壁面加热湍流相干结构的子波分析实验研究

通过在平板湍流边界层沿流向固壁表面平行放置若干条通电加热的金属细丝,在平板表面形成沿展向周期性分布的温度场,利用该温度场引起的空气热对流,在湍流边界层近壁区域产生一组沿湍流边界层展向周期分布的大尺度流向涡结构,改变了平板湍流边界层中不同尺度结构及其能量分布。采用对壁湍流多尺度结构的子波分析表明,在湍流边界层近壁区域产生规则的流向涡结构将壁湍流各种尺度湍涡结构不规则的脉动有序地组织起来,抑制了壁湍流各种尺度湍涡结构脉动,特别抑制了能量最大尺度湍涡结构的脉动,减小由于湍流脉动引起的在湍流边界层法向和展向的动量和能量损耗,从而减小了湍流的阻力。     

槽道湍流展向振荡电磁力减阻的机理研究

对槽道湍流的展向振荡电磁力控制进行了实验和数值研究. 实验通过PIV系统和浮动床阻力测试系统记录近壁区的条带变化和壁面阻力变化. 计算时, 利用谱方法直接模拟电磁力控制下的近壁流场. 实验和计算结果定性一致, 皆表明展向振荡电磁力可以减少壁面阻力, 并使条带倾斜. 计算结果还进一步揭示了电磁力减阻的机理. 电磁力诱导产生的流向涡与壁湍流的相互作用, 在近壁处形成负的脉动展向涡, 该涡将导致流向涡的倾斜和振荡, 从而抑制湍流, 减少壁面阻力.      

高速列车近尾流区湍流涡旋的数值计算及动力学讨论

主要针对缩尺比例1:30的高速动车组空气动力学模型的近尾流区域流场进行数值模拟,分析讨论了湍动能和湍流能量的产生,得到以下结论:对应于各展向位置的湍动能沿流向的变化规律与近尾流区涡旋结构携带能量的展向外移现象有关;在尾车鼻端附近,湍流涡旋具有显著的湍动能,并且各方向上的能量分量具有相同的量级,反映出湍流涡旋是高度三维的流动结构;靠近尾车鼻端的近尾流区湍流涡旋具有较强的从平均流动中提取能量的能力,并且结果表明,来自于车体底面和侧面的剪切流动沿垂向分别在一定空间范围内发挥重要的影响作用;大涡特征尺度沿流向增大,其中较小的涡旋对湍流能量的产生有主要贡献,同时,由于受到列车侧面较厚剪切层的影响,对湍流能量有贡献的涡旋所对应的积分尺度范围增大,从而使位于尾车鼻端附近的涡流能够在更大的流向范围内获取用于维持湍流尾流的能量.     

金属丝壁面加热湍流标度律的实验研究

通过在固壁表面的平板湍流边界层沿流向平行放置若干通电加热的金属细丝,在平板表面形成沿展向周期性分布的温度场,利用该温度场引起的空气热对流,在湍流边界层近壁区域产生一组沿湍流边界层展向周期分布的流向涡结构。对壁湍流小尺度结构标度律统计特性的研究表明,金属丝加热后形成的规则流向涡结构将壁湍流各种尺度湍涡结构不规则的脉动有序地组织起来,增强了湍流小尺度结构的层次结构相似性,减小了壁湍流中小尺度结构的间歇性和奇异性,抑制了壁湍流中奇异的湍涡结构。     

基于LBM的壁湍流跨尺度能量传递结构统计

壁湍流不同尺度间能量传输特性存在着明显的各向异性, 了解能量不同尺度间传递的空间分布是进一步构造高保真各向异性大涡模拟亚格子模式的前提. 基于格子Boltzmann数值(lattice Boltzmann method, LBM)模拟方法对雷诺数$Re_{\tau } =180$的槽道湍流进行直接数值模拟. 结果与公开的槽道湍流数据库进行对比, 平均速度剖面、雷诺应力和脉动速度均方根均取得了较好的一致性, 验证了LBM方法模拟槽道湍流的可靠性. 对模拟后的数据采用空间滤波方法得到不同尺度间能量交换量的空间分布场, 结合结构识别捕捉方法——聚类分析法对不同尺度间能量传输结构的空间分布特性进行了分析. 结果表明尺度间能量传输结构在全流场物理空间中主要为小尺寸结构, 结构的体积概率密度呈现出$-$4/5幂律, 按结构距壁面最小距离以结构距壁面距离又可将结构划分为附着结构和分离结构, 其中附着结构以较小的数量占比达到了较高的体积占比, 表明附着结构多为大尺寸结构, 进一步的对附着结构的统计表明结构在尺寸上存在着一定的幂律关系, 表明不同尺度间能量输运结构也具有Townsend提出的附面涡的自相似性, 最后对能量正反传附着结构的成对特性研究发现, 能量正传$\!-\!$反传结构对倾向于沿展向并排排列.      

