钢筋混凝土结构锈胀开裂宽度的试验研究及预测模型

设计了45片钢筋混凝土(RC)构件,基于RC构件通电加速锈蚀,对该批构件进行腐蚀试验研究,测试了锈胀裂缝宽度及其位置和发生时间。以钢筋锈蚀率、保护层锈胀开裂、锈胀裂缝宽度、相对保护层厚度和混凝土强度为分析参数,结合测试数据,利用加速腐蚀和自然腐蚀的对应关系,通过数理统计回归分析建立了锈胀开裂宽度的预测模型。分析了各参数对锈胀开裂扩展的影响。该模型对RC结构耐久性设计提供一定的参考。使用本文建立的模型以及规范模型对文献试验数据和一座服役近40年的实桥构件的锈蚀率和锈胀裂缝宽度进行了预测,计算结果表明本文模型有较强的适用性,能够用于实桥锈胀损伤分析。     

A numerical model for reinforced concrete structures

This paper describes a two-dimensional approach to model fracture of reinforced concrete structures under (increasing) static loading conditions. The first part is dedicated to the concrete material. The concrete is described in compression by a non-local isotropic damage constitutive law. In tension, a fictitious crack/crack band model is proposed. The influence of biaxial stress states is incorporated in the constitutive relations. In the second part a bond model is described. It accounts for different failure mechanisms, a pullout failure and a splitting failure. This approach is applied to prestressed concrete beams with different failure mechanisms. The numerical results are compared to experimental data and show good agreement.     

水工结构高强钢筋混凝土梁受剪性能试验研究

通过对12根配置高强箍筋的混凝土梁在集中荷载作用下的受剪试验,研究梁的挠度、箍筋应变、斜裂缝扩展规律及破坏形态。依据现行《水工混凝土结构设计规范》,对比分析试验梁斜截面承载力及考虑荷载长期作用的正常使用阶段斜裂缝宽度。研究结果表明,配置高强箍筋的混凝土梁斜向开裂规律和受力特征与普通钢筋混凝土梁基本相同,受剪承载力可按现行《水工混凝土结构设计规范》公式计算,且有较高安全储备。当考虑荷载长期作用,HRBF500钢筋在水工结构中抗拉强度设计值取360MPa时,斜裂缝宽度满足正常使用极限状态要求。     

Shock wave method for monitoring crack repair processes in reinforced concrete structures

A nondestructive method for monitoring the crack state in reinforced concrete structures based on the recoding of wave processes in these structures under shock actions is proposed. The essence of the method and its possibilities are demonstrated by an example of the study of the behavior of a reinforced concrete beam with a crack at various stages of crack development and repair. Numerical simulation was used to study variations in the wave front characteristics in the crack area. A quantitative criterion was formulated, which permits estimating the concrete integrity or the existence of crack in it and monitoring the variations in the crack state in the process of loading the structure and the crack repair. The criterion is determined as the ratio of the amplitudes of the first half-waves of the acceleration wave front registered in regions on the opposite shores of the crack. The criterion value is independent of the amplitude of the shock action and the beam fixation conditions and is solely determined by the mechanical state of the material used to repair the crack. The criterion adequacy was demonstrated by comparing the results of numerical simulation with experimental data. A cycle of numerical experiments were carried out, which, for each duration of the shock action, permits determining the optimal values of the distance between the pulse application point and the acceleration recording points at which the criterion is most sensitive to the crack state.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF CRACK GROWTH OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS BASED ON XFEM1)

基于最大主应力准则,利用扩展有限元法对钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的裂纹扩展进行数值模拟。通过与已有模型试验结果的比对,验证了该方法的准确性与有效性。研究发现,带裂纹钢筋混凝土构件的裂纹扩展与力学性能不但受到单裂纹的尺寸、位置、倾角的影响,而且还受多裂纹间位置关系的影响;其中,裂纹横向分布位置和裂纹纵向分布位置是影响带裂纹钢筋混凝土梁裂缝扩展的主要因素。     

