扫描电镜用于PTFE拉伸微孔膜的形态结构研究--研制中PTFE拉伸微孔膜的SEM鉴定

运用扫描电镜 (SEM )图像研究了聚四氟乙烯 (PTFE)粉料经过推挤、辊压和拉伸得到的微孔膜的形态结构 ,观察到膜是由网状纤维及由它所连接的结点所组成 .单相和双向拉伸显著影响到膜结构的改变 ,而未经热处理的拉伸膜的丝状纤维在放置中收缩改变了膜的微孔形态结构 ,但在孔径测定中没有显著变化 .认为纤维丝是PTFE粉料在推挤和辊压中形成的结点在拉伸中伸展引出的并产生孔隙 ,而由于从SEM仅能观察到 1nm深度的膜表面层 ,厚度达数十微米多孔膜的孔径分布应是很错杂的 .     

退火温度调控多层折叠石墨烯力学性能的分子动力学模拟

退火是石墨烯宏观组装材料常用的制备工艺之一,广泛用于其性能的调控.在石墨烯基材料中,石墨烯片层由于其自身的二维特性通常在微纳米尺度下呈现出多层折叠的结构.然而这种微观结构对材料力学性能退火调控的影响仍未得到充分的了解.为了阐明多层折叠石墨烯力学性能与退火温度间的调控关系,基于分子动力学模拟研究了材料弹性模量、拉伸强度、极限应变以及断裂韧性等关键力学性能参数随退火温度的变化规律,进而结合观察微观结构的演化过程揭示了性能调控现象的物理机制.结果表明:更高的退火温度将增强多层折叠石墨烯的弹性模量与拉伸强度,但同时削弱了其极限应变,并且其断裂韧性能够在一定退火温度范围内实现强化.研究发现,以上力学性能的调控作用归因于更高的退火温度将造成更加密集的层间交联,从而增强了折叠区域层间界面的相互作用,并限制了折叠结构的形态展开,致使结构破坏模式发生转变.     

几种Bi-2223/Ag超导带材层状复合结构的制备及性能研究

本文利用Bi-2223/Ag高温超导带材与抗拉强度σb为700MPa的铜带进行组合,带材宽度面间采用低熔点的Sn-Ag-Cu无铅焊料进行连接,制备了C-SC-C型、SC-C-SC型(C代表铜带,SC代表高温超导带)等四种层状复合结构.研究和考察了四种结构样品在室温下的拉伸性能和弯曲性能,以及电性能等.测试结果表明:与高温超导带材相比,复合后结构的拉伸性能得到了提高;复合结构中采用两根高温超导带材后,提高了传输电流的能力.研究结果为Bi-2223/Ag高温超导带材的实际应用以及新应用结构的设计提供了参考数据和实验依据.     

含扭转晶界位错Al金属拉伸强度第一性原理预测

本文基于密度泛函理论第一原理方法,从影响力学性能本质的电子结构计算上,对含Σ 5{001}扭转晶界位错Al金属拉伸强度进行了预测,发现其理论拉伸强度达到8.73 GPa,临界应变为 24%.拉伸强度低于文献报道(Phys. Rev. B 75, 174101 (2007))的倾斜晶界位错Al金属的理论拉伸强度9.5 GPa,但其临界应变却远大于倾斜晶界的16%.本研究结果表明,通过工艺参数控制,改变缺陷形态,可极大地改变其力学性能.进一步地,从电子结构层次上, 分析了含晶界位错Al金属拉伸断裂行为的实质,通过分析电荷密度分布、键长变化等,发现其断裂处发生在晶界处;理论计算结果将对Al金属结构设计及力学性能改善具有重要的指导作用.     

