KCl肥料中植物营养元素含量分析

钾是植物生长必需的三大要素之一。为了确定KCL肥料中钾以外的其他植物营养元素,应用ICP-MS研究了钾肥KCL中植物营养元素的含量,以期为今后的钾肥肥效试验和农业生产提供基础数据。结果表明,KCl肥料中含有除K以外的多种植物必需元素Mg,Ca,Mn,Fe,Ni,Cu,Zn和Mo以及对植物有益元素Na,Al,Si,Co和Se。必需元素含量多的是Ca(1 309.48μg·g-1), Fe (500.83 μg·g-1),Mg(50.51 μg·g-1)和Mn(5.44 μg·g-1);有益元素中Na的含量达到25 095.89 μg·g-1。由于上述元素对于植物的生长发育有明显影响,所以在研究钾肥的影响时,应当全面分析影响因素。建议在做肥钾肥效试验时选择纯度高、杂质元素含量少的单一化合物肥料。     

转基因棉花纤维中重金属和矿质元素含量研究

借助ICP-MS/ICP-AES技术对转基因棉花和对照纤维中的微量元素和重金属进行了系统的研究。转基因棉花纤维中,所测量的15种微量元素中有十种元素含量低于非转基因对照,它们分别是：B,Mg,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,Se和Mo,特别是Zn成倍降低; 而植物中的大量元素Na,Si,P,K和Ca则有所上升,以Si上升最多(2倍多)。在检测的六种重金属(Pb,Cr,Cd,Sb,Tl和As)中转基因抗虫棉花纤维含量都低于亲本对照。上述结果说明外源基因的导入能够显著改变转基因棉花纤维中微量元素和重金属的累积。     

应用ICP-MS研究甲哌鎓对转Bt基因抗虫棉棉籽中无机元素含量的影响

应用ICP-MS系统检测了甲哌鎓处理对转Bt基因抗虫棉棉籽中各种无机元素含量的影响,结果表明：ICP-MS可以迅速、有效地检测出棉籽中54种无机元素的含量。其中K,P,Mg,Ca,Na五种人体必需宏量元素,含量范围为138.3～13 835.1 μg·g-1;14种人体必需微量元素含量范围为14.2 ng·g-1～81.7 μg·g-1,从高到低依次为Si,B,Mn,Sr,Zn,Ni,Cu,Mo,Fe,Co,Se,V,I,Sn;五种重金属元素含量范围为0.1～455.3 ng·g-1,从高到低依次为Pb,Cd,Cr,As,Hg;甲哌鎓处理显著降低了人体必需宏量元素Ca、微量元素Fe,Si,Mn,Co,Ni,Cu,I含量;重金属Pb,Cd和Cr含量分别降低68%,67%和54%,均达显著水平, 对其他宏量、微量元素无显著影响。对于棉籽中的其他30种元素,甲哌鎓处理显著提高了La等八种元素、降低了W等七种元素含量。这些结果表明,甲哌鎓处理一定程度上增加了棉籽作为食油用的安全性。     

ICP-AES法分析灵芝中的微量元素

采用湿法消解,ICP-AES法分析不同原料的两种灵芝子实体、灵芝子实体根部、灵芝混合物、灵芝破壁与不破壁孢子粉中的20种微量元素,Al,As,Ca,Cd,Co,Cr,Cu,Fe,Ce,Hg,K,Mg,Mn,Na,Ni,P,Pb,S,Se,Zn的含量.结果表明:不同灵芝样品中的矿物元素含量很丰富,其中元素K,Ca,Mg,Fe,Zn,P,S含量较高,主要存在的微量元素有:Cu,CO,Cr,Ni;具有潜在生理毒性的元素为Al,As,Hg,Pb,Cd,抗癌功效元素Se和Ge在所有灵芝样品中并未测得.孢子粉中重金属元素含量相对灵芝原料更低些,灵芝混合物中有添加的功效元素Fe和se,灵芝根部切片样品中的Ca,Cu,Zn含量与其他样品都要高,不同品种的灵芝原料中的微量元素含量存在一定的差异性.     

