A desktop X‐ray monochromator for synchrotron radiation based on refraction in mosaic prism lenses

Focusing planar refractive mosaic lenses based on triangular prism microstructures have been used as an alternative approach for wide‐bandpass monochromatization of high‐energy X‐rays. The strong energy dependence of the refractive index of the lens material leads to an analogous energy dependence of the focal length of the lens. The refractive mosaic lens, in comparison with the refractive lens of continuous parabolic profile, is characterized by a higher aperture because of reduced passive material. In combination with a well defined pinhole aperture in the focal plane, the transmittance of photons of an appropriate energy can be relatively high and photons of deviating energy can be efficiently suppressed. The photon energy can be tuned by translating the pinhole along the optical axis, and the bandwidth changed by selecting appropriate pinhole aperture and beam stop. This method of monochromatization was realised at the ANKA FLUO beamline using a mosaic lens together with a 20 µm pinhole and beam stop. An energy resolution of 2.0% at 16 keV has been achieved.     

关于左手性介质几何光学的研究（二）

利用几何光学方法研究了由左手性介质制成的简单透镜的光学特性.推理分析了左手性介质透镜处球形界面的负折射规律，并依此表明了常用光学公式仍适用于左手性介质.指出了左手性介质透镜相对于用传统介质制作的普通透镜所具备的固有优点，最后证实了利用单块左手性介质透镜即可完全消球差，并相应提供了零球差左手性介质透镜的设计实例.     

Design and fabrication of fluid controlled dynamic optical lens system

A novel small fluid controlled optical lens system that is capable of displaying dynamic variation of its focal length and field-of-view (FOV) is designed and fabricated. In this active lens system, appropriate volume of the optical fluid can be pumped into or out of the lens chamber to provide double-convex (DCX) or double-concave (DCV) lens effect. Simple optical imaging experiments were performed using different sets of glass lenses with fixed focal lengths to determine the optimum lens configuration required for designing a dynamic optical lens system. The experimental results obtained from the glass lenses demonstrate that a combination of a single DCX lens with three DCV lenses provides a wider FOV. The flexible membranes for fluid controlled lenses were fabricated using polydimethylsiloxane polymer material, which has good optical transparency and elasticity. A simple fluid injection system is used to vary the radius of curvature of the lenses, and thereby to change the focal length. A dynamic optical lens system with a combination of one DCX and multiple variable focal length DCV lenses as designed here can image an object with a wide range of focal length and FOV. With this fluid controlled optical system, the FOV and focal length could be continuously varied and a maximum FOV of 118.3° could be achieved. The smallest f-number (f_/#) for this fluid controlled single lens system was found to be 1.3, which corresponds to the numerical aperture value of 0.35.     

多重结构的体全息存储傅里叶变换光学系统设计

分析了体全息存储傅里叶变换光学系统的设计要求和光学参量的确定。采用多重结构方法对傅里叶变换镜头的正向和逆向光路同时进行了优化,可实现对两对物像共扼位置控制像差。给出了前后组焦距分别为44mm和40mm的达到衍射受限要求的4片型球面全息存储光学系统的设计结果。     

室内可见光通信系统中菲涅尔透镜接收天线的设计研究

针对基于白光LED室内可见光无线光通信技术的应用需求, 设计了等齿距平面菲涅尔透镜. 相比常规透镜光接收天线, 菲涅尔透镜具有聚焦能力强、焦距短、透镜厚度薄、重量轻、成本低等优点. 利用Trace pro软件对设计进行了模拟仿真, 分析了透镜不同设计参数对接收天线光学增益、光学效率及光斑尺寸的影响, 讨论了透镜在平行光斜入射时的会聚情况. 结果表明, 平面点聚焦菲涅尔透镜的光学效率可达92.1%, 适用于小视场、高增益接收光学系统前端.     

关于左手性介质几何光学的研究（一）

根据几何光学中的费马原理和完善成像原理研究了光线经过正负折射率界面时的传播特性，推导了单负折射率完善成像的曲面方程，讨论了单块负折射率透镜成像特性的一些缺陷及改进方案，依此指出了最短时间原理的适用范围的局限性和利用左手性介质制作光学器件的优越性，为进一步研究左手性介质的光学特性和相关光学器件设计提供了理论基础.     