钢筋混凝土结构破坏过程的近场动力学模拟

采用近场动力学(Peridynamics,PD)方法对钢筋混凝土结构破坏过程进行模拟,在"键"型近场动力学模型的基础上,考虑物质点对间的转动以突破泊松比的限制,采用能够描述混凝土材料的拉压异性和断裂特征的损伤模型,引入动态松弛、分级加载、平衡收敛准则和冲击接触等算法,建立了能准确描述钢筋混凝土结构破坏的近场动力学模型。模拟了钢筋混凝土梁在不同荷载作用下破坏的全过程,裂纹扩展路径以及最终破坏形式均与试验结果吻合,为解决工程结构破坏问题提供了一种有效的方法。     

Phenomenological and numerical modelling of short fibre reinforced cementitious composites

In this paper, a constitutive model for short fibre reinforced cementitious composites will be presented. This model is based on the St. Venant–Kirchhoff model, which is a special case of a hyperelastic material. This model is refined to include the fibre orientation distribution. Numerical FEM simulations with the developed constitutive model and fracture simulations using the discrete element method are presented. The outcomes of these numerical methods demonstrate how important it is to monitor and further to control the fibre orientation distribution during the manufacturing process. As the manufacturing process might involve casting, as, e.g., in the case of steel fibre reinforced concrete, an outlook on simulations of the manufacturing process in order to predict and to control the fibre orientation distribution is given.     

Cohesive zone model of intermediate crack-induced debonding of FRP-plated concrete beam

External bonding of FRP plates or sheets has emerged as a popular method for strengthening reinforced concrete structures. Debonding along the FPR–concrete interface can lead to premature failure of the structures. In this study, debonding induced by a flexural crack in a FRP-plated concrete beam is analyzed through a nonlinear fracture mechanics method. The concrete beam and FRP plate are modeled as linearly elastic simple beams connected together through a thin layer of FRP–concrete interface. A bi-linear cohesive (bond-slip) law, which has been verified by experiments, is used to model the FRP–concrete interface as a cohesive zone. Thus a cohesive zone model for intermediate crack-induced debonding is established with a unique feature of unifying the debonding initiation and growth into one model. Closed-form solutions of interfacial stress, FRP stress and ultimate load of the plated beam are obtained and then verified with the numerical solutions based on finite element analysis. Parametric studies are carried out to demonstrate the significant effect of FRP thickness on the interface debonding. The bond-slip shape is examined specifically. In spite of its profound effect on softening zone size, the bond-slip shape has been found to have little effect on the ultimate load of the plated beam. By making use of such a unique feature, a simplified explicit expression is obtained to determine the ultimate load of the plated concrete beam with a flexural crack conveniently. The cohesive zone model in this study also provides an efficient and effective way to analyze more general FRP–concrete interface debonding.     

A penny-shaped crack in a filament-reinforced matrix—I. The filament model

This study deals with the elastostatic problem of a penny-shaped crack in an elastic matrix which is reinforced by filaments or fibers perpendicular to the plane of the crack. An elastic filament model is developed in the first paper. The second paper considers the application of the model to the penny-shaped crack problem in which the filaments of finite length are symmetrically distributed around the crack. The reinforcement problem for the cracked matrix with elastic fibers of different diameter, modulus, and relative location is considered in the third paper. Since the primary interest is in the application of the results to studies relating to the fracture of fiber or filament-reinforced composites and reinforced concrete, the main emphasis of the study will be on the evaluation of the stress intensity factor along the periphery of the crack, the stresses in the filaments or fibers, and the interface shear between the matrix and the filaments or fibers.     

