On SQ-Supplemented Subgroups of Finite Groups

Let G be a finite group and H ≤ G. The subgroup H is called: S-permutable in G if HP = PH for all Sylow subgroups P of G; S-permutably embedded in G if each Sylow subgroup of H is also a Sylow subgroup of some S-permutable subgroup of G.

Let H be a subgroup of a group G. Then we say that H is SQ-supplemented in G if G has a subgroup T and an S-permutably embedded subgroup C ≤ H such that HT = G and T ∩ H ≤ C.

We study the structure of G under the assumption that some subgroups of G are SQ-supplemented in G. Some known results are generalized.     

Commutative Schur Rings of Maximal Dimension

A commutative Schur ring over a finite group G has dimension at most s _G  = d ₁ + … +d _r , where the d _i are the degrees of the irreducible characters of G. We find families of groups that have S-rings that realize this bound, including the groups SL(2, 2 ⁿ ), metacyclic groups, extraspecial groups, and groups all of whose character degrees are 1 or a fixed prime. We also give families of groups that do not realize this bound. We show that the class of groups that have S-rings that realize this bound is invariant under taking quotients. We also show how such S-rings determine a random walk on the group and how the generating function for such a random walk can be calculated using the group determinant.     

On Restricted Leibniz Algebras

ABSTRACT

The role played by fields in relation to Galois Rings corresponds to semifields if the associativity is dropped, that is, if we consider Generalized Galois Rings instead of (associative) Galois rings. If S is a Galois ring and pS is the set of zero divisors in S, S* = S\ pS is known to be a finite {multiplicative} Abelian group that is cyclic if, and only if, S is a finite field, or S = ?/n? with n = 4 or n = p ^r for some odd prime p. Without associativity, S* is not a group, but a loop. The question of when this loop can be generated by a single element is addressed in this article.     

Three-Dimensional Topological Loops with Solvable Multiplication Groups

We prove that each 3-dimensional connected topological loop L having a solvable Lie group of dimension ≤5 as the multiplication group of L is centrally nilpotent of class 2. Moreover, we classify the solvable non-nilpotent Lie groups G which are multiplication groups for 3-dimensional simply connected topological loops L and dim G ≤ 5. These groups are direct products of proper connected Lie groups and have dimension 5. We find also the inner mapping groups of L.     

Nilpotent Length of a Finite Solvable Group with a Frobenius Group of Automorphisms

We prove that a finite solvable group G admitting a Frobenius group FH of automorphisms of coprime order with kernel F and complement H such that [G, F] = G and C _{C G (F)}(h) = 1 for all nonidentity elements h ∈ H, is of nilpotent length equal to the nilpotent length of the subgroup of fixed points of H.     

Noncyclic Graph of a Group

We associate a graph Γ _G to a nonlocally cyclic group G (called the noncyclic graph of G) as follows: take G\ Cyc(G) as vertex set, where Cyc(G) = {x ? G| 〈x, y〉 is cyclic for all y ? G}, and join two vertices if they do not generate a cyclic subgroup. We study the properties of this graph and we establish some graph theoretical properties (such as regularity) of this graph in terms of the group ones. We prove that the clique number of Γ _G is finite if and only if Γ _G has no infinite clique. We prove that if G is a finite nilpotent group and H is a group with Γ _G  ? Γ _H and |Cyc(G)| = |Cyc(H)| = 1, then H is a finite nilpotent group. We give some examples of groups G whose noncyclic graphs are “unique”, i.e., if Γ _G  ? Γ _H for some group H, then G ? H. In view of these examples, we conjecture that every finite nonabelian simple group has a unique noncyclic graph. Also we give some examples of finite noncyclic groups G with the property that if Γ _G  ? Γ _H for some group H, then |G| = |H|. These suggest the question whether the latter property holds for all finite noncyclic groups.     

Some Extensions of PSL(2, p 2) are Uniquely Determined by Their Complex Group Algebras

In Tong-Viet's, 2012 work, the following question arose: Question. Which groups can be uniquely determined by the structure of their complex group algebras?

It is proved here that some simple groups of Lie type are determined by the structure of their complex group algebras. Let p be an odd prime number and S = PSL(2, p ²). In this paper, we prove that, if M is a finite group such that S < M < Aut(S), M = ?₂ × PSL(2, p ²) or M = SL(2, p ²), then M is uniquely determined by its order and some information about its character degrees. Let X ₁(G) be the set of all irreducible complex character degrees of G counting multiplicities. As a consequence of our results, we prove that, if G is a finite group such that X ₁(G) = X ₁(M), then G ? M. This implies that M is uniquely determined by the structure of its complex group algebra.     