High‐energy X‐ray optics with silicon saw‐tooth refractive lenses

Silicon saw‐tooth refractive lenses have been in successful use for vertical focusing and collimation of high‐energy X‐rays (50–100 keV) at the 1‐ID undulator beamline of the Advanced Photon Source. In addition to presenting an effectively parabolic thickness profile, as required for aberration‐free refractive optics, these devices allow high transmission and continuous tunability in photon energy and focal length. Furthermore, the use of a single‐crystal material (i.e. Si) minimizes small‐angle scattering background. The focusing performance of such saw‐tooth lenses, used in conjunction with the 1‐ID beamline's bent double‐Laue monochromator, is presented for both short (～1:0.02) and long (～1:0.6) focal‐length geometries, giving line‐foci in the 2 µm–25 µm width range with 81 keV X‐rays. In addition, a compound focusing scheme was tested whereby the radiation intercepted by a distant short‐focal‐length lens is increased by having it receive a collimated beam from a nearer (upstream) lens. The collimation capabilities of Si saw‐tooth lenses are also exploited to deliver enhanced throughput of a subsequently placed small‐angular‐acceptance high‐energy‐resolution post‐monochromator in the 50–80 keV range. The successful use of such lenses in all these configurations establishes an important detail, that the pre‐monochromator, despite being comprised of vertically reflecting bent Laue geometry crystals, can be brilliance‐preserving to a very high degree.     

四光路透镜成像系统研究

针对现有膜厚监控系统的双平行光路系统和监测光直接照射单色仪入射狭缝的结构，提出了四光路透镜成像系统，同时采用光纤传光。实验表明它提高了膜厚监的稳定性和精度，并有较高的性能价格比，此外从理论上对多光路透镜成像系统的设计和调校进行了定量分析。     

衍射光学透镜色散特性的仿真研究

在白光照射下,衍射光学透镜的焦距不仅同材料色散和波长色散有关,而且还同孔径因子有关。基于折射率随波长变化的经验公式,利用自编的仿真计算程序包,得到了透镜焦距、材料色散、波长色散、孔径因子之间的关系曲线。所获得的理论分析和仿真计算结果为进一步设计消色差的纯衍射目视光学系统提供了理论依据,具有一定的指导意义。     

自聚焦透镜组合光学系统的光线传输分析

本文导出了自聚焦透镜组合光学系统的光线传输方程,讨论了光线传输与自聚焦透焦透镜参数关系。对几种典型自聚焦透镜组合进行了计算、从而估计自聚焦透镜参数选择。     

计算全息法测量长焦透镜面形和焦距

为了同时对长焦透镜的面形和焦距进行高精度检测,提出在Zygo干涉仪的球面光路中加入一个二元衍射元件作为检测件的计算全息法。 首先对计算全息法检测长焦透镜的面形和焦距进行了理论推导,并给出焦距误差公式。在Zemax中使用在平面基底上制作的二元衍射元件对一个长焦透镜的面形和焦距进行了模拟检测,其中对该长焦透镜面形的干涉检测PV值为0.0034λ,对焦距的检测精度为-0.11%。最后详细分析了两类误差对检测结果的影响,其中光学元件的位置误差影响不超过0.1λ;二元衍射元件的制造误差影响约0.01λ,在具体制造过程中,其径向位置误差和台阶误差可分别在2 μm和5 nm之内。在综合考虑各项误差的情况下,该方法的检测精度仍然可控制在2λ/25之内。     