红外光谱法研究聚脲氨酯的取向行为

利用红外二向色性研究了聚脲氨酯中软、硬段及界面层的取向行为。证明了软、硬段处于完全不同的结构形态中。在较低拉伸水平时,硬段主要垂直于拉伸方向取向;在较高拉伸水平时,则转到沿拉伸方向取向。软段和界面则始终沿拉伸方向取向。     

膨体聚四氟乙烯微孔滤膜孔结构的扫描电镜图像解析

由拉伸法制得的膨体聚四氟乙烯(e PTFE)微孔滤膜,其孔结构与其他高分子材质膜截然不同.运用扫描电镜(SEM)图像解析方法描述纤维化的PTFE分子和相互连接的PTFE积聚分子结点,膜的孔性能分别以数字量化的参数: LF、WF、LN、WN、AN表示.测试结果与一般微孔滤膜常用泡压滤速法测定表示孔性能的表观密度和孔隙率有对应关系,说明SEM图像解析可作为表征e PTFE膜孔结构的方法之一.此外,图像解析还可显示原料PTFE分子量和机械操作中的拉伸比对生产的e PTFE膜孔结构的影响.     

单层MoSSe力学性质的分子动力学模拟研究

硫硒化钼(MoSSe)是一种新型二维“双面神”半导体材料,具有丰富的物理、化学、力学与电学性质.本文基于Stillinger-Weber势函数,采用分子动力学模拟方法对不同温度下的完美和含晶界MoSSe单层结构展开详细的力学行为分析.结果表明:完美单层MoSSe结构的力学性能呈现明显的各向异性;在单向拉伸作用下,其杨氏模量、强度极限和极限应变均随温度的升高而降低;当温度低于100 K时,沿锯齿形手性方向受拉伸作用的单层MoSSe结构发生由六环蜂窝相向四方相的相变,新四方相的杨氏模量约为原相结构的1.3倍且强度显著提升;当温度高于100 K时,沿锯齿形手性方向拉伸呈现脆性断裂;含晶界单层MoSSe结构受拉伸作用首先在晶界处产生裂缝,并逐步扩展至整个结构后断裂.锯齿形偏向晶界结构的强度随倾斜角度的增大而降低,扶手椅形偏向晶界结构也呈下降趋势.本研究对基于单层MoSSe的电子器件的强度设计和性能优化具有重要指导意义.     

CFRP布/树脂胶复合条带的抗拉力学性能

碳纤维聚合物(CFRP)编织布和环氧树脂胶已被广泛应用于工程结构的外贴抗爆加固。为了了解CFRP布/树脂胶复合成型材料的基本力学性能,系统开展了标准复合条带试件的准静态拉伸力学试验,得到了拉伸应力-应变全过程曲线,并基于试验结果标定了有限元模型的关键材料参数。研究结果表明:CFRP布/树脂胶复合成型材料呈现明显的弹脆性特点,抗拉强度能够达到4 100MPa,外贴树脂胶能够显著降低CFRP布力学性能指标的离散性,保证CFRP布材料特性的充分发挥;初始树脂粘贴缺陷对条带试件的破坏形态和抗拉性能有显著影响,外贴树脂胶的施工均匀度对加固工程结构的抗爆性能至关重要。     

氦等离子体处理对纳米二氧化硅溶胶涂覆T300碳纤维拉伸性能的影响

氦等离子体处理纳米二氧化硅溶胶涂覆T300碳纤维能构造出特定空间结构形态的纳米涂覆层.扫描电子显微镜照片显示,经氦等离子体处理后纳米二氧化硅溶胶涂覆T300碳纤维的纳米涂覆层在纤维表面分布均匀,起到填补纤维表面微观缺陷的功能.X射线光电子能谱及傅里叶变换红外光谱显示,纤维表面被引入了活性官能团,纳米二氧化硅涂覆层与碳纤维间有表面激活反应.形成纳米界面结构的T300碳纤维表面与纳米二氧化硅涂覆层间的相互作用符合艾琳方程,利用热激活体积可以对其相互作用进行定量分析.拉伸试验表明,屈服塑性变形导致纳米界面结构热激活,纳米微粒阻碍碳纤维表面大分子链形貌变化的热激活体积是纳米界面结构性能的重要表征. 关键词： 激活体积 溶胶涂覆 氦等离子体 纳米界面结构     