TRPIV MEASUREMENT OF DRAG-REDUCTION IN THE TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER OVER RIBLETS PLATE

采用高时间分辨率粒子图像测速技术对沟槽壁面平板湍流边界层速度矢量场的时间序列及其统计量进行了实验测量,讨论了在同一来流速度下沟槽壁面对平均速度剖面﹑雷诺切应力及湍流强度的影响. 用流向速度分量的多尺度空间局部平均结构函数辨识壁湍流多尺度相干结构,用条件采样和相位平均技术提取壁湍流多尺度相干结构喷射和扫掠事件的脉动速度、展向涡量的二维空间拓扑形态. 结果表明,与同材料光滑壁面对比,沟槽壁面实现了10.73%的摩阻减小量;沟槽壁面湍流边界层湍流强度及雷诺切应力皆比光滑平板湍流边界层对应统计量小,说明沟槽壁面有效降低了湍流边界层内流体的脉动. 通过比较壁湍流相干结构猝发事件各脉动速度分量与展向涡量的空间分布特征,肯定了沟槽壁面的减阻效果,发现沟槽壁面通过抑制相干结构猝发事件实现减阻.     

壁湍流猝发过程中速度分量的相位差对雷诺应力影响的实验研究

用IFA300恒温热线风速仪和×形二分量热线探针,以采样间隔小于最小湍流时间尺度的分辨率,精细测量了风洞中平板湍流边界层不同法向位置的瞬时流向、展向速度分量的时间序列信号.用子波分析辨识壁湍流相干结构猝发事件的能量最大准则,确定壁湍流相干结构猝发事件的时间尺度;用条件相位平均技术提取了相干结构猝发过程中流向、展向脉动速度分量条件相位平均波形,用互相关方法研究了相干结构猝发过程中流向、展向脉动速度分量条件相位平均波形的相位差关系及其对雷诺应力的影响,发现在缓冲层和对数律区,展向脉动速度与流向脉动速度的条件相位平均波形具有不同的相位;当两者相位基本一致时,雷诺应力达到正的最大值,此时湍流相干结构的产生非常活跃;当两者相位差分别集中在90°和270°附近时,雷诺应力的幅值减小并接近于零,此时湍流相干结构的产生和猝发都得到了抑制.     

高频吹气扰动影响近壁区拟序结构统计特性的实验研究

利用恒温热线风速仪测量了零压力梯度平板上施加由合成射流激发的狭缝周期吹气扰动前后不同流向位置湍流边界层的速度信号, 展开高频吹气扰动影响近壁区湍流结构的统计特性研究. 研究结果表明:高频周期吹气扰动在狭缝下游产生明显的减阻效果. 扰动强度在湍流边界层内的发展沿流向呈衰减趋势, 其与湍流结构的相互作用也相应衰减. 然而, 因高频扰动产生运动的展向涡结构与猝发引起的结构变化尺度相当, 直接影响了近壁区拟序结构产生与发展的统计, 从而使得猝发检测方法VITA 表现出与低频或定常吹气减阻机理相异的现象.      

