聚四氟乙烯膜分离技术在含油废水处理中的应用进展

世界生态环境逐渐恶化,为保护生态环境,含油废水的无害化处理排放成为保护生态环境的必要做法。膜处理技术作为20世纪最具发展前景的污水处理技术之一,具备低能耗,分离效率高等特点。聚四氟乙烯薄膜（PTFE）膜由于其具有的极高化学稳定性、良好的力学性能、过滤速度高、使用寿命长等特点,被广泛应用于水处理领域。为此本文概述膜分离原理,结合膜本身特点和改性方法,重点对PTFE膜及其改性膜在含油废水中的应用进行综述,并探讨了PTFE膜在应用过程中亟待解决的问题,为PTFE膜及其改性膜在水处理中的应用提供技术和理论支持。     

含油废水处理用分离材料研究进展

油水分离是工业废水处理过程中的难点。近年来,随着水处理技术和新材料研究的发展,各类新型的油水分离材料层出不穷。本文在总结了各种含油污水的特征和不同油水分离过程的不同需求的基础上,结合目前所开发的油水分离材料包括无机膜材料、聚合物膜材料和改性聚氨酯海绵材料的性能特点,介绍了它们在处理含油废水中的应用的最新研究进展,并对含油废水处理方法发展趋势进行了展望。     

改性高分子超滤膜的研究进展

随着超滤膜技术的发展,人们对膜材料的性能不断提出新的要求,其中改善膜的亲水性,提高膜的抗污染能力已成为有待解决的迫切问题.由于单一的膜材料很难同时具有良好的亲水性、成膜性、热稳定性、化学稳定性、耐酸碱性、耐微生物性侵蚀、耐氧化性和较好的机械强度等优点,因此采用膜材料改性或膜表面改性的方法来提高膜的性能,是解决这一问题的关键.本文介绍了目前国内外高分子超滤膜材料改性中常用的化学改性和物理改性方法.其中,化学改性可以通过膜材料和膜表面的化学改性来实现;而物理改性则主要是通过材料改性来实现.     

聚偏氟乙烯膜蒸馏技术在水处理中的应用研究进展

膜蒸馏是一种以膜为介质,利用传统蒸发工艺开发的新型膜分离技术。随着高分子材料行业的进步和制膜工艺的成熟,膜蒸馏技术取得了巨大的进展,在水处理领域拥有十分广阔的市场前景。膜蒸馏技术的核心是膜的通量和使用寿命,而性能优良的膜材料是膜蒸馏技术发展的关键。聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)因具有成膜性能好、表面张力大、化学稳定性强等优点,在膜蒸馏技术应用研究中备受青睐。同时PVDF与其他聚合物具有良好的相容性,为膜的改性研究奠定了基础,极大地扩展了应用范围。本文介绍了膜蒸馏技术的工作原理及工艺特点以及PVDF膜材料的特点及改性方法,重点对PVDF膜蒸馏技术在水处理领域的应用进行了梳理和总结,讨论了该技术亟待研究和解决的问题,以期为该工艺技术的进一步发展提供科学支撑和理论依据。     

PVDF膜改性的方法研究

本文介绍了目前国内外聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)超滤膜改性中常用的膜表面改性方法和膜材料改性方法。PVDF膜表面改性主要通过膜表面的物理改性、磺化改性、表面接枝改性、光化学改性、低温等离子体改性等方法来实现;而PVDF膜材料的改性主要是通过PVDF与亲水性高分子材料或小分子无机粒子的共混以及膜材料本体的化学改性来实现。改性PVDF膜的亲水性增强,使水通量增加,提高了机械性能,改善了抗污染性,增加了膜的使用寿命。     

PVDF膜改性方法研究进展

本文介绍了目前国内外聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)超滤膜改性中常用的膜表面改性方法和膜材料改性方法。PVDF膜表面改性主要通过膜表面的物理改性、磺化改性、表面接枝改性、光化学改性、低温等离子体改性等方法来实现;而PVDF膜材料的改性主要是通过PVDF与亲水性高分子材料或小分子无机粒子的共混以及膜材料本体的化学改性来实现。改性PVDF膜的亲水性增强,使水通量增加,提高了机械性能,改善了抗污染性,增加了膜的使用寿命。     

秸秆材料的改性及其在水处理中的应用研究

当前水体污染问题日趋严重,寻求高效、环保,且成本低廉的水处理剂一直以来是水处理技术研究中的重要方向之一.秸秆是一类农作物废弃物,材料中富含纤维素和木质素等天然高分子,来源十分广泛,且是一类可再生资源.然而目前过剩的秸秆材料大多仍是通过焚烧处理,这不仅给大气环境带来危害.还造成资源的极大浪费.将秸秆材料通过适当的处理和改性,作为水处理剂,应用于污水处理中,无疑具有重要的现实意义和经济价值.本文详细综述了近年来国内外就秸秆材料的改性处理方法及其在水处理中的应用研究情况.     

