Monte carlo simulation of signals from model biological tissues measured by an optical coherence tomograph and an optical coherence Doppler tomograph

The results of Monte Carlo simulation of optical coherence tomograph (OCT) signals from layers of a suspension of erythrocytes and an aqueous solution of Intralipid are presented. It is shown that the rear boundary of a layer of an erythrocyte suspension 0.5 mm thick is distinguished in the OCT signal for all the hematocrits considered (5, 10, and 35%). This is explained by fact that the greatest contribution to the signal is made by low-order scattered photons, which ensures good differentiation of internal inclusions and the rear boundary. In the case of the Intralipid solution, the main contribution is made by multiply scattered photons and the signal from the rear boundary is indistinguishable. Signals of an optical coherence Doppler tomograph (OCDT) from a plane-parallel flow of Intralipid between glass plates are also simulated. The effect of the Intralipid concentration on the velocity profile reconstructed from the OCDT signal is studied. It is shown that an increase in the Intralipid concentration leads to a shift in the maximum of the reconstructed velocity profile and to an stretching of the profile. The reason for these distortions is the contribution to the signal from multiple scattering. OCDT signals from a blood layer immersed in an optical phantom of skin are also simulated, and the distortions of the reconstructed profile are analyzed in relation to the depth of the layer.     

Optical Doppler tomographic imaging of fluid flow velocity in highly scattering media

An optical Doppler tomography (ODT) system that permits imaging of fluid flow velocity in highly scattering media is described. ODT combines Doppler velocimetry with the high spatial resolution of low-coherence optical interferometry to measure fluid flow velocity at discrete spatial locations. Tomographic imaging of particle flow velocity within a circular conduit submerged 1 mm below the surface in a highly scattering phantom of Intralipid is demonstrated.     

650nm光在Intralipid-10%中分布的测量和分析

本文提出一种用光纤测定光在生物组织模型Iitralipid内部光分布的方法并测定了650nm激光在Iitralipid 10%中的分布,该方法与各向同性球形光纤探头探测组织内光分布是一种互补的方法。实验结果揭示了在生物组织模型中不同方向散射光的分布规律,表明了不同的组织光学参数和不同直径的入射光束与光分布之间的关系;采用外推边界条件的漫射方程解拟合前向散射光的测量数据确定了组织模型的散射系数和吸收系数并得到较好的结果,所测量的光学参数与公开发表的结果比较其差别在2 35%以内。     

Motion imaging of objects in layers hidden by scattering media using low-coherence speckle interferometry

A novel method is proposed for motion imaging of objects in layers hidden by a scattering medium in a depth-resolved manner by means of the intensity difference in a temporal sequence of low-coherence speckle images. Depth-resolved motion imaging was demonstrated with a semi-transparent scattering plate and an aluminum diffusive plate behind Intralipid solution. Experimental results confirmed feasibility of the proposed method for imaging of moving objects by their relative velocity.     

Feasibility of glucose monitoring based on Brownian dynamics in time-domain optical coherence tomography

Our purpose is to investigate the feasibility of Brownian motion in time-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) incorporated with wavelet power spectrum to monitor glucose concentration in Intralipid solution. The results show that the standard deviation (SD) of frequency in the superficial layer of single scattering region, linearly proportional to Brownian diffusion coefficient, is independent of the depth. Our preliminary results demonstrate that average SD of frequency in the single scattering region is inversely proportional to the glucose concentration in Intralipid solution, since the Brownian diffusion coefficient is a function of concentration. Thus the average SD of frequency in OCT signal is capable of differentiating the glucose concentration.     

基于光学相干层析成像技术的强散射介质光学特性测量

利用光学相干层析成像技术对强散射介质的光学特性进行了测量研究.通过理论模拟分析了镜面反射条件下散射系数及各向异性因子对外差效应因子的影响.提出镜面反射情况下利用广义惠更斯菲涅尔模型提取材料光学特性的算法.通过对不同浓度的IntralipidTM溶液的测量,获得了可靠的光学散射特性实验结果,并研究了散射系数与其浓度之间的...     