FAAS法测定苦杏仁和甜杏仁中的13种金属元素

采用硝酸、高氯酸(V/V=4/1)常压微沸条件下消解苦杏仁和甜杏仁样品,火焰原子吸收法测定苦杏仁和甜杏仁中的金属元素:Mn、Ca、K、Mg、Na、Zn、Cu、Fe、Co、Cd、Ni、Pb、Cr的含量,研究了测定不同元素仪器的最佳工作条件、方法的准确度和精密度.结果表明:苦杏仁中Mn、Ca、K、Mg、Na、Zn、Cu、Fe、Co、Cd、Ni和Pb的含量分别为11.756,1614.167,5153.191,238.478,97.668,274.836,16.844,546.316,9.952,3.474,5.979,2.143μg·g-1Cr未检出,方法回收率(n=9)在97.32%-102.57%之间,RSD(n=9)在0.14%-2.22%之间;甜杏仁中Mn、Ca、K、Mg、Ni、Zn、Cu、Fe、Co、Cd、Ni和Pb的含量分别为6.622,1937.503,8663.824,216.956,257.546,77.961,12.483,372.183,7.990,3.666,2.268,3.214μg·g-1Cr未检出,方法回收率(n=9)在97.23%-102.43%之间,RSD(n=9)在0.47%-2.14%之间.该法快速,简单,准确度和精密度均较高,能达到分析要求.     

内蒙古农村地区育龄妇女头发中21种元素含量水平及相互作用（英文）

近年来育龄妇女矿物质缺乏的风险增加,特别是农村地区妇女。研究使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)和原子荧光光谱法(AFS)测定内蒙古乌兰察布市兴和县健康育龄妇女头发中21种元素含量(Ca,Mg,Cu,Zn,Fe,Mn,Cr,Ti,B,Co,Mo,Si,V,Ni,Cd,Al,Pb,Ba,Sr,Sn和Se)。结果显示,21个元素的浓度水平明显地不同于文献报道的平均水平。育龄女性存在微量营养素缺乏和有毒元素明显过剩的现象。当地矿产及土壤种类导致镁和铝的含量较高而硒含量较低。通过相关分析和逐步多元回归分析研究了元素间的相互作用,性质相似的金属元素具有显著的相互作用,且最强的是镁与钙、铬与硼、硅与铅、锰与铅、铁与锰。研究地区镉、铅没有显著的相关作用,这可能与工业暴露少有关。同时其他因素也影响元素在人体内的代谢水平。多元回归分析发现:Ca=f(Mg,Se)(Se为负相关,β0),Fe=f(Cu,Mn,Ti),Zn=f(Ca,Se,Fe,Ni)(Fe,Ni为负相关,β0),Cu=f(Pb,Fe,Cd),Al=f(Mg,Pb),Se=f(Zn,Cr,Ca)(Ca为负相关,β0)。这些参数可以用于研究生物体内不同元素之间的关系。聚类分析法进一步对不同元素的来源进行分类,结果表明该地铅暴露主要来源于自然环境。研究结果将为改善农村地区育龄妇女宏观和微量元素水平提供可靠的依据,同时,也有助于制定更有效的提高妇女生殖健康和妊娠结局的策略。     

微波消解ICP-AES测定普洱茶中的17种元素

优化了微波处理样品的条件,以电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱仪（ICP-AES）检测普洱茶中17种元素的含量。结果表明,普洱茶中元素含量高低顺序为：K〉Ca〉Mg〉Al〉Mn〉Na〉Fe〉Zn〉Ni〉Sr〉Cu〉Pb〉Cr〉Co〉Cd。As、Se没有检出,有害元素的含量均低于国家标准限量。ICP-AES检测各元素的相对标准偏差小于5%。     

