微电极研究 III: Hg^2^+的电沉积过程的研究

研究了不同浓度的Hg^2^+在碳纤维微电极电沉积Hg的形态, 沉积机制和实验参数对汞膜性质及溶出电流的影响; 剖析了Hg的成核过程, 验证了成核理论; 借扫描电镜观察了汞晶体图象。约在6×10^-^5mol·L^-^1Hg^2^+时镀汞, 可形成密布型微汞滴构成的类汞膜, 微滴直径在0.03-0.2μm, 汞微滴密度约为5.7×10^6个/cm^2, 提出了优化汞膜的实验条件和依据。     

微电极研究 Ⅲ.Hg~(2+)的电沉积过程的研究

研究了不同浓度的Hg~(2+)在碳纤维微电极表面电沉积Hg的形态,沉积机制和实验参数对汞膜性质及溶出电流的影响;剖析了Hg的成核过程,验证了成核理论;借扫描电镜观察了汞晶体图象.约在6×10~(-5)mol·L~(-1)Hg~(2+)时镀汞,可形成密布型微汞滴构成的类汞膜,微滴直径在0.03—0.2μm,汞微滴密度约为5.7×10~5个/cm~2.提出了优化汞膜的实验条件和依据.     

溶出伏安法中玻碳镀汞电极表面的汞膜状态

本文对不同条件下形成的汞D$的形成过程丶汞膜形态与其形成条件的关系以及对溶出峰的影响.结果表明: 玻碳表面的汞膜是由视直径小于10μm, 的微汞滴构成, 其分布密度随镀汞电位的负值增加而增加;微汞滴在电析过程中不断长大并相聚成更大一些的微汞滴, 在旋转玻碳电极上, 汞膜的最大平均厚度大会超过5μm, 而适用于溶溶出分析的范围为0.05~1μm, 比文献记载的范围(0.001~10-5M时虽经长时间镀汞用的Hg2+ 浓度的适用范围为1X10-5 ~2x10-4 m; Hg 2+浓度为2X10-ⅴM 时虽经长时间镀汞亦不易产生较大的微汞滴. 实验还表明峰高的重现性与电极表面载汞量有关. 还观察到较大的微汞滴在电极表面滑动以致被甩离电极表面的现象, 严重时会引起峰的下降.     

双硫腙光极法测定废水中的痕量汞离子

本文用双硫腙为探针制备了PVC膜离子选择性光极,在优化膜组成和考察对常见金属离子响应的基础上,提出了一种测定痕量汞的光极方法。结果表明:光极膜组成为双硫腙∶PVC∶DOP∶KTpClPB(相对于双硫腙的mol%)=4∶60∶120∶50%时,对汞离子的响应最佳;在pH4.5的缓冲体系中,该光极对5×10-8～7×10-7mol/L的Hg2+有线性响应,检出限达4×10-8mol/L,只有Ag+、Pb2+有较小干扰,可用于水体中痕量汞的快速检出。     

利用新型汞离子选择电极测定污水中汞(Ⅱ)

报道了一种以苯海拉明与碘汞酸盐缔合物为电活性物的新型聚氯乙烯膜汞离子选择电极 ,电极的线性响应范围为 1.0× 10 - 2 1.6× 10 - 5mol·L- 1,级差为 2 9mV·pC- 1,检出限为 1.0×10 - 5mol·L- 1。该电极响应迅速 ,重现性好 ,用此电极以标准曲线法对污水中的Hg(Ⅱ )进行了测定 ,方法简便 ,结果满意     

四氯络汞(Ⅱ)离子电极的研制及其应用研究

以十六烷基双硫腙·四氯络汞 (Ⅱ )为载体 ,制备了PVC膜四氯络汞 (Ⅱ )阴离子选择性电极 ;测定了40多种金属离子以及阴离子的选择性 ,除Sn(Ⅳ)、Sb(Ⅲ )稍有干扰外 ,其它金属离子均无明显的干扰 ;25℃时 ,1mol·L-1 NaCl-1×10-3 mol·L-1HCl溶液中 ,汞(Ⅱ)浓度在6×10-6～1.0×10-2 mol·L-1 呈线性响应 ,斜率为31±2mV/decade,检出限为4×10 -6mol·L -1;用电位法测得汞在蔬菜中的回收率为92.5%～97.2 % ,相对标准偏差在0.8 %～1.6 %范围 ;该法用于绿萍、莴笋、丝瓜等中微量汞的含量测定 ,结果令人满意。     

无机偶合反应流动注射化学发光分析法测定痕量汞──K_4Fe(CN)_6-Luminol体系

本文将Hg（Ⅱ）催化K4Fe（CN）6分解的反应与鲁米诺同Cu（CN）的化学发光反应相偶合，采用流动注射分析技术，实现了痕量汞的测定。方法的检出限为DL＝2．2×10-7g／L，测定汞的线性范围为8×10－7～4×10－5g／L，对8μg／L汞进行测定，相对标准偏差为3．4％。用于环境水中痕量汞的测定结果很好。     