单轴拉伸对Nafion结构及性能的影响

2H NMR和PFG-NMR用于研究拉伸过程中Nafion结构的改变以及对溶剂分子运动性质的影响.2H谱表明单轴拉伸Nafion膜在拉伸比率较低情况下(L5),通道排列取向程度随着拉伸比率变大而增大,同时扩散实验表明水分子的运动能力也得到增强,表明取向化的通道网络有助于增强材料取向方向质子的导电能力,可以用于提高质子膜材料性能.在取向达到最大值后(L≥5)继续拉伸,膜内水分子的移动能力相比略有降低.溶胀实验表明取向膜的溶胀行为呈各向异性,拉伸作用致使膜内通道沿拉伸方向取向排列,通道的取向效应使得其在垂直拉伸方向(Y)和膜厚度方向(Z)溶胀更为显著.拉伸Nafion膜对甲醇的吸附能力随着拉伸比率的增加而增强,同时甲醇的扩散数据显示,甲醇的运动能力在该通道网络中也随着拉伸比率的变大而不断增强,甲醇燃料在该类质子膜内的渗透效应得以增强,不利于其在直接甲醇燃料电池中的应用.     

Correlation of the Morphological and Mechanical Properties of a Biodegradable Blend Based on Polylactic Acid

A series of binary and ternary blends composed of polylactic acid (PLA), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and chitosan (CS) were prepared and characterized in terms of their morphological and mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of the prepared blends, including tensile properties and impact strength, were compared with neat PLA. In addition, the effect of incorporation of maleic anhydride-grafted linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE-g-MA) as a compatibilizing agent, and the order of mixing on the mechanical and morphological properties of the ternary blends were also studied. It was observed that addition of CS enhanced the stiffness of PLA/LDPE blends while it decreased the toughness and tensile strength. It was demonstrated that addition of LLDPE-g-MA, up to 10 wt%, had no significant compatibilizing effect. However, the mechanical results indicated that when 15 wt% of LLDPE-g-MA was loaded, it started to play a compatibilizing role and caused an improvement in the toughness properties of ternary blend.     

MRI of tarantulas: morphological and perfusion imaging

This paper describes a study performed to evaluate the feasibility of using a 1.5-T whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) equipment, in combination with pharmacokinetic modeling, to obtain in vivo information about the morphology and perfusion of tarantulas (Eurypelma californicum). MRI was performed on three tarantulas using spin-echo sequences for morphological imaging and a rapid spoiled gradient-echo sequence for dynamic imaging during and after contrast medium (CM; Gd-DTPA) injection. Signal enhancement in dynamic measurements was evaluated with a pharmacokinetic two-compartment model. Spin-echo images showed morphological structures well. Dynamic images were of sufficient quality and allowed a model analysis of CM kinetics, which provides information about regional perfusion. In conclusion, morphological and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of tarantulas is feasible with a conventional clinical scanner. Studies of this kind are therefore possible without a dedicated high-field animal scanner.     

Effect of hemp surface modification on the morphological and tensile properties of linear medium density polyethylene (LMDPE) composites

This work investigates different hemp surface modifications (mercerization, maleated polyethylene (MAPE) addition in solution or in melt blending) to improve the properties of linear medium density polyethylene (LMDPE). From the composites produced, a complete morphological and tensile characterization was performed for a fixed hemp content (30% wt.). The morphological analysis showed that both the direct (melt blending) and solution modifications were able to significantly improve the composites interface quality and therefore the tensile properties (151% increase in modulus and 36% increase in strength over the neat matrix) within the range of conditions tested.     