柔性壁面湍流减阻机理与多尺度相干结构控制的实验研究

用热膜测速仪以高于对应最小湍流时间尺度的分辨率,精细测量了水槽中刚性壁面和柔性壁面平板湍流边界层不同法向位置流向速度分量的时间序列信号,利用湍流边界层近壁区域的对数律平均速度剖面与壁面摩擦速度、流体粘性系数、壁面摩擦切应力等内尺度物理量的关系,在准确测量湍流边界层近壁区域对数律平均速度剖面的基础上,通过非线性迭代求解壁面摩擦速度以及湍流边界层壁面摩擦切应力.结果表明柔性壁的湍流边界层速度分布在对数律层有所上移,缓冲层增厚,说明柔性壁面具有一定的减阻作用. 利用湍流多尺度局部平均结构函数的概念和多尺度局部平均结构函数的瞬时强度因子、平坦因子检测多尺度相干结构及其间歇性的方法,提取了湍流边界层多尺度相干结构的条件相位平均波形.对比研究了刚性壁面和柔性壁面平板湍流边界层近壁区域多尺度相干结构的条件相位平均波形及其间歇性的统计特征,分析了柔性壁面具有减阻作用的物理机理.     

双振子同异步振动主动控制湍流边界层减阻实验研究

本文以镶嵌在平板上沿展向对放的两个压电陶瓷振子为主动控制激励器,自主设计了零质量射流主动控制湍流边界层减阻实验方案.在风洞中开展了双压电振子同步和异步振动主动控制湍流边界层减阻的实验研究,实现了压电振子的周期扰动对湍流边界层多尺度相干结构的干扰和调制,施加控制后减小了壁面摩擦阻力,获得减阻效果.当异步控制100 V, 160 Hz工况时得到最大减阻率为18.54%.小波多尺度分析结果表明,施加控制工况中PZT振子的周期性扰动使得小尺度结构的湍流脉动强度增强,改变了近壁区大尺度和小尺度结构的含能分布,且异步控制工况比同步控制工况的减阻效果好.当双振子振动频率为160 Hz时,流向脉动速度的小波系数PDF曲线呈现出波动特征,尾部变宽显著,近壁湍流脉动更加有序和规则,湍流间歇性减弱.对小尺度脉动进行条件相位平均的结果表明,施加PZT周期扰动后使得大尺度结构破碎成为小尺度结构,小尺度脉动强度增强,实现减阻.随着流向位置离PZT振子越来越远,周期性扰动对相干结构的调制作用逐渐减弱.     

The effect of streamwise vortices on the turbulence structure of a separating boundary layer

A high Reynolds number flat plate turbulent boundary layer is investigated in a wind-tunnel experiment. The flow is subjected to an adverse pressure gradient which is strong enough to generate a weak separation bubble. This experimental study attempts to shed some new light on separation control by means of streamwise vortices with emphasize on the change in the boundary layer turbulence structure. In the present case, counter-rotating and initially non-equidistant streamwise vortices become and remain equidistant and confined within the boundary layer, contradictory to the prediction by inviscid theory. The viscous diffusion cause the vortices to grow, the swirling velocity component to decrease and the boundary layer to develop towards a two-dimensional state. At the position of the eliminated separation bubble the following changes in the turbulence structure were observed. The anisotropy state in the near-wall region is unchanged, which indicates that it is determined by the presence of the wall rather than the large scale vortices. However, the turbulence in the outer part of the boundary layer becomes overall more isotropic due to an increased wall-normal mixing and a significantly decreased production of streamwise fluctuations. The turbulent kinetic energy is decreased as a consequence of the latter. Despite the complete change in mean flow, the spatial turbulence structure and the anisotropy state, the process of transfer of turbulent kinetic energy to the spanwise fluctuating component seems to be unchanged. Local regions of anisotropy are strongly connected to maxima in the turbulent production. For example, at spanwise positions in between those of symmetry, the spanwise gradient of the streamwise velocity cause significant production of turbulent fluctuations. Transport of turbulence in the spanwise direction occurs in the same direction as the rotation of the vortices.     

The spanwise spectra in wall-bounded turbulence

The pre-multiplied spanwise energy spectra of streamwise velocity fluctuations are investigated in this paper. Two distinct spectral peaks in the spanwise spectra are observed in low-Reynolds-number wall-bounded turbulence.The spectra are calculated from direct numerical simulation(DNS) of turbulent channel flows and zero-pressure-gradient boundary layer flows. These two peaks locate in the nearwall and outer regions and are referred to as the inner peak and the outer peak, respectively. This result implies that the streamwise velocity fluctuations can be separated into large and small scales in the spanwise direction even though the friction Reynolds number Reτ can be as low as 1000. The properties of the inner and outer peaks in the spanwise spectra are analyzed. The locations of the inner peak are invariant over a range of Reynolds numbers. However, the locations of the outer peak are associated with the Reynolds number,which are much higher than those of the outer peak of the pre-multiplied streamwise energy spectra of the streamwise velocity.     