汞（Ⅱ）在螫合树脂聚[对乙烯苄基-（2-羟乙基）硫醚]上的吸附机理

研究了Hg^2 在自合成的新型含硫螯合树脂-聚[对乙烯苄基-(2-羟乙基)硫醚](PSME)上的吸附机理。静态吸附结果表明：吸附属于液膜扩散控制机理；树脂对Hg^2 的等温吸附过程可以用Freundlich方程描述；在吸附过程中存在着明显的氧化还原现象。在较低浓度下，Hg^2 主要被还原成Hg2^2 和Hg^0；而在较高浓度下Hg^2 则主要被还原成Hg2^2 。在两种情况下，-S-均被氧化成-SO2-键。     

双光子感生荧光法快速测量大气汞浓度的研究

用双光子感生荣光法对大气中汞浓度的快速测量进行了实验研究。用波长约为280.3 nm的激光将汞原子从基态激发到6~1D_2态,测量从该激发态退激所发出的579.1nm的荧光。当测量时间仅为2 s时,获得的检测限为2.2×10~9个原子/cm~3。通过进一步改进,可获得更低的检测限10~5～10~6个原子/cm~3。     

铜膜差分脉冲阳极溶出伏安法测定药物中铋的含量

研究了铜膜电极代替汞膜电极测定重金属铋的差分脉冲溶出伏安法。实验了同位镀膜法测定铋的条件。在最佳实验条件下,Bi3+浓度在5×10-8~2×10-5mol/L范围内,其溶出峰峰高与浓度呈线性关系,检出限达到1×10-8mol/L。测定了一些药物中铋的含量,结果准确。     

410t/h煤粉锅炉的汞排放及其NID系统除汞特性研究

对配备有NID系统的410t/h燃煤电站锅炉的煤、底渣、飞灰进行取样,测定了样品中汞的含量。采用Ontario Hydro方法测定了NID前和ESP后烟气中汞的形态。实验结果表明,汞主要以飞灰形式排放,占总汞量的90%,烟气汞占10%。NID前和ESP后的烟气中,汞的浓度分别为21.3μg/m3~22.4μg/m3和1.93μg/m3~3.67μg/m3,说明该NID系统对烟气中汞具有相当高的脱除效率,达到83.6%~90.9%。对汞的化学形态研究表明,NID前烟气汞主要以Hg2+形式存在,占气态汞量的67%;ESP后烟气中Hg2+占气态汞量的71.8%~85.1%,Hg0的含量为零,说明烟气中Hg0在NID系统中经历一系列的氧化还原反应后,被氧化成Hg2+并吸附脱除。     

Determination of the different states of mercury in seawater near the Vlora and Durres Bays

Because of the toxicity and mobility of organic mercury, there is a need for determination of organic and inorganic mercury at very low concentrations in the environment, especially in seawater. A procedure for extraction and determination of low concentrations of the different states of mercury - total, inorganic, and organic - in seawater, by cold vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy (CVAAS) is described.Inorganic mercury only was directly reduced to the Hg(0) state by tin(II) chloride under strongly acid conditions (H(2)SO(4)) and mercury metal (Hg(0)) was determined by cold vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy. Organic and inorganic mercury were extracted, with toluene, as the bromide derivatives and re-extracted, together, into ammonium chloride solution. Organic mercury was converted into inorganic mercury by thermal digestion at 80-90 degrees C in the presence of strong oxidants. These two states of mercury were determined together as total mercury. Inorganic mercury was measured directly after pre-concentration of the sample by toluene extraction. Toluene dissolved in aqueous phase after re-extraction of the sample was removed by heating for 30 min at 80-90 degrees C. Organic mercury was calculated as the difference between total and inorganic mercury.The sensitivity of the method is 0.0001 ng mL(-1) Hg, depending on sample volume.     