ICP-MS用于云南南部四种特色蜂蜜的植物源鉴别分析

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)技术结合化学计量学分析技术对采自云南南部的四种特色蜂蜜中的23种矿物元素进行了分析。结果表明：ICP-MS技术测定蜂蜜中多种矿物元素含量的稳定性、精确度较好,回收率较高;23种矿物元素中有21种元素(Na,Mg,K,Ca,V,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Se,Sr,Mo,Cd,Sb,Ba,Tl,Pb)在不同蜂蜜品种间存在显著差异;主成分分析结果显示,前4个主成分的累积方差贡献率达到77.74%,第一主成分中的Mg,Ca,Mn,Co,Sr,Cd,Ba 七种元素包含大部分蜂蜜信息;通过逐步判别分析,Mg, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Sr, Pb共七种元素被筛选出来并用于建立判别函数模型,对所建模型进行回代检验和交叉检验,正确判别率分别为90%和86.7%,表明多元素指标对云南南部四种特色蜂蜜植物源的判别效果较好。鉴于所采蜂蜜样品都来自云南南部,气候和土壤等环境条件类似,四种蜂蜜中矿质元素的差异主要与对应的蜜源植物有关,因此,利用矿质元素差异鉴别蜂蜜植物源具有可行性。     

海洋底栖硅藻细胞中矿物元素含量分析

采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法对八种海洋底栖硅藻细胞中Mg,Fe,K,Ca,Mn,Zn,Cu,Ni,Pb,Cr,Cd共11种矿物元素的含量进行了测定。方法的相对标准偏差<6.85%,相关系数为0.998 9～0.9999,回收率95%～103%。结果表明,所筛选的八种海洋底栖硅藻中含有较丰富的常量元素和微量元素,常量元素Mg,Fe,K,Ca的含量为10-1～102 mg·g-1数量级,微量元素Mn,Zn,Cu,Ni的含量为10-3～10-1 mg·g-1数量级。其含量依次为Mg>Fe>Ca>K>Mn>Zn,Cu和Ni的含量极少,有害重金属元素Pb,Cr和Cd含量极微。Mg, K和Mn含量最高的是半裸舟形藻,分别为(17.224 0±0.030 2)mg·g-1 SD,(1.788 5±0.093 9)mg·g-1 SD和(0.225 3±0.001 1)mg·g-1SD。Fe(4.231 4±0.030 9)mg·g-1 SD), Zn(0.116 7±0.002 9)mg·g-1 SD), Cu(0.022 7±0.000 7)mg·g-1 SD)和Ni(0.014 7±0.000 5)mg·g-1 SD)含量最高的是双尖菱板藻细头变种,而菱形藻细胞中Ca(6.353 7±0.041 2)mg·g-1 SD含量最高。     

FAAS法测定不同产地油菜花粉中13种金属元素含量

采用先灰化、再经硝酸-高氯酸(V∶V=4∶1)常压微沸条件下消化油菜花粉样品,应用火焰原子吸收法测定不同产地油菜花粉中的金属元素K,Na,Ca,Mg,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,Mn,Cd,Cr和Pb的含量。研究了测定不同元素的仪器最佳工作条件,并作了方法的准确性和精密度的考察。结果表明：山丹和景泰油菜花粉中K,Na,Ca,Mg,Fe,Cu,Zn和Mn的含量分别为4 248.00,75.77,312.10,856.61,599.53,8.78,27.82,22.54 μg·g-1和7 585.75,242.56,287.88,699.43,1 020.65,10.25,40.44,30.97 μg·g-1。Co,Ni,Cr,Cd和Pb未检出。加标回收率为95.22%～105.49%,相对标准差(n=9)为0.30% ～5.00%。测定方法简单易行,方便快捷。     

氮肥施用量和形态对玉米苗期叶绿素含量的影响

氮肥的施用量和形态对植物的影响很大。实验借助于一种新型光谱仪SPAD-502叶绿素仪,研究了不同氮肥水平和氮肥形态对苗期玉米叶片叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明,每公顷施用0,100和200 kgN时,SPAD值在43.3～43.7之间,差异不显著;每公顷施用400 kgN时最后一片展开叶的叶绿素含量显著高于对照和每公顷施用100和200 kgN的处理,估计可能与肥料中其他成分有关,但原因尚需进一步研究。通过不同形态氮肥试验,表明氨态氮处理的叶片叶绿素含量显著高于硝态氮处理,可能的原因是: (1)氨态氮易于吸收,施用初期效果快;(2)氨态氮中微量元素比较高。     