温通活血乳膏急性毒性及刺激性和过敏性

研究温通活血乳膏的皮肤急性毒性、刺激性及过敏性,将乳膏涂于家兔背部完整或破损区皮肤,温通活血乳膏未产生皮肤急性毒性;采用豚鼠致敏反应,温通活血乳膏无皮肤与全身过敏反应.表明温通活血乳膏是安全的新型外用膏剂.     

Thermal and Tensile Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites Reinforced by Silane-functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes

Epoxy nanocomposites with unmodified multiwalled carbon nanotubes (u-MWCNTs) and silanized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (si-MWCNTs) were prepared by a cast molding method. The effects of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane functionalization of MWCNTs on thermal, tensile, and morphological properties of the nanocomposites were examined. The nanocomposites were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and tensile testing. The results showed that epoxy composites based on si-MWCNTs showed better thermal stability, glass transition temperature, and tensile properties than the composites based on u-MWCNTs. These results prove the effect of silane functionalization on the interfacial adhesion between epoxy and MWCNTs. This was further confirmed by morphology study of fractured surfaces of nanocomposites by field emission scanning electron microscopy.     

Dynamically Vulcanized Nitrile Butadiene Rubber/Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Terpolymer Blends Compatibilized by Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Block Copolymer

Thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) based on nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR)/ acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) blends were prepared by dynamic vulcanization, and then compatibilized by styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SBS). The effects of SBS compatibilizer on mechanical properties, Mullins effect, and morphological properties of the TPVs were investigated systematically. Experimental results indicated that SBS had an excellent compatibilization effect on the dynamically vulcanized NBR/ABS TPVs. The tensile strength increased from 9.4 to 15.8 MPa and the elongation at break went through a maximum value when the dosage of SBS was only 1 phr. Mullins effect results showed that the compatibilized NBR/ABS TPV had relatively lower residual deformation and internal friction loss than the NBR/ABS TPV, indicating the improvement of elasticity. Morphology studies showed that the vulcanized NBR particles were dispersed evenly in the TPVs and the dimensions of NBR particles were decreased remarkably with the incorporation of SBS compatibilizer.     

Tergal glands in termite soldiers of the subfamily Syntermitinae (Isoptera: Termitidae)

The subfamily Syntermitinae comprises 14 genera of termites that are exclusively neotropical. The present study reports morphological data about mandibulate nasute soldiers from termite species belonging to three different genera within this subfamily. We describe tergal glands that were present under all tergites of soldiers of the following species: Cornitermes cumulans, Procornitermes araujoi, Syntermes nanus, and Syntermes wheeleri. The tergal glands were composed of class 2 and class 3 cells. Class 2 cells never reached the cuticle and were located below a flat layer of epidermal cells. Class 3 cells, composed of secretory cells and canal cells, were sporadic, whereas class 2 secretory cells were abundant. Secretory cells of class 3 were narrow and their cytoplasms were filled with several clear, oval-shaped vesicles with limiting membranes. The ultrastructure of class 2 cells showed well-developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, elongated mitochondria, several electron-lucent vesicles, and electron-dense granules that contain paracrystalline structures in S. nanus. Scanning electron micrographs displayed pores, campaniform sensilla and hairs in the outer cuticle of the soldier tergites. We hypothesize that soldier tergal glands may be involved in the production of defensive compounds, which occur in similar glands of certain cockroaches, or of primer pheromones, that might act in the regulation of soldier differentiation in the termite colony. To date, tergal glands have only been described in termite imagoes, and their occurrence in these soldiers of basal Syntermitinae implies a specific role in this caste that is still speculative and needs to be clarified.     