Modeling of impact on concrete plates by use of the microplane approach

A numerical approach to model 3D impact scenarios on concrete structures is presented and validated by experimental investigations. Special focus is given to dynamic contact modeling of an impactor loading a concrete plate at very high velocity. In this context, the main aspect is the elimination of non-physical oscillations of the kinematic fields by using an updated Newmark integration scheme. Two Lagrangian multipliers are used for this update which successfully reduces the unphysical oscillations of the above mentioned fields. In a further step, the material behavior of concrete is described by the microplane model introducing a new rate-dependent non-local damage formulation. Using the equivalent strain as a non-local field, the method is able to model, in an adequate manner so that the crack pattern in concrete is represented by the damage evolution in case of transient problems. The accuracy is validated and proved by the help of benchmark simulations as well as the observed phenomena to experimental investigations.     

钢筋混凝土穿甲的数值模拟

比较了LS-DYNA中关于钢筋和混凝土相互作用的不同处理方式（即接触方法和耦合方法）对钢筋混凝土穿甲结果的影响。数值模拟S.J.Hanchak 等关于钢筋混凝土靶的穿甲实验,给出了弹靶的变形破坏过程。讨论了穿甲钢筋混凝土靶的撞击位置对终点弹道性能的影响,加深了钢筋对侵彻作用的认识。所确定的数值模拟方法可用于进一步讨论钢筋结构与尺寸、配筋率等参数对侵彻影响等问题的研究。     

爆炸载荷作用下混凝土靶板动态响应的细观模拟

考虑到一些对裂纹要求较严格的混凝土结构可能遭受到冲击载荷的威胁,利用混凝土三维细观力学模型对混凝土板在炸药爆炸（接触爆炸、封闭爆炸）载荷作用下的响应和破坏情况进行数值模拟,并就影响靶板内裂纹扩展结果的因素展开参数讨论。模型考虑了混凝土材料的内部细观结构（包括粗骨料体积分数、尺寸、级配等）以及三相材料力学性能的影响,准确地预测了混凝土板在2种爆炸条件下的裂纹形貌和开坑尺寸。通过与宏观均质模型的模拟结果进行对比可知,细观模型预测的接触爆炸条件下混凝土靶板的开坑形态、尺寸,以及封闭爆炸条件下混凝土盖板的主裂纹数量,均与实验观察更为贴近。此外,参数研究结果表明,三维细观力学模型的全局网格尺寸以及模型内各组分的相对网格尺寸均会对模拟结果的精度产生影响,选择与空气网格尺寸相当的混凝土网格尺寸,可以在获得较准确模拟结果的同时保证计算效率;骨料粒径大小也会影响混凝土板在爆炸载荷作用下的响应和破坏结果。混凝土三维细观力学模型能够反映混凝土结构在冲击载荷作用下的损伤和破坏的细观机理及影响因素,对指导工程设计和结构安全评估具有重要的理论意义和实际应用价值。     

Debonding of FRP-plated reinforced concrete beam,a bond-slip analysis. I. Theoretical formulation

External bonding of FRP plates or sheets has emerged as a popular method for strengthening reinforced concrete. Debonding along the FRP–concrete interface can lead to premature failure of the structure. In this study, a bond-slip model is established to study the interface debonding induced by a flexural crack in a FRP-plated concrete beam. The reinforced concrete beam and FRP plate are modeled as two linearly elastic Euler–Bernoulli beams bonded together through a thin layer of FRP–concrete interface. The interface layer is essentially modeled as a large fracture processing zone of which the stress–deformation relationship is described by a nonlinear bond-slip model. Three different bond-slip models (bi-linear, triangular and linear-damaging) are used. By dividing the debonding process into several stages, governing equations of interfacial shear and normal stresses are obtained. Closed-form solutions are then obtained for the interfacial shear and normal stresses and the deflection of the beam in each stage of debonding. In such a way, the proposed model unifies the whole debonding process, including elastic deformation, debonding initiation and growth, into one model. With such a superior feature, the proposed model provides an efficient and effective analytical tool to study FRP–concrete interface debonding.     