(15)N investigation of nitrogen released from tobacco-waste to be utilized by maize crop

The (15)N study aimed to estimate the portion of nitrogen released from tobacco-waste to be utilized by maize crop. Tobacco-waste at the levels of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 g pot(-1) and ((15)NH(4))(2)SO(4) as nitrogen fertilizer labelled with 5 at.% exc. at the levels of 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 mg N pot(-1) together with a basal dressing of some nutrients were added to pots with Pioneer maize variety. After the harvest, dry matter yield was recorded and (15)N determinations and calculations were made. Tobacco-waste had a positive effect on the growth and on the nitrogen uptake of maize crop. Increasing the rates of tobacco-waste increased the dry matter yield of maize crop from 4.64 g pot(-1) (at control) to 7.22 g pot(-1) (at the tobacco-waste treatment of 8 g pot(-1)). The values of (15)N in the plant derived from nitrogenous fertilizer also increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer levels, whereas they decreased from 0.427 % to 0.249 % with increasing tobacco-waste treatments from 0 to 8 g pot(-1), respectively. The average values of per cent nitrogen derived from nitrogenous fertilizer (Ndff) varied from 4.32 % to 7.95 % at the rates of 4-16 mg N pot(-1), respec-tively. However, Ndff decreased from 8.54 % to 4.99 % with increasing tobacco-waste treatments from 0 to 8 g pot(-1), respectively. Per cent nitrogen derived from tobacco-waste (Ndft) increased from 21.8 % to 38.5 % with increasing tobacco-waste treatments from 2 to 8 g pot(-1), respectively. The results have revealed that (15)N tracer technique was confidently used for the investigation of nitrogen levels released from tobacco-waste as organic waste to be utilized by maize crop.     

植物中硝态氮、氨态氮、总氮测定方法的比较研究

植物样品经硫酸 过氧化氢凯氏法消煮后 ,分别用直接吸光光度法、靛酚蓝比色法、过硫酸钾氧化吸光光度法获得硝态氮 (包括亚硝态氮 )、氨态氮、总氮的含量。通过样品测试数据的比较 ,证明分别测得的氨态氮、硝态氮含量之和与所测总氮结果一致。本文为植物生态学和植物学中氮元素各种形态含量的分析提供了选择测定方法的依据     

Use of the Carbonyl Chemical Shift to Relieve Degeneracies in Triple-Resonance Assignment Experiments

We illustrate an approach that uses the backbone carbonyl chemical shift to relieve resonance overlaps in triple-resonance assignment experiments conducted on protein samples. We apply this approach to two cases of simultaneous overlaps: those of ((1)H(N), (15)N) spin pairs and those of ((1)H(alpha), (13)C(alpha)) spin pairs in residues preceding prolines. For these cases we employed respectively CBCACO(N)H and H(CA)CON experiments, simple variants of the commonly used CBCA(CO)NH and HCA(CO)N experiments obtained by replacing one of the indirect dimensions with a carbonyl dimension. We present data collected on ribosomal protein S4 using these experiments, along with overlap statistics for four other polypeptides ranging in size from 76 to 263 residues. These data indicate that the CBCACO(N)H, in combination with the CBCA(CO)NH, can relieve >83% of the ((1)H(N), (15)N) and ((1)H(N), (13)C') overlaps for these proteins. The data also reveal how the H(CA)CON experiment successfully completed the assignment of triply and quadruply degenerate X-Pro spin systems in a mobile, proline-rich region of S4, even when X was a glycine. Finally, we discuss the relative sensitivities of these experiments compared to those of existing sequences, an analysis that reinforces the usefulness of these experiments in assigning extensively overlapped and/or proline-rich sequences in proteins.     