Mercury determination with ICP-MS: signal suppression by acids

When mercury is quantified by ICP-MS under routine conditions (external calibration) in reference materials, which require mineralization with nitric acid, the experimental concentrations are almost always unacceptably low in comparison to certified values. Sorption of mercury on the Teflon surfaces of the digestion vessels, changes in the viscosity of the aspirated solutions, in the efficiency of the nebulization, in the aerosol transport, and memory effects cannot be responsible for the low results. The intensity of a mercury signal is strongly dependent on the concentration of nitric acid (and other mineral acids) in the measured solutions. Correct results for mercury in the SRM GBW-90101 (Chinese human hair; 2.16+/-0.21 mg Hg/kg certified) can only be obtained, when the solutions, with which the external calibration curves were established, have exactly the same nitric acid concentration as the aspirated digests (2.03+/-0.01 mg Hg/kg; n = 5), when mercury is determined by the standard addition method (2.10+/-0.01 mg Hg/kg; n = 5), or when the experimental mercury concentration obtained at a nitric acid concentration in the digest, different from the concentration in the external calibration solutions, is corrected mathematically based on a pre-established function [Hg2+] = f [HNO3]. The concentrations found by this mathematically based correction 2.04+/-0.01 mg Hg/kg (n = 5) is in good agreement with the values obtained by acid matched calibration or by the standard addition method. For practical work with large numbers of samples the mathematical correction appears to be the method of choice. For occasional mercury determinations, the standard addition method seems to be the most practicable.     

Bis(N,N′‐dimethylimidazol‐2‐yl­idene)mercury chlorotriiodo­mercury dimethyl sulfoxide solvate

The double mercury salt [Hg(C₅H₈N₂)₂][HgClI₃]·C₂H₆OS was prepared and its structure characterized. The [Hg(C₅H₈N₂)₂]²⁺ cation lies about an inversion centre and the [HgClI₃]^2? anion lies on a mirror plane. Cations and anions are linked to form a one‐dimensional polymer by weak Hg?Cl interactions [Hg?Cl 3.3744 (3) Å]. The mercury–carbene bond distance [2.076 (7) Å] is typical of a dicationic mercury–carbene species.     

Voltammetric study of the redox behaviour of the Hg(II)/Hg(I)/Hg system at a rotating metal-ring/glassy-carbon disc electrode

The reduction of Hg(II) at a glassy-carbon electrode in various electrolytes has been studied by rotating ring-disc voltammetry. Reduction proceeds directly to metallic mercury in a single 2-electron step. However, at the foot of the wave, and only during the first reduction sweep after pretreatment of the electrode surface, a small amount of Hg(I) species is detected at the ring. The appearance of an Hg(I) intermediate is most pronounced in sulphuric acid solution. The reduction of Hg(II) is found to proceed irreversibly and to be of first order. At sufficiently negative potentials the reduction is convective-diffusion controlled. Stripping voltammetric experiments indicate that the dissolution of mercury gives Hg(II) in complexing electrolytes. In non-complexing electrolytes the initially formed Hg(II) reacts with mercury atoms on the electrode surface to give Hg(I). During electrodissolution, two stripping peaks may be observed as a result of underpotential adsorption of mercury on glassy carbon. The difference in peak potential between the adsorption (mono) layer peak and the bulk mercury peak has been related to the difference in work functions of the deposit (mercury) and substrate (carbon). A rotating glassy-carbon electrode has been used for the anodic stripping determination of mercury. When an appropriate amount of a cation such as cadmium(II) or copper(II) is added to the test solution, mercury down to 2 x 10(-9)M (0.4 ng ml ) can be determined in acidified thiocyanate electrolyte with a relative standard deviation of about 22%.     

半微分吸附伏安法测定胆固醇

本文首次报道了胆固醇的直接电化学测定方法─半微分吸附伏安法, 在K2HPO4溶液中, 胆固醇的开路情况下于悬汞电极上产生了吸附, 吸附后的胆固醇在电极上还原, 还原峰电位分别为-1.0和-1.40V(vs. SCE), 其中第一还原峰的峰电流与浓度在10^-^7和10^-^6mol·dm^-^3范围内具有线性关系, 相关系数分别为0.999和0.997。作者对胆固醇吸附的条件, 有关化合物的影响进行了研究, 提出了测定方法, 检测限达到2.3×10^-^8mol·dm^-^3, 是目前报道的最灵敏的分析方法之一。使用该方法对血清中胆固醇含量进行了实测, 结果与临床使用的酶法相符合。     

Effects of the mercury ion concentration on the preparation of mercury deposits on platinum micro-disk electrodes

In this paper, the effect of mercury ion concentration on the preparation of mercury microelectrodes fabricated on a platinum microdisk of 10 microns radius was studied. The preparation of the mercury microelectrodes was followed by chronoamperometry, and the measurements were performed in Hg2(NO3)2 solutions with concentrations over the range 0.1-12.5 mM. The mercury microelectrode size was referred to as h/a, where h is the height of the mercury deposit and a is the radius of the inlaid microdisk. The mercury microelectrodes investigated had h/a values over the range 0-2. The results obtained indicated that from concentrated mercury ion solutions (> 0.5 mM) the mercury growth was somehow erratic due to the coalescence of small mercury droplets. On the other hand, from dilute solutions (< 0.5 mM), the mercury deposits grew smoothly. Under the latter conditions the geometric coefficient k, which characterises the steady state diffusion limiting current expression at a mercury microelectrode, was determined with good accuracy (within 5% error) from the chronoamperometric curves recorded during the mercury microelectrode preparation. In general, the coefficient k was calculated from theoretical expressions derived for a sphere cap and spheroidal geometry, which may model the shape of the mercury deposits. The comparison between theoretical and experimental k values suggested that both geometries equally modelled the experimental mercury deposit obtained. Finally, for the sphere cap geometry an algebraic expression relating k and h/a was derived for an easier k evaluation from experimental h/a values.     