钢筋混凝土盾构衬砌结构的三维数值分析

结合地铁盾构隧道工程实例,应用三维有限元模型和ANSYS程序分析了上部和周围土体荷载作用下钢筋混凝土衬砌的应力、应变分布与开裂规律。模型考虑了衬砌与周围土体的共同作用、土体和钢筋混凝土材料的弹塑性性质,通过刚度折减考虑了管片接头不连续性对衬砌应力、应变与开裂性质的影响。     

剪切型钢筋混凝土柱临界斜裂缝倾角的概率模型

对于剪切型钢筋混凝土(RC)柱,传统的确定性临界斜裂缝倾角模型难以有效考虑其材料参数、几何尺寸和边界约束条件等方面不确定性因素的影响,导致计算精度有限,且离散性较大。鉴于此,本文研究建立了剪切型RC柱临界斜裂缝倾角的概率模型。首先,基于变角桁架模型理论,建立了剪切型RC柱临界裂缝倾角的确定性模型;然后,考虑主观不确定性和客观不确定性因素的影响,结合贝叶斯理论和马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛(MCMC)法,建立了剪切型RC柱临界斜裂缝倾角的概率模型,并推导了均值和方差的解析表达式,从而能够合理描述临界斜裂缝倾角的概率分布特性;最后,利用试验数据对比验证了该模型的有效性,并校准了现有确定性模型的置信水平,进而确定了不同置信水平下剪切型RC柱临界斜裂缝倾角的概率特征值。     

钢筋锈胀引发混凝土保护层开裂破坏的细观数值研究

钢筋锈蚀膨胀引起保护层混凝土开裂是影响钢筋混凝土结构耐久性和服役寿命的重要因素。考虑到混凝土细观结构组成对保护层破坏模式的影响,从细观角度出发,将混凝土看作由骨料、砂浆基质及两者间界面过渡区组成的三相复合材料,建立了描述钢筋锈胀力学行为的混凝土随机骨料模型。采用塑性损伤本构关系模型来表征砂浆基质和过渡区界面的力学行为,假定钢筋均匀锈蚀,对钢筋锈胀引起的混凝土保护层开裂破坏过程进行了细观数值研究。对比了宏观均匀模型与细观非均质模型下获得的保护层破坏模式,探讨了径厚比(c/d)、钢筋位置(中部和角区)及混凝土拉伸强度对保护层破坏模式及保护层胀裂时钢筋锈蚀水平的影响,得到了一些有益结论。     

A material model for cementitious composite materials with an exterior point Eshelby microcrack initiation criterion

A micromechanical model for cementitious composite materials is described in which microcrack initiation, in the interfacial transition zone between aggregate particles and cement matrix, is governed by an exterior-point Eshelby solution. The model assumes a two-phase elastic composite, derived from an Eshelby solution and the Mori–Tanaka homogenization method, to which circular microcracks are added. A multi-component rough crack contact model is employed to simulate normal and shear behaviour of rough microcrack surfaces. The development of the microcrack initiation criterion and the rules adopted for microcrack evolution are a particular focus of the paper. Finally, it is shown, on the basis of several numerical simulations, that the model captures key characteristics of the behaviour of cementitious composites such as concrete.     

Effects of microscale inertia on dynamic ductile crack growth

The aim of this paper is to investigate the role of microscale inertia in dynamic ductile crack growth. A constitutive model for porous solids that accounts for dynamic effects due to void growth is proposed. The model has been implemented in a finite element code and simulations of crack growth in a notched bar and in an edge cracked specimen have been performed. Results are compared to predictions obtained via the Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman (GTN) model where micro-inertia effects are not accounted for. It is found that microscale inertia has a significant influence on the crack growth. In particular, it is shown that micro-inertia plays an important role during the strain localisation process by impeding void growth. Therefore, the resulting damage accumulation occurs in a more progressive manner. For this reason, simulations based on the proposed modelling exhibit much less mesh sensitivity than those based on the viscoplastic GTN model. Microscale inertia is also found to lead to lower crack speeds. Effects of micro-inertia on fracture toughness are evaluated.