纳滤膜的研究进展

纳滤膜是一种新型分离膜,其截流分子量介于反渗透膜和超滤膜之间,且对无机盐有一定的截流率。国内外纳滤膜制备方法有L-S相转化法、复合法、荷电化法和无机改性等。纳滤膜研究中存在着膜通量小、膜制作成本较高及抗污染性差等问题,因此选择和制备纳滤膜的材料,优化纳滤技术水处理工艺设计,提高纳滤性能,降低制膜成本,减轻膜污染等已成为当今科学研究的重要课题。     

两性离子在高分子膜表面功能化改性中的研究进展

两性离子的合成工艺简单,官能团适用性强,且在水溶液中具有较强的水合能力与抑制蛋白质吸附性,因此两性离子在高分子膜表面的功能化改性中显示出很大的优势。将两性离子接枝于高分子膜表面可得到抗污染性强,血液相容性好,环境刺激响应性迅速的功能化膜。两性离子功能化改性高分子膜不仅能广泛应用于水处理和医务治疗中的人工器官材料、血浆分离等领域,在生物医药工业中的蛋白质浓缩、净化与分离等方面同样显示出巨大的应用空间。     

等离子体聚合和处理在聚合物改性中的应用

本文综述了等离子聚合和处理在聚合物改性中的应用，介绍并述评了其发展概况。并对高分子等离子体化学在分离膜、保护膜、电子材料、光学材料等领域中的最新应用进行了介绍。     

Effects of membrane hydrophilicity on the removal of a trihalomethane via micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration process

Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) process was explored for obtaining pure water from an aqueous solution containing small amount of trihalomethanes (THMs). A homologous series of polyethylene glycol alkylether was used as nonionic surfactant. To understand effects of membrane hydrophilicity on the performance of MEUF process, membranes for the ultrafiltration were prepared from polysulfone blends containing various amount of a hydrophilic copolymer, poly(1-vinylpyrrolidone-co-acrylonitrile) (P(VP-AN)). An increase in the permeate flux was observed with an increase of the membrane hydrophilicity. The performance of MEUF process in removing THM and surfactant was shown to depend on the membrane characteristics, surfactant characteristics, and operating pressure. The rejections of THM and surfactant were increased with increasing hydrophobicity of surfactant and hydrophilicity of membrane. The rejections of THM examined with hydrophilic membranes were increased with increasing operating pressure, while those examined with hydrophobic membranes were decreased with increasing operating pressure. THM included in water could be removed up to 99% via MEUF process. The performance of MEUF examined with hydrophilic membranes could be explained with the rejection of micelles containing THM, while that examined with hydrophobic membranes could be explained with hydrophobic interactions between surfactant and membrane materials.     

Molecular and Morphological Designs of High Performance Polymeric Membranes

Currently, membrane separation techniques, such as reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration, play an important role in industrial separation technology. To develop high performance polymeric membranes, it is essential to design the molecular and morphological structures of the membranes for their specific applications. In the reverse osmosis field, we have developed several kinds of composite membranes for specific uses. Applications include ultrapure water production, seawater desalination, softening and desalination of brackish water, and recovery of valuable substances. In the course of development, thin-film composite membrane materials and membrane morphology have been analyzed intensively and are becoming clearer. These results enable us to control membrane performance by an optimum combination of membrane materials and membrane morphology. The morphological structure and chemical structure of the composite membranes were designed to optimize the performance of both the ultrathin layer and the supporting substrate layer for each membrane's application. As ultrafiltration is expanding to various fields, requirements for membrane performance have become more severe, especially for 1) sharpness of molecular weight cutoff, 2) solvent and high temperature resistance, and 3) fouling resistance (low nonspecific protein adsorption). To satisfy these requirements, we have developed a new ultrafiltration membrane. Owing to the high resistivity and hydrophilicity of its chemical structure, the membrane shows excellent solvent and high temperature resistance as well as fouling resistance. In addition, sharp molecular cutoff was realized by controlling membrane morphology.     

Membranes based on non-synthetic (natural) polymers for wastewater treatment

During the last decades, rising environmental concerns about the widespread usage of petroleum-based synthetic polymers has caused naturally occurring polymers to gain momentous. As a biocompatible and environmentally friendly alternative, bio-based polymers are continuously gaining new domains of application in drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, membrane technology, bio-sensor devices, etc. There is an increasing number of scientists who have applied various kinds of biopolymers, such as cellulose, chitin, starch, and alginate to fabricate fully or semi-biodegradable membranes for wastewater treatment. Beside biocompatibility, biopolymers combine many attractive features such as hydrophilicity and functionalizability that makes them great candidates to enhance the performance of composite membranes to effectively purify water from hazardous pollutants. On the other hand, elevating thermo-mechanical and chemical stability of these bio-based materials by introducing new organic and inorganic additives is another main focus area. This review is concerned with 1) introducing the promising feature of biopolymers that can be used as a raw material to synthesize membranes for water treatment, 2) proposing a comprehensive categorization of these membranes based on their structure, and 3) discussing the performance of these membranes in eliminating various kinds of contaminants from effluents and their strength and weakness points.     