The Relative Brauer Group of an Affine Double Plane

We study algebra classes and divisor classes on a normal affine surface of the form z ² = f(x, y). The affine coordinate ring is T = k[x, y, z]/(z ² ? f), and if R = k[x, y][f ^?1] and S = R[z]/(z ² ? f), then S is a quadratic Galois extension of R. If the Galois group is G, we show that the natural map H¹(G, Cl(T)) → H¹(G, Pic(S)) factors through the relative Brauer group B(S/R) and that all of the maps are onto. Sufficient conditions are given for H¹(G, Cl(T)) to be isomorphic to B(S/R). The groups and maps are computed for several examples.     

Nonsolvable Groups All of Whose Character Degrees are Odd-Square-Free

A finite group G is odd-square-free if no irreducible complex character of G has degree divisible by the square of an odd prime. We determine all odd-square-free groups G satisfying S ≤ G ≤ Aut(S) for a finite simple group S. More generally, we show that if G is any nonsolvable odd-square-free group, then G has at most two nonabelian chief factors and these must be simple odd-square-free groups. If the alternating group A ₇ is involved in G, the structure of G can be further restricted.     

The Cohomologies of the Sylow 2-Subgroups of a Symplectic Group of Degree Six and of the Third Conway Group

The third Conway group Co ₃ is one of the 26 sporadic finite simple groups. The cohomology of its Sylow 2-subgroup S is computed, an important step in calculating the mod 2 cohomology of Co ₃. The spectral sequence for the central extension of S is described; it collapses at the sixth page. Generators are described in terms of the Evens norm or transfers from subgroups. The central quotient S′ = S/2 is the Sylow 2-subgroup of the symplectic group Sp ₆(𝔽₂) of six-by-six matrices over the field of two elements. The cohomology of S′ is computed and is detected by restriction to elementary abelian 2-subgroups.     

Asymptotic Behavior of Poisson Kernels on NA Groups

On a Lie group S = NA, that is a split extension of a nilpotent Lie group N by a one-parameter group of automorphisms A, a probability measure μ is considered and treated as a distribution according to which transformations s ∈ S acting on N = S/A are sampled. Under natural conditions, formulated some over thirty years ago, there is a μ-invariant measure m on N. Properties of m have been intensively studied by a number of authors. The present article deals with the situation when μ(A) = ?(s _t  ∈ A), where ?⁺ ? t → s _t  ∈ S is the diffusion on S generated by a second order subelliptic, hypoelliptic, left-invariant operator on S. In this article the most general operators of this kind are considered. Precise asymptotic for m at infinity and for the Green function of the operator are given. To achieve this goal a pseudodifferential calculus for operators with coefficients of finite smoothness is formulated and applied.     

Two classes of finite groups whose Chermak-Delgado lattice is a chain of length zero

It is an open question in the study of Chermak-Delgado lattices precisely which finite groups G have the property that 𝒞𝒟(G) is a chain of length 0. In this note, we determine two classes of groups with this property. We prove that if G = AB is a finite group, where A and B are abelian subgroups of relatively prime orders with A normal in G, then the Chermak-Delgado lattice of G equals {AC_B(A)}, a strengthening of earlier known results.     

On the Genus of the Nilpotent Graphs of Finite Groups

The nilpotent graph of a group G is a simple graph whose vertex set is G?nil(G), where nil(G) = {y ∈ G | ? x, y ? is nilpotent ? x ∈ G}, and two distinct vertices x and y are adjacent if ? x, y ? is nilpotent. In this article, we show that the collection of finite non-nilpotent groups whose nilpotent graphs have the same genus is finite, derive explicit formulas for the genus of the nilpotent graphs of some well-known classes of finite non-nilpotent groups, and determine all finite non-nilpotent groups whose nilpotent graphs are planar or toroidal.     

Free and Non-Free Subgroups of the Group UT(∞, ℤ)

We provide a method to find free groups of rank two in the group of infinite unitriangular matrices. Our groups are generated by two block-diagonal matrices, namely of the form A = diag(C, C, C…), B = diag(I _t , C, C…), where C is a matrix of finite dimension.