Generalized boundary conditions for the S-model kinetic equations basic to flow in a plane channel

An analytical version of the discrete-ordinates method is used to solve the classical problems of Poiseuille flow and thermal-creep flow in a plane channel. The kinetic theory for the rarefied-gas flow is based on the S model (a generalization of the BGK model), and in addition to the use of the diffuse-specular reflection model (based on a single accommodation coefficient) for describing particle scattering from the channel walls, the Cercignani-Lampis model defined in terms of normal and tangential accommodation coefficients is implemented. The established solution is tested numerically, and results for the velocity and heat-flow profiles, the particle-flow rate and the heat-flow rate thought to be correct to many significant figures are reported for various values of the channel width.     

A two-dimensional tomography model for the oceanic inhomogeneity reconstruction with wave and ray representations of acoustic field

A model reconstruction of two-dimensional combined oceanic inhomogeneities (of refractive and kinetic types) in tomographic experiments with ray and wave representations of acoustic field is considered. The possibility of a complete reconstruction of two-dimensional flows from the scattering data alone is illustrated. For the realization of the tomographic scheme, a nonorthogonal redundant basis consisting of a number of intersecting stripes is used. The results of reconstruction are presented for model inhomogeneities of kinetic and combined (refractive-kinetic) types. The iterative reconstruction of the flow velocity vector distribution is considered. The tomographic problem in the ray representation is solved by taking into account both the time delays in the signal propagation along the rays and the ray trajectory distortions due to the inhomogeneity of the medium.     

Translational oscillations of a microsphere in superfluid helium

The translational motion of a microsphere (radius 100 μm) in liquid helium is investigated. The sphere is levitating inside a superconducting capacitor and oscillates about its equilibrium position. The velocity amplitude and the resonance frequency are measured as a function of driving force and temperature (0.35 K up to 2.2 K). By increasing the driving force we first find a linear regime (laminar flow) which changes abruptly into a nonlinear one (turbulent flow). For temperatures below 0.7 K the linear drag is given by ballistic roton and phonon scattering whereas for temperatures above 1.1 K the hydrodynamic force on the sphere is described by Stoke's solution. In the turbulent regime, above a temperature independent threshold velocity, we find the drag force to be given by turbulence in the superfluid component plus an essentially laminar drag by the normal component.     

A theoretical model of the pressure field arising from asymmetric intraglottal flows applied to a two-mass model of the vocal folds

A theoretical flow solution is presented for predicting the pressure distribution along the vocal fold walls arising from asymmetric flow that forms during the closing phases of speech. The resultant wall jet was analyzed using boundary layer methods in a non-inertial reference frame attached to the moving wall. A solution for the near-wall velocity profiles on the flow wall was developed based on a Falkner-Skan similarity solution and it was demonstrated that the pressure distribution along the flow wall is imposed by the velocity in the inviscid core of the wall jet. The method was validated with experimental velocity data from 7.5 times life-size vocal fold models, acquired for varying flow rates and glottal divergence angles. The solution for the asymmetric pressures was incorporated into a widely used two-mass model of vocal fold oscillation with a coupled acoustical model of sound propagation. Asymmetric pressure loading was found to facilitate glottal closure, which yielded only slightly higher values of maximum flow declination rate and radiated sound, and a small decrease in the slope of the spectral tilt. While the impact on symmetrically tensioned vocal folds was small, results indicate the effect becomes more significant for asymmetrically tensioned vocal folds.     

Velocity profiles in shear-banding wormlike micelles

Using dynamic light scattering in heterodyne mode, we measure velocity profiles in a much studied system of wormlike micelles (CPCl/NaSal) known to exhibit both shear-banding and stress plateau behavior. Our data provide evidence for the simplest shear-banding scenario, according to which the effective viscosity drop in the system is due to the nucleation and growth of a highly sheared band in the gap, whose thickness linearly increases with the imposed shear rate. We discuss various details of the velocity profiles in all the regions of the flow curve and emphasize the complex, non-Newtonian nature of the flow in the highly sheared band.     