Revision of the dissociation energies of mercury chalcogenides--unusual types of mercury bonding.

Mercury chalcogenides HgE (E=O, S, Se, etc.) are described in the literature to possess rather stable bonds with bond dissociation energies between 53 and 30 kcal mol(-1), which is actually difficult to understand in view of the closed-shell electron configuration of the Hg atom in its ground state (...4f(14)5d(10)6s(2)). Based on relativistically corrected many body perturbation theory and coupled-cluster theory [IORAmm/MP4, Feenberg-scaled IORAmm/MP4, IORAmm/CCSD(T)] in connection with IORAmm/B3LYP theory and a [17s14p9d5f]/aug-cc-pVTZ basis set, it is shown that the covalent HgE bond is rather weak (2-7 kcal mol(-1)), the ground state of HgE is a triplet rather than a singlet state, and that the experimental bond dissociation energies have been obtained for dimers (or mixtures of monomers, dimers, and even trimers) Hg2E2 rather than true monomers. The dimers possess association energies of more than 100 kcal mol(-1) due to electrostatic forces between the monomer units. The covalent bond between Hg and E is in so far peculiar as it requires a charge transfer from Hg to E (depending on the electronegativity of E) for the creation of a single bond, which is supported by electrostatic forces. However, a bonding between Hg and E is reduced by strong lone pair-lone pair repulsion to a couple of kcal mol(-1). Since a triplet configuration possesses somewhat lower destabilizing lone pair energies, the triplet state is more stable. In the dimer, there is a Hg-Hg pi bond of bond order 0.66 without any a support. Weak covalent Hg-O interactions are supported by electrostatic bonding. The results for the mercury chalcogenides suggests that all experimental dissociation energies for group-12 chalcogenides have to be revised because of erroneous measurements.     

Dielectric barrier discharge-plasma induced vaporization and its application to the determination of mercury by atomic fluorescence spectrometry

This paper describes a low-temperature dielectric barrier discharge (DBD)-plasma induced vaporization technique using mercury as a model analyte. The evaporation and atomization of dissolved mercury species in the sample solution can be achieved rapidly in one step, allowing mercury to be directly detected by atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The DBD plasma was generated concentrically in-between two quartz tube (outer tube: i.d. 5 mm and o.d. 6 mm, inner tube: i.d. 2 mm and o.d. 3 mm). A copper electrode was embedded inside the inner quartz tube and sample solution was applied onto the outer surface of the inner tube. The effects of operating parameters such as plasma power, plasma gas identity, plasma gas flow rate and interferences from concomitant elements have been investigated. The difference in the sensitivities of Hg(2+), methylmercury (MeHg) and ethylmercury (EtHg) was found to be negligible in the presence of formic acid (≥1% v/v). The analytical performance of the present technique was evaluated under optimized conditions. The limits of detection were calculated to be 0.02 ng mL(-1) for Hg(2+), MeHg and EtHg, and repeatability was 6.2%, 4.9% and 4.3% RSD (n = 11) for 1 ng mL(-1) of Hg(2+), MeHg and EtHg, respectively. This provides a simple mercury detection method for small-volume samples with an absolute limit of detection at femtogram level. The accuracy of the system was verified by the determination of mercury in reference materials including freeze-dried urine ZK020-2, simulated water matrix reference material GBW(E) 080392 and tuna fish GBW10029, and the concentration of mercury determined by the present method agreed well with the reference values.     

汞(II)-甲基百里酚兰-X(SCN^-,Br^-,I^-)三元混合配位化合物稳定常数的测定

With mercury (II)-methyl thymol blue-X (SCN, Br, I) as example, two methods are investigated in this paper. The first one bases on the variation experimental design, so that classical method of degree of dissociation can be used to calculate the stability constant from the molar ratio curve obtained. This method is simple, adaptable to cases where the decomposition is relatively weak. The second method requires the preliminary acquisition of the equilibrium constant of the decomposition reaction, with the calculation of the stability constant of the preceding formation reaction thereon. The evaluation procedure is more strict. Thhis method is applicable whether the decomposition reaction is strong or weak. Thus, we obtain stability constants of ternary complexes with rather strong subsequent decomposition reaction, such as Hg.MTB.I. Results obtained are rather satisfactory.