We give a necessary and sufficient condition for A and B defined above to generate a free group when C is a transvection. We formulate a sufficient condition to generate a free group, when C is a product of any number of commuting transvections.

We provide a classification of groups defined above, when C is of degree 3 or 4.     

Equivariant Total Ring of Fractions and Factoriality of Rings Generated by Semi-Invariants

Let F be an affine flat group scheme over a commutative ring R, and S an F-algebra (an R-algebra on which F acts). We define an equivariant analogue Q _F (S) of the total ring of fractions Q(S) of S. It is the largest F-algebra T such that S ? T ? Q(S), and S is an F-subalgebra of T. We study some basic properties.

Utilizing this machinery, we give some new criteria for factoriality (unique factorization domain property) of (semi-)invariant subrings under the action of affine algebraic groups, generalizing a result of Popov. We also prove some variations of classical results on factoriality of (semi-)invariant subrings. Some results over an algebraically closed base field are generalized to those over an arbitrary base field.     

A New Criterion for Finite Noncyclic Groups

Let H be a subgroup of a group G. We say that H satisfies the power condition with respect to G, or H is a power subgroup of G, if there exists a non-negative integer m such that H = G ^m  = 〈 g ^m |g ? G 〉. In this note, the following theorem is proved: Let G be a group and k the number of nonpower subgroups of G. Then (1) k = 0 if and only if G is a cyclic group (theorem of F. Szász); (2) 0 < k < ∞ if and only if G is a finite noncyclic group; (3) k = ∞ if and only if G is a infinte noncyclic group. Thus we get a new criterion for the finite noncyclic groups.     

Central Automorphisms and Inner Automorphisms in Finitely Generated Groups

Let G be a group and Aut_c(G) be the group of all central automorphisms of G. We know that in a finite p-group G, Aut_c(G) = Inn(G) if and only if Z(G) = G′ and Z(G) is cyclic. But we shown that we cannot extend this result for infinite groups. In fact, there exist finitely generated nilpotent groups of class 2 in which G′ =Z(G) is infinite cyclic and Inn(G) < C* = Aut_c(G). In this article, we characterize all finitely generated groups G for which the equality Aut_c(G) = Inn(G) holds.     

A Family of Finite Simple Groups Which Are 2-Recognizable by Their Elements Order

Abstract

Let G be a finite group and ω(G) the set of all orders of elements in G. Denote by h(ω(G)) the number of isomorphism classes of finite groups H satisfying ω(H) = ω(G), and put h(G) = h(ω(G)). A group G is called k-recognizable if h(G) = k < ∞ , otherwise G is called non-recognizable. In the present article we will show that the simple groups PSL(3, q), where q ≡ ±2(mod 5) and (6, (q ? 1)/2) = 2, are 2-recognizable. Therefore if q is a prime power and q ≡ 17, 33, 53 or 57 (mod 60), then the groups PSL(3, q) are 2-recognizable. Hence proving the existing of an infinite families of 2-recognizable simple groups.     

Non-Nilpotent Graph of a Group

We associate a graph 𝒩 _G with a group G (called the non-nilpotent graph of G) as follows: take G as the vertex set and two vertices are adjacent if they generate a non-nilpotent subgroup. In this article, we study the graph theoretical properties of 𝒩 _G and its induced subgraph on G \ nil(G), where nil(G) = {x ∈ G | ? x, y ? is nilpotent for all y ∈ G}. For any finite group G, we prove that 𝒩 _G has either |Z*(G)| or |Z*(G)| +1 connected components, where Z*(G) is the hypercenter of G. We give a new characterization for finite nilpotent groups in terms of the non-nilpotent graph. In fact, we prove that a finite group G is nilpotent if and only if the set of vertex degrees of 𝒩 _G has at most two elements.     

Finite Groups with Conjugacy Classes Number One Greater than Its Same Order Classes Number

ABSTRACT

Let k(G) be the number of conjugacy classes of finite groups G and π _e (G) be the set of the orders of elements in G. Then there exists a non-negative integer k such that k(G) = |π _e (G)| + k. We call such groups to be co(k) groups. This article classifies all finite co(1) groups. They are isomorphic to one of the following groups: A ₅, L ₂(7), S ₅, Z ₃, Z ₄, S ₄, A ₄, D ₁₀, Hol(Z ₅), or Z ₃ ? Z ₄.