离子浓度及表面结构对岩石孔隙内水流动特性的影响

酸性环境引发的岩石孔隙表面溶解增加了孔隙内水溶液的盐离子浓度,破坏了孔隙的表面结构.本文采用分子动力学模拟的方法研究了纳米级岩石孔隙内水溶液的流动特性,分析了盐离子浓度和孔隙表面结构对水流速度分布的影响及原因.研究结果表明:纳米级岩石孔隙内的水溶液流动符合泊肃叶流动特性,流速呈"抛物线"分布;随盐离子浓度增加,水溶液内部氢键网络变得更为致密,水黏度随其呈线性增长;水溶液中离子浓度越大,孔隙表面对水流动的阻力越大,最大流速越小,速度分布的"抛物线"曲率半径越大;岩石孔隙表面结构的破坏改变了流动表面的粗糙程度,增加了孔隙表面对H2O分子的吸引力.随表面结构破坏程度的增大,水溶液在近壁区域的密度增大,流速降低;当表面破坏程度达到50%时,水溶液在近壁区域出现了明显的负边界滑移现象.     

Tensor analysis of the refraction distortions dynamics of a sounding optical beam

The capabilities of dynamics analysis of the sounding-beam intensity profile at the output of an atmospheric path on the basis of the chronogram structure tensor are considered. The spatio–temporal structure of the velocity field of refraction distortions is investigated. The characteristic dimensions of the regions of the translational and rotational types of flow motions are determined. The profiles of local velocity projections are obtained, as well as their statistical properties under the conditions of weak variations of meteoparameters in the output flow recording interval. Comparison of the characteristic values of wind velocity that is recorded with an array of anemometers and those calculated with the suggested method allowed us to elaborate an approach to the rough estimation of the translational and fluctuation components of aerodynamic flows at the path.     

Glucose-induced changes in the optical properties of Intralipid

Photoacoustic and optical measurement techniques were used in this paper to study glucose-induced changes in Intralipid suspensions. Optical energy was provided by a Nd:YAG laser at 1064 and 532 nm and a picosecond laser module at 906 nm. As detectors, the setup employed a photoacoustic detector, PIN diode, and streak camera. Increasing the glucose content of the suspensions increased the refractive indices of the studied media. This served to decrease the refractive index mismatch between the background and the scattering particles and led consequently to decreased scattering, which then affected both the peak-to-peak value of the photoacoustic signals and the transmitted optical pulses. At 1064 nm, glucose changed the peak-to-peak value of the photoacoustic signal more in 1% than in 2% Intralipid. In addition, the glucose-induced change in the transmitted pulse amplitude was less noticeable at 532 than at 1064 nm in 1% Intralipid. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Effect of diffraction of molecules on collisional line narrowing

A new model of line profile is proposed, which simultaneously takes into account hard and soft (in velocity) collisions leading to collisional line narrowing. It is shown that parameters of collisional narrowing and broadening obtained by processing experimental profiles on the basis of the standard model of hard collisions contain almost no contribution of diffraction scattering of molecules by buffer gas particles. The model proposed for the line profile makes possible a correct comparison of frequencies of the collision integral measured by methods of linear and nonlinear spectroscopy.     

Statistical temporal behaviour of pulse wave propagation through continuous random media

Pulse waves propagating through random media suffer distortions, such as fluctuation of arrival time, temporal broadening, and alteration of skewness and kurtosis, due to both the background medium and embedded irregularities. We carry out a study on the temporal behaviour of electromagnetic pulses propagating through random media using temporal moments and an analytic solution of a two-frequency mutual coherence function recently obtained by iteration. We treat the temporal characteristics sequentially, with general expressions obtained first. Then the concise forms are given for pulse propagation in the turbulent non-dispersive atmosphere and the ionosphere, with numerical calculations for the latter. The results show that the mean arrival time is dominated by the term propagating at group velocity, and small corrections arise from higher-order dispersion of the background medium and random scattering of irregularities, but the correction from dispersion of irregularities is neglected as it is so small. As for pulse broadening in trans-ionospheric propagation, the results show that contributions are mainly from the dispersion of the background ionosphere and scattering of electron density irregularities in most cases, and the contribution of dispersion of irregularities is so small that it can be neglected. Finally, we find that the temporal skewness of a trans-ionospheric pulse is negative and its energy is shifted to the leading edge, and the contributions from scattering and dispersion of irregularities dominate over those of background, so the latter can be neglected in most cases.     