Mechanical and electrical properties of radiation-vulcanized natural rubber latex with waste eggshell powder as bio-fillers

ABSTRACT

This work investigated the mechanical, physical, morphological, and electrical (volume) resistivity properties of radiation-vulcanized natural rubber latex (RVNRL) with additions of waste eggshell (WES) powder, which contained primarily CaCO₃ (calcite). The results showed that increasing gamma irradiation doses from 0 to 30?kGy in 10-kGy increments led to decreases in the swelling ratio and elongation at break but increases in the crosslink density, tensile modulus at 500% elongation, and tensile strength of the composites. The results also suggested that increasing the WES contents from 0 to 2, 4, or 6 parts per hundred parts of rubber by weight (phr) in the composites improved the tensile modulus at 500% elongation, tensile strength, hardness (Shore A), and electrical (volume) resistivity. In addition, after undergoing thermal aging at 70°C for 96?h, the tensile modulus and hardness (Shore A) increased, while the tensile strength and elongation at break decreased. This work also compared the properties of WES/RVNRL with commercial CaCO₃/RVNRL samples at the same 4-phr content. The results indicated that both composites had similar tensile properties, implying possible replacement of commercial CaCO₃ with WES powder as an effective reinforcing filler in RVNRL.     

Microstructure and Properties of Polypropylene/Clay Nanocomposites

Nanocomposites of polypropylene (PP) containing various contents of Cloisite 15A nanoclay particles were prepared by one-step melt compounding in a twin screw extruder. Tensile and impact properties of the nanocomposite systems were investigated and correlated with their microstructures. The tensile modulus increased with an increase in Cloisite 15A content but the tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact strength were decreased. WAXS and TEM studies showed almost exfoliated structures. There was a decrease in permeability values with an increase in nanoclay content up to 5 wt. %. Exceeding this content of nanoclay had no significant effect on permeation due to the aggregation phenomenon at high concentrations of the nanoparticles. Most of the examined micromechanical models for prediction of the tensile modulus of the nanocomposite were successful despite being based on fiber-shaped fillers. An exfoliated structure of clay within the nanocomposite was assumed for the modeling using a molecular dynamics simulations approach, employing Dreiding, Forcite, and COMPASS force fields, in order to investigate the best one for a successful estimation of elastic modulus. Relative to the experimental modulus values of the nanocomposites, which were around 1100–1200 MPa, the COMPASS force field had the best correlation with the values with a slight departure of about 10%.     

Effect of Surface Structure of Nano-CaCO3 Particles on Mechanical and Rheological Properties of PVC Composites

To study the effect of different surface structures on resultant mechanical and rheological properties, nano-CaCO₃ particles were treated with isopropyl tri-stearyl titanate (H928), isopropyl tri-(dodecylbenz-enesulfonyl) titanate (JN198), and isopropyl tri-(dioctylpyrophosphato) titanate (JN114). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic mechanic analysis (DMA), carried out to characterize the effective interfacial interaction between the nano-CaCO₃ particles and a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrix, indicated that JN114 treated nano-CaCO₃ particles had the strongest interfacial interaction with a PVC matrix, while H928 treated nano-CaCO₃ had the weakest. The rheological and mechanical properties of PVC/nano-CaCO₃ composites were investigated as a function of surface structure and filler volume fraction. The tensile yield stress and elongation at break decreased with the increasing of calcium carbonate content while tensile modulus increased. PVC filled with JN114 treated nano-CaCO₃ had the highest tensile modulus and tensile yield stress, while those filled with H928 treated nano-CaCO₃ had the highest elongation at break at the same filler content. The impact strength of PVC/nano-CaCO₃ composites increased with the increasing of CaCO₃ content, and PVC composites filled with JN198 treated nano-CaCO₃ particle had a higher impact strength than those with JN114 or H928 treated, with the value reaching 23.9 ± 0.7 kJ/m² at 11 vol% CaCO₃, four times as high as that of pure PVC. Rheological properties indicated that a suitable interfacial interaction and a good dispersion of inorganic filler in a PVC matrix could reduce the viscosity of PVC/nano-CaCO₃ composites. The interfacial interaction was quantitatively characterized by semiempirical parameters calculated from the tensile strength of PVC/nano-CaCO₃ composites to confirm the results from the SEM and DMA experiments.