Direct simulation of turbulent flow and heat transfer in a channel. Part I: Smooth walls

Interest in the use of supercomputers for the direct numerical calculation of turbulence prompts the development of efficient numerical techniques so that calculation at higher Reynolds numbers might be made. This paper presents an efficient pseudo-spectral technique, similar to but different from others that have recently appeared, for the calculation of momentum and heat transfer to a constant-property, turbulent fluid in a two-dimensional channel with walls at different, uniform temperature. The code uses no empiricism, although periodic boundary conditions are used for fluctuating quantities in the streamwise and spanwise directions. Calculations were made for a Prandtl number of 0·72 and Reynolds number based on friction velocity and channel half-height of 180 or 2800 based on channel half-height and average velocity. Calculations of mean velocity profile, turbulence intensities, skewness, flatness, Reynolds stress and eddy diffusivity of heat near a wall compare favourably with experimental results. Representative contour plots of the temperature field near the wall and of the spanwise and streamwise two-point velocity correlations are given. Deficiencies are that the calculation requires many hours on a fast computer with a large high-speed memory and that the grid size in each direction for appropriate resolution is approximately proportional to the square of the Reynolds number and to the Prandtl number raised to some power greater than one.     

The Tilting Mechanism of a Longitudinal Vortical Structure in a Homogeneous Shear Flow with and Without Spanwise Rotation

A longitudinal vortical structure is typically observed in near-wall turbulence. This vortical structure is elongated in the streamwise direction, though it is also tilted in the spanwise direction. The sense of this spanwise tilting is determined by the sign of the streamwise vorticity associated with the vortex, and longitudinal vortical structures with a different streamwise vorticity become asymmetric (mirror symmetric). The tilting must be due to the combined effects of the non-linear terms and mean spanwise vorticity associated with the mean shear. However, the detailed mechanism of the tilting is not well known. To study the tilting in detail, we performed direct numerical simulations of a homogeneous shear flow where the longitudinal vortical structures similar to those in the near-wall region are observed. In particular, the effects of spanwise system rotation as well as the Reynolds number on the vortical structure are studied. As a result, we found that spanwise system rotation has more marked effects on the vortical structure than the Reynolds number. When the system rotation is imposed in the same direction as the mean spanwise vorticity, the tilting is enhanced, while the system rotation of the opposite direction attenuates it. We also found that when the longitudinal vortical structure is tilted in the spanwise direction, it is sandwiched between the streamwise vorticity of the opposite sign. The cyclonic rotation enhances the streamwise vorticity of the opposite sign, though the longitudinal vortical structure at the center is attenuated. In the anticyclonic case, the streamwise vorticity of the opposite sign almost disappears and the longitudinal vortical structure is isolated from the surrounding flow.     

Turbulence structure in non-equilibrium boundary layers with favorable and adverse pressure gradients

An experimental study was conducted to document the turbulence in boundary layers on smooth walls subject to a favorable pressure gradient followed by a zero pressure gradient recovery and an adverse pressure gradient. Two component velocity profiles were acquired along the spanwise centerline of the test section, and velocity fields were obtained at the same locations in streamwise wall-normal and streamwise–spanwise planes using PIV. The FPG was shown to reduce the turbulence in the outer part of the boundary layer, reducing the transport of this turbulence and the effect of sweeps toward the wall. This reduced the inclination angle of the large structures and increased their length scale, particularly in the streamwise and spanwise directions. Recovery from the FPG to a ZPG was rapid. The APG reduced the near wall shear, resulting in a reduced effect of ejections relative to sweeps. The APG had an opposite but smaller effect on the shape and size of structures compared to the FPG.     

