, as well as the impact of shells with an elastic half-space, can be straightforwardly treated as limiting cases. The model is of obvious relevance to head impact modelling and selected parametric studies of the response of fluid-filled shells with geometric and material properties about those typical for the human head are given.     

Scattering from a partially fluid-filled, elastic-shelled sphere

In this article a sphere is taken to be partially filled with fluid so that its interior is part fluid and part air. A set of basis of functions, based upon an origin at the fluid/air interface, is used for the interior and a set of basis functions based upon the center of the sphere is used for the shell and exterior of the sphere. These sets of basis functions are coupled at the shell/interior interface and the resulting coupled system of equations solved to yield the scattered field. Numerical computations using this approach are presented for varying amounts of fluid-fill and for varying incident plane waves.     

流体PVT的对应关系

本文依据对应态原理,提出新定义的对比压缩因子Zr=(1-Z)/(1-ZC)的无量纲交换式和对饱和温度的对比温度Tsr=T/Ts式,并根据两种流体工质对比压力Pr1=Pr2,对比温度Tsr1=Tsr2相等时,Zr1=Zr2相等的原则,导出了从一种已知PVT关系的物质推算它种物质的PVT值的通用方法。用本方法以水为标准物质推算了R12、R131、R134a、C2H4等几种物质在过热气体区、超临界区和液体区比容,计算值与文献实验值的平均偏差小于2,最大偏差小于4%。     

Hollow nanoparticles of <Emphasis Type="Italic">β</Emphasis>-iron oxide synthesized by chemical vapor condensation

Hollow nanoparticles of -Fe₂O₃ were synthesized by chemical vapor condensation (CVC). A structural study revealed that the nanoparticles, 10–20 nm in diameter, consisted of hollow structures with several shells 3–5 nm in thickness. TEM observation indicated that the shells of the -Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles consist of several grain structures having different crystal orientations. This feature of the crystallinity enables us to infer the formation mechanism of the hollow structure of the -Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles during CVC process.     

NO（D^2∑）共振增强的多光子离化谱

利用皮秒Nd：YAG激光器泵浦的光学参量发生傲大器作激发源，获得了NO分子在460～570nm波长范围内的多光子离化谱，测量了离化信号随激光强度的关系，其近五次方关系表明在460～570nm波长范围内NO分子吸收5个光子而离化。通过对谱线的归属，确认在此波长范围内，NO分子的离化过程是通过高激发态D^2∑的共振增强的多光子离化过程。用最小二乘法拟合，获得了D^2∑态的基振动频率和相互作用的力常数。     

Parametric amplification of the dynamic radiation force of acoustic waves in fluids

We report on parametric amplification in dynamic radiation force produced by a bichromatic acoustic beam in a fluid. To explain this effect we develop a theory taking into account the nonlinearity of the fluid. The theory is validated through an experiment to measure the dynamic radiation force on an acrylic sphere. Results exhibit an amplification of 66 dB in water and 80 dB in alcohol as the difference of the frequencies is increased from 10 Hz to 240 kHz.