植物标样多元素测定的五种前处理方法比较

本文采用植物样品的五种前处理方法,即干灰化法,硝酸＋硫酸＋高氯酸法,硝酸＋硫酸＋高氯酸＋氢氟酸法、硫酸＋过氧化氢法、灰化＋碱熔法,对植物标样ＧＢＷ０７６０３作样品分解,试液用ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ法进行十九种常量及微量元素的测定。     

氮气/氨气的高压快脉冲放电光谱研究

本文测量了氮气、氨气及其混合气体的快脉冲放电等离子体的光谱,用光谱分析方法研究了等离子体成分及其与气压和配比的关系,并讨论了在制备氮化物时使用氮、氨混合气体的有利之处。     

绿色GaP-LED中NH3掺杂的动力学

本文研究了NH3作为气相掺杂剂,在GaP-LED层中氮结合的动力学过程;分析讨论了影响外延层中氮浓度的诸因素.     

Interaction between CO and NH3 coadsorbed on Ru(001): its effects on the ordering in mixed adlayers and the ammonia dissociation

The coadsorption of CO and ammonia on Ru(001) has been investigated by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and high-resolution electron energy-loss spectroscopy (HREELS). The main focus has been on the interaction between different admolecules on the surface and its important role in surface reaction. Exposing CO-precovered Ru(001) to ammonia at 100 K leads to the formation of mixed ordered layers with a (2 × 2) periodicity. It was found that two types of (2 × 2) structures are formed depending on the CO precoverage. One of the (2 × 2) structures (-phase) contains one CO and two ammonia molecules per (2 × 2) unit cell and the other (β-phase) contains two CO and one ammonia. Structure models for the two phases are proposed based on vibrational spectra measured for the coadsorbed phases of CO and ammonia (¹⁵NH₃ or ND₃). TPD results suggest that the ammonia dissociation takes place on clean and CO-precovered Ru(001). The amount of dissociated ammonia decreased initially with increasing CO precoverage, passed a minimum at θ_CO = 0.25, increased with a further increase of CO coverage, and eventually reached a saturation value above θ_CO = 0.5. The dissociation of ammonia in the β−(2 × 2) structure was found to be enhanced by a factor of 4–6 as compared with the dissociation in the −(2 × 2) structure. The HREEL spectra indicated that the C_3v molecular axis of ammonia is tilted in the coadsorbed layers, the tilting being most pronounced in the β−(2 × 2) phase with a high CO partial coverage. This observation suggests that the tilting of ammonia due to the interaction with CO facilitates electron donation from Ru 4d to LUMO of ammonia, leading to the N-H bond dissociation. The microscopic model for the CO-NH₃ interaction on metal surfaces is presented.     

应用ICP-MS测定两种氮肥中重金属含量

肥料中的重金属可以通过作物直接进入人类食物链对人体产生危害,研究肥料中重金属含量对于农产品安全溯源意义重大。选用北京市场上销售的硫酸铵(NH₄)₂SO₄和尿素CO(NH₂)₂两种氮素肥料作为实验材料,分析了其中的10种有害重金属元素含量。(NH₄)₂SO₄中重金属含量分别是：Al 1 345.13 ng·g-1,Ti 35 120 μg·g-1,Cr 2 539.27, Ni 287.26, Cu 674.05, Zn 270.79, As 42.54, Cd 22.13, Hg 27.20和Pb 123.87 ng·g-1;CO(NH₂)₂中的含量分别是71.59 ng·g-1,5 360 μg·g-1,1 167.71, 188.60, 7.46, 64.45, 10.55, 0.00, 0.09和3.71 ng·g-1。上述结果表明：CO(NH₂)₂氮肥中有害金属含量非常低,尤其是Cd, Hg和Pb含量在10 ng·g-1以下,只有Cr的含量超过1.00 μg·g-1;与CO(NH₂)₂ 相比,(NH₄)₂SO₄中重金属含量虽然符合相关标准,但大部分重金属含量都是CO(NH₂)₂的几十倍,如果长期使用会对土壤环境和农产品安全造成一定影响。所以在施用氮肥时应当尽量选用CO(NH₂)₂。(NH₄)₂SO₄和CO(NH₂)₂中重金属含量差别可能与两种肥料的生产原料和工艺有关。