分离液体的膜

本文概述了7种以高分子为膜材料、用于混合液体分离的膜分离过程,即离子交换膜与电渗析、反渗透、超滤、微孔过滤、膜萃取、渗透汽化和膜蒸馏。对其原理、高分子膜材料、应用和发展趋向作了简要介绍;并阐述了我国膜分离发展的现状和展望。     

Near infrared spectroscopy: A novel technique for classifying and characterizing polysulfone membranes

The industrial manufacture of membranes is well established at the present time. More than any other process, the production of ultrafiltration membranes by immersion or evaporation (phase inversion) precipitation techniques is one of the most common. In many cases, the macroscopic properties of the membranes are similar from one membrane to another and it is impossible to distinguish them, while they differ notably from the microscopic point of view. The aim of this work is to develop a method for the classification of polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes prepared either by immersion or evaporation. It also presents a classification of those membranes by thickness. For these purposes, near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) combined with chemometric techniques are attempted here for the first time in the area of membrane research. The NIR technique permits fast analytical measurement of membrane samples, together with the possibility of characterization in on-line mode, without destruction or invasion of the samples. This appears to be an excellent routine analysis for purposes of membrane classification. The membranes were prepared in our Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) laboratory and, after obtaining the NIR spectra, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to describe the system. The second stage involved the application of a pattern recognition method: supervised independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) in order to classify unknown samples. Finally, the ultrafiltration membranes were classified in terms of the membrane preparation technique (immersion or evaporation). In addition, membranes prepared by immersion were classified by thickness.     

微纳米纤维素功能膜在能源与环境领域的应用

探寻绿色清洁的资源与材料以维持高效的社会经济增长是未来数十年人们面临的最大挑战之一. 可持续资源与绿色材料的开发是降低传统化石能源与材料比重的最有前途的方案. 纤维素作为一种可持续发展、 可生物再生、 储量丰富且低成本的天然高分子聚合物, 在众多领域中具有广泛的应用, 并且纤维素可以加工成各种构型, 包括气凝胶、 泡沫、 海绵和薄膜等. 本文介绍了不同形态的纤维素及其衍生物组装而成的功能膜在能源与环境中的应用, 综述了微纳米纤维素及其衍生物在先进功能化储能器件方面的最新进展和制备方案, 以及在用于水处理的膜分离技术中的应用, 其中重点讨论了微纳米纤维素及其衍生物功能膜在电池、 电容器及水处理等领域中的作用, 如隔膜、 柔性电极膜和分离膜等. 此外, 还对纤维素及其衍生物功能膜的未来发展进行了总结和展望.     

A new route for the fabrication of TiO2 ultrafiltration membranes with suspension derived from a wet chemical synthesis

Titania ultrafiltration membranes were successfully fabricated by a new route, which was directly derived from the nanoparticles suspension that was the intermediate product prior to dry and calcine in the synthesis of nanoparticle by a wet chemical method. The morphology and the crystal structure of the prepared membrane were analyzed by SEM and XRD. The effect of various dipping time on the membrane thickness was investigated. The rejection of the bovine serum albumin (BSA, 67,000 Da) was used to evaluate the separation characteristics of these membranes, and the relationship between the dipping time and the optimization thickness of the membrane was built on the base of the data of the pure water flux. SEM images showed that the surface of the membrane was defect-free and XRD revealed that the titania crystalline phase was pure anatase. The membrane thickness increased linearly with the square root of the dipping time and the dipping time of 30 s was necessary to form a defect-free titania layer on the top of supports. The titania layer derived from the dipping time of 30 s could be of thickness of 5.9 μm and an average pore size of 60 nm. The pure water permeability of the membrane was 860 × 10⁻⁵ L/(m² h Pa) (860 L/(m² h bar)), and the BSA rejections of the membranes prepared reached to 90% after 20 min running.     

The Perspective and Challenge of Nanomaterials in Oil and Gas Wastewater Treatment

Oil and gas wastewater refers to the waste stream produced in special production activities such as drilling and fracturing. This kind of wastewater has the following characteristics: high salinity, high chromaticity, toxic and harmful substances, poor biodegradability, and a difficulty to treat. Interestingly, nanomaterials show great potential in water treatment technology because of their small size, large surface area, and high surface energy. When nanotechnology is combined with membrane treatment materials, nanofiber membranes with a controllable pore size and high porosity can be prepared, which provides more possibilities for oil–water separation. In this review, the important applications of nanomaterials in wastewater treatment, including membrane separation technology and photocatalysis technology, are summarized. Membrane separation technology is mainly manifested in ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO). It also focuses on the application of semiconductor photocatalysis technology induced by TiO₂ in the degradation of oil and gas wastewater. Finally, the development trends of nanomaterials in oil and gas wastewater treatment are prospected.