Influence of spanwise pitch on local heat transfer distribution for in-line arrays of circular jets with spent air flow in two opposite directions

Effect of spanwise jet-to-jet spacing on local heat transfer distribution due to an in-line rectangular array of confined multiple circular air jets impinging on a surface parallel to the jet plate are studied experimentally. Length-to-diameter ratio of nozzles of the jet plate is 1.0. The flow, after impingement, is constrained to exit in two opposite directions from the confined passage formed between jet plate and target plate. Mean jet Reynolds numbers based on the nozzle exit diameter (d) covered are 3000, 5000, 7500 and 10,000 and jet-to-plate spacings studied are d, 2d and 3d. Spanwise pitches considered are 2d, 4d and 6d in steps of 2d keeping the streamwise pitch at 5d. For all the configurations, the jet-plates have ten spanwise rows in streamwise direction and six jets in each spanwise row. Flat heat transfer surface is made of thin stainless steel metal foil. Local temperature distribution on a target plate is measured using thermal infrared camera. Wall static pressure on the target plate is measured in the streamwise direction to estimate crossflow velocities and individual jet velocities. Heat transfer characteristics are explained on the basis of the flow distribution. A simple correlation to predict streamwise distribution of heat transfer coefficients averaged over each spanwise strip resolved to one jet hole is developed.     

Transport and deposition of neutral particles in magnetohydrodynamic turbulent channel flows at low magnetic Reynolds numbers

The effect of Lorentz force on particle transport and deposition is studied by using direct numerical simulation of turbulent channel flow of electrically conducting fluids combined with discrete particle simulation of the trajectories of uncharged, spherical particles. The magnetohydrodynamic equations for fluid flows at low magnetic Reynolds numbers are adopted. The particle motion is determined by the drag, added mass, and pressure gradient forces. Results are obtained for flows with particle ensembles of various densities and diameters in the presence of streamwise, wall-normal or spanwise magnetic fields. It is found that the particle dispersion in the wall-normal and spanwise directions is decreased due to the changes of the underlying fluid turbulence by the Lorentz force, while it is increased in the streamwise direction. The particle accumulation in the near-wall region is diminished in the magnetohydrodynamic flows. In addition, the tendency of small inertia particles to concentrate preferentially in the low-speed streaks near the walls is strengthened with increasing Hartmann number. The particle transport by turbophoretic drift and turbulent diffusion is damped by the magnetic field and, consequently, particle deposition is reduced.     

Characteristics of wall pressure fluctuations in separated and reattaching flows over a backward-facing step: Part I. Time-mean statistics and cross-spectral analyses

 Laboratory measurements were made of wall pressure fluctuations in separated and reattaching flows over a backward-facing step. An array of 32 microphones in the streamwise as well as the spanwise directions was utilized. The statistical properties of pressure fluctations were scrutinized. Emphasis was placed on the flow inhomogeneity in the streamwise direction. One-point statistics such as the streamwise distribution of rms pressure and autospectra were shown to be generally consistent with the prior results. The peak frequency and the fall-off rate of autospectra demonstrated the shear layer-originated nature of pressure fluctuations. The coherences and wavenumber spectra in the streamwise and spanwise directions were indicative of the presence of dual modes in pressure; one is associated with the large-scale vortical structure in the low-frequency region and the other is the boundary-layer-like decaying mode in the high-frequency region. Received: 18 August 1999/Accepted: 17 May 2000     

Experiments on localized disturbances in a flat plate boundary layer. Part 1. The receptivity and evolution of a localized free stream disturbance

The receptivity of a laminar boundary layer to free stream disturbances has been experimentally investigated through the introduction of deterministic localized disturbances upstream of a flat plate mounted in a wind tunnel. Hot-wire measurements indicate that the spanwise gradient of the normal velocity component (and hence the streamwise vorticity) plays an essential role in the transfer of disturbance energy into the boundary layer. Inside the laminar boundary layer the disturbances were found to give rise to the formation of longitudinal structures of alternating high and low streamwise velocity. Similar streaky structures exist in laminar boundary layers exposed to free stream turbulence, in which the disturbance amplitude increases in linear proportion to the displacement thickness. In the present study the perturbation amplitude of the streaks was always decaying for the initial amplitudes used, in contrast to the growing fluctuations that are observed in the presence of free stream turbulence. This points out the importance of the continuous influence from the free stream turbulence along the boundary layer edge.