Combined experimental and computational study of laminar, axisymmetric hydrogen–air diffusion flames

We investigate the structure of two-dimensional, axisymmetric, laminar hydrogen–air flames in which a cylindrical fuel stream is surrounded by coflowing air, using laser-diagnostic and computational methods. Spontaneous Raman scattering and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) are used to measure the distributions of major species and temperature. Computationally, we solve the governing conservation equations for mass, momentum, energy, and species, using detailed chemistry and transport. The fuel is diluted with nitrogen (1:1) to reduce heat transfer to the burner, to match the zero temperature gradient at the fuel exit. Three average fuel exit velocities are studied: 18, 27, and 50 cm/s. Comparisons of the measured and computed results are performed for radial profiles at a number of axial positions, and along the axial centerline. Peak major species mole fractions and temperatures are quantitatively predicted by the computations, and the axial species profiles are predicted to within the experimental uncertainty. In the radial profiles studied, base-case computations excluding thermal diffusion of light species were in excellent agreement with the measurements. While the addition of thermal diffusion led to some discrepancy with the measured results, the magnitude of the differences was no more than 25%. The computations predicted the axial centerline profiles from the burner exit to the maximum temperature well, though the experimental temperatures in the downstream mixing region decreased somewhat faster than the computed profiles. Radiative losses are seen to be negligible in these flames, and changes in transport properties and variations in initial flow velocities generally led to only modest changes in the axial profiles. The results also show that the detailed axial profiles of major species and temperature at different fuel jet velocities scale quantitatively with the jet velocity.     

光学相干层析多普勒成像功能拓展研究

光学多普勒成像(Optical Doppler tomography,ODT)是一种结合了光学相干层析成像技术(Opticalcoherence tomography,OCT)和多普勒流速仪的非侵入、非接触的成像技术,能够实现对高散介质组织内部的血管分布和血液流速的探测。阐述了基于数字希尔伯特变换的相位分离多普勒光学相干层析成像技术的工作原理,并且通过对玻璃毛细管和生物芯片微通道管中聚苯乙烯溶液流速的实验测量,准确测量管内微粒缓慢移动时的多普勒频移量,获得了玻璃管内和生物芯片微通道管中流速分布曲线,证实了所提方法的可行性。获取的多普勒图像具有较高的空间分辨力和速度分辨力,在未来的临床应用中有潜在的应用价值。     

Video-rate near-infrared optical tomography using spectrally encoded parallel light delivery

A novel parallel source implementation approach to near-infrared tomography is demonstrated through spectral encoding of the light delivery. This new technique allows many sources to be input into the tissue at the same time, and a high-resolution spectrometer is used to spatially spread out the signals from each spectrally encoded source. The parallel sampling of all sources at all detection locations renders rapid imaging. Acquisition of complete tomographic data sets at a video rate of 35 frames/s is achieved for imaging of a 6.35 mm diameter inclusion with an absorption coefficient of 0.01 mm(-1) and a reduced scattering coefficient of 1.5 mm(-1) that is moving along a circular path inside a 1% Intralipid solution.     

High frequency sound emission from moving point multipole sources embedded in arbitrary transversely sheared mean flows

Formulas are derived for the high frequency sound emission from moving point multipole sources embedded in an arbitrary uni-directional transversely sheared mean flow. The results are used to study the sound generated by non-axisymmetric turbulent jets. The effect of the asymmetry in both the mean flow and the source distribution is accounted for by a “circumferential directivity factor”, which is easily calculated from the solution of a second order ordinary differential equation in the general case and from an explicit formula when the mean flow is symmetric but the source location is not. This factor is used to assess the potential of employing asymmetric velocity profiles that redirect the sound upward to reduce the noise radiation below the flight path of a jet aircraft.