倾斜离轴高斯-谢尔模型光束在大气湍流中通过猫眼光学镜头反射光的光强特性

本文研究了大气湍流和探测光空间相干性对倾斜离轴激光束通过猫眼光学 镜头反射光光强特性的影响. 研究表明: 由于光阑效应以及光束倾斜或离轴, 反射光光强出现振荡和非对称分布现象. 大气湍流不会改变其非对称性, 但湍流中其光强不再振荡. 当猫眼光学镜头存在微弱正离焦δ_max情况下, 轴上光强可达到最大值. 猫眼光学镜头焦距越大, 所需δ_max越大. 但是, 大气湍流和探测光相干性好坏都不会改变所需δ_max值. 在大气湍流中传输距离足够远时, 反射光强会成为离轴类高斯分布. 随着传输距离的增大, 相干性越差的探测光的反射光束扩展可以更小, 这与部分相干光自由空间传输规律完全不同. 探测光相干性越好, 其反射光强受湍流的影响越大, 但差异不大. 本文所得结果对激光主动探测的应用具有意义. 关键词： 猫眼光学镜头 大气湍流 部分相干光 光强     

Refractive X‐ray shape memory polymer 3D lenses with axial symmetry

Parabolic 3D refractive lenses from shape memory polymers were manufactured and tested using monochromatic X‐rays of 10 keV. Four lenses in two sets with focal distances of about 6 and 4 m were used. The lens optical properties in terms of resolution, efficiency and gain were measured. The radiation stability test was performed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多焦距光学系统的小型化设计

提出了一种多焦距短筒功率谱采集透镜(PSCL)系统设计方案,系统由前组透镜、后组透镜和4倍透镜组组成。F500傅里叶透镜作为前组透镜固定,加后组透镜,实现焦距F500至F800或F1000的切换。在F500或F1000系统后增加4倍透镜组,实现F2000或F4000的光学系统。设计结果表明,该方案缩短了透镜系统筒长,且像质良好。该透镜系统适用于多种焦距值切换的光学系统和仪器的小型化。     

非球面透镜在两波长间的补偿检验

在检验光路中,采用补偿透镜来补偿口径为φ500mm的非球面透镜的使用波长(λ=1053nm)与检测波长(λ=632.8nm)之间的色差。给出补偿透镜的求解方法,得到非球面透镜的补偿检验光路,并就非球面透镜的检验精度进行分析。通过精度分析可以看出,在此种补偿检验光路下,非球面透镜的透射波前PV不低于0.2λ(λ=632.8nm),可满足元件的精度要求。     

基于单准直透镜的阵列准直器研究

提出了一种基于单准直透镜和光纤阵列的阵列准直器, 深入研究了此种方案的光路无胶和光路有胶的两种实现方式; 并基于高斯光束传输矩阵和q参数相关理论, 从理论上详细地计算、推导了各变量之间的关系, 并进行了模拟仿真及实验验证, 得到了理论和实验一致的结果. 对两种实现方式的结构及封装设计也进行了初步的摸索和实验, 并制作出了性能良好的阵列准直器. 理论和实验表明, 该方案具有易加工、低成本、易封装、性能优等特点, 也易于扩展成多维阵列准直器, 可为可重构光分插复用器系统和光交叉连接系统的发展提供强有力的器件支撑.     

左手性介质平板透镜系统的赛德尔像差特性

根据初级像差理论广泛研究了由左手性介质构造的平板透镜系统的赛德尔像差特性.由初级像差加和定理推导了适合于这种系统的赛德尔和数公式，并指出了寻找消赛德尔像差的平板透镜系统的方法.作为两个特例,分别讨论了消赛德尔像差的左手性介质单透镜和双胶合透镜系统.     

一种数码相机定焦镜头的光学系统设计

为适应市场上对结构简洁、成像品质高且生产成本低的数码相机镜头的需要,运用光学设计软件CODE V,在传统数码相机定焦镜头的基础上,结合非球面塑料透镜理论,模拟出了生产成本较低的三片式数码相机定焦镜头。该数码相机镜头结构的特点是：模块仅包括3块透镜;选择塑料镜头代替玻璃/塑料混合镜头或者全玻璃镜头,降低了系统的生产成本;系统的后焦距增大到0.8116mm,能够确保良好的远心光路性能;透镜表面完全采用非球面设计,较好地校正了球差等各种像差,使透镜具有良